International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 2, Issue 3, April-May 2014

ISSN 2091-2730

Design and Testing of Solar Powered Stirling Engine

Alok kumar1, Dinesh Kumar1,Ritesh Kumar1
1

Scholar, Mechanical Engineering Department, N.I.T patna,

Email- [email protected]

Abstract-This report presentsdifferent components and its various configurations along with the feasibility of using solar energy as a
potential source of heat for deriving a stirling engine. In addition to this it contains the design details of various parts of stirling engine
and details of materials used.Engine parts being of mild steel, aluminium and cast iron so turning, facing, grinding, cutting, threading,
tapping operations were used in the fabrication of stirling engine. There is design calculation of different components of stirling
engine and parabolic dish as hot cylinder calculations, hot (Displacer) piston calculations, cold cylinder calculations, cold piston
calculations, connecting rod calculations, calculations of flywheel, parabolic dish calculations is performed.

Keyword-Joint board, hot cylinder, displacer piston, cold cylinder, cold piston, connecting rod, flywheel, slider, crank, rotating disc,
connecting pins, shaft, frame, dish, piston holder, sealing nipple.

1. Introduction
Energy crisis is a harsh reality in the present scenario. Conventional fossil fuels like coal, natural gas, petroleum products etc. get
exhausted in the near future and also the prices of these fuels are increasing day-by-day. Pollutionand global warming are drawback
with the use of conventional fossil fuels. So, use of alternative sources which provide clean and green energy is important.This report
demonstrates that stirling engine which is an external heat engine can be used as an efficient and clean way of producing energy with
help of concentrating a parabolic reflector.. It is used in some very specialized applications, like in submarines or auxiliary power
generators. A stirling engine was first invented by Robert Stirlinga Scottish in 1816.
A Stirling engine is a heat engine operating by cyclic compression and expansion of the working fluid (air or other gas) at different
temperature levels such that there is a net conversion of heat energy to mechanical work.When the gas is heated, because it is in a
sealed chamber, the pressure rises and this then acts on the power piston to produce a power stroke. Whenconfine gas is cooled, the
pressure drops and then piston to recompress the gas on the return stroke, giving a net gain in power available on the shaft. The
working gas flows cyclically between the hot and cold heat exchangers. The Stirling engine contains a fixed amount of gas that is
transferred back and forth between a cold end and a hot end. The displacer piston moves the gas between the two ends and the power
piston is driven due to the change in the internal volume as the gas expands and contracts. This report presents an external combustion
engine. The engine is designed so that the working gas (air) is generally compressed in the colder portion of the engine and expanded
in the hotter portion resulting in a net conversion of heat into work. So, aStirling engine system has at least one heat source, one heat
sink and heat exchangers and transmitted from a heat source to the working fluid by heat exchangers and finally to a heat sink.
There are three types of Stirling engines that are distinguished by the way they move the air between the hot and cold sides of the
cylinder is alpha, beta and gamma types, In a beta configuration similar to the engine used in this study, A beta Stirling has a single
power piston arranged within the same cylinder on the same shaft as a displacer piston The displacer piston shuttle the working gas
from the hot heat exchanger to the cold heat exchanger. The displacer is a special-purpose piston; used in Beta and Gamma type
Stirling engines, to move the working gas back and forth between the hot and cold heat exchangers. The working gas is pushed to the
hot end of the cylinder so; it expands and pushes the power piston. The displacer is large enough to insulate the hot and cold sides of
the cylinder thermally and to displace a large quantity of gas.

2. Calculations
2.1 Hot cylinder calculations:
Assuming a pressure of 2 bar = .2MN/m2
External diameter of hot cylinder (Do)= 50mm
Thickness of cylinder(Thc)= P*D/2t =.2*50/2*48
Thc = .104 mm1.5mm (due to standard size of tube)
189

www.ijergs.org

International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 2, Issue 3, April-May 2014
ISSN 2091-2730

Internal diameter of hot cylinder (Di)= 50-2*1.5=47mm

Length of hot cylinder (Lh)= 3* Di=141mm140mm
2.2 Hot(Displacer) piston calculations:
Diameter of hot piston (Dp)= 47-2=45mm (1mm clearance on each side)
Thickness of hot piston (Thp)=.03*Dp= 1.35mm.25mm (due to standard size of aerosol bottle)
Length of hot piston (Lp)= 80mm
2.3 Cold cylinder calculations:
Assuming a pressure of 2 bar = .2MN/m2
External diameter of cold cylinder (do)= 32mm
Thickness of cold cylinder (tcc)=P*do/2*t = .2*32/2*68
tcc=.047mm=1.5mm (due to standard size of tube)
Internal diameter of cold cylinder (di)= 32-3= 29mm
Length of cold cylinder (lc)= 67mm
2.4 Cold piston calculations:
Diameter of cold piston (dp)= 29mm
Thickness of cold piston (tcp)= .03*dcp= .87mm 1mm (due to standard thickness of tube)
Length of cold piston (lp)= 35mm
2.5 Connecting rod calculations:
Diameter of connecting rod(d1)= 6mm
Length of connecting rod part1(l1)= 11.5mm
Now radius of gyration of the rod (k)= d/4= 6/4 = 1.5mm
Also we have constant K= 4/25000
Crippling stress on the rod (fcr1)= fc/[1+K*(l/k)] = 213/[1+4/25000*(11.5/1.5)]
=212.7MN/m2<268MN/m2 which is yield strength of mild steel
Hence the design is safe
Similarly for connecting rod parts 2, 3, 4 the lengths are as follows
Length of connecting rod part2(l2)=8.5mm
Length of connecting rod part3(l3)= 5.5mm
Length of connecting rod part4 (l4)= 4.8mm
Crippling stress values for part 2, 3, 4 are as follows
fcr2=213/[1+4/25000*(8.5/1.5)]
190

www.ijergs.org

International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 2, Issue 3, April-May 2014
ISSN 2091-2730

= 212.8MN/m2
fcr3=213/[1+4/25000*(5.5/1.5)]
=212.8MN/m2
fcr3=213/[1+4/25000*(4.8/1.5)]
=212.8MN/m2
2.6 Calculations of flywheel:
Shaft diameter (Ds)=15mm
Diameter of the flywheel(Df)= 118mm
Width of the rim (B) = 25mm
Thickness of the rim (tf) = 5mm
Hub diameter (dh)= 2*Ds= 30mm
Length of the hub (lh)= 2*Ds= 30mm
Taking a speed of 600 RPM
We have speed (n)= 600/60 = 10rev/s
Change in energy E= CE*P/n = .29*5/10
= .145J
Weight of the flywheel = .75Kg
Velocity of the wheel = *Df*n = *118*10
= 3707.1mm/s= 3.71m/s
Mass density of cast iron () =7200Kg/m3
Centrifugal force on one half of the rim = 2*B*tf**v2/106
= 2*25*5*7200*3.712/106 = 24.78N
Tensile stress at rim section due to centrifugal force = *v2/106
=7200*3.712/106 = 99.1KN/m2
2.7 Parabolic dish calculations:
f = ( D * D ) / ( 16 * c )
where
f= Focal length
c=Depth of dish
D=Diameter
For D=420mm & c=37mm
191

www.ijergs.org

International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 2, Issue 3, April-May 2014
ISSN 2091-2730

f = ( 420 * 420) / ( 16 * 37 )=297.97mm~298mm

Length of minor axis=420mm
Length of major axis=525mm
Area of disc=*a*b=*525*420=692721.2 mm2=69.3 cm2
2.8 Calculation for direct radiation:
Latitude (let)= 30
Hour angle= 0
Reflectivity of the material = .96
Tilt angle =90
Declenation , d = 23.5
Altitude angle at solar noon max = 90-(l-d) =90- (30-23.5)
= 83.5
At solar noon solar azimuth angle =180
Wall azimuth angle = 180 (-) = 0
Incident angle overall = Cos-1(Cos*Cos) =Cos-1(Cos89.53*Cos180)
= 90.47
Direct radiation IDN =A*exp(-B/Sin) =1080*exp(-.21/Sin83.5)
= 874W/m2
IDN* Cos =874*Cos90.47 =-7.16W/m2
Diffuse radiation, Id
View factor Fws= (1+Cos)/2
Diffuse radiation, Id =C*IDN*Fws =0.135*874*0.5
= 58.99W/m2
Reflected radiation for .96 (g) Ir=(IDN+Id)*g*Fwg
= (874+59.99)*.96*0.5
=448.31W/m2
3.

Fabrication Details

The fabrication details of different parts of the engine are given below with the detail of the operations performed

192

www.ijergs.org

International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 2, Issue 3, April-May 2014
ISSN 2091-2730

Fig.1 TheStirling Engine

3.1 Joint Board -Joint board is a cast iron rectangular slab of two overlapping holes were made on both sides of the slab. The holes
were overlapped in order to provide transition for working fluid from hot cylinder to cold cylinder. Hole for hot cylinder was 50mm
diameter and 32mm for hot cylinder. Tapping of M16 was performed on both holes to provide internal threads so as to fit cylinders in
them. Tapping of M16 gave us 2mm pitch for threads.
3.2 Hot Cylinder - Hot cylinder is 140mm long cylinder with 50mm external diameter. Cylinder thickness for hot cylinder is 2mm.
External threads were provided on it to so as to fit it on respective hole with M16. Threads were provided upto 50mm from front side.
On the posterior side a circular aluminium plate was welded to the cylinder where heat absorption will take place.
3.3 Cold Cylinder - Cold cylinder is 67mm long mild steel cylinder with 32mm external diameter. Threading was provided to one
side of it which was to be fit into the joint board hole. Other side was for piston which was connected to crank with a connecting pin.
3.4Hot Piston - An aluminium pesticides bottle was used as piston for hot cylinder. Connecting rod was placed in it with help of
teflon which was placed in it with internal threading. It was grinded to provide for smooth surface finish so as to provide easy
movement inside a hot cylinder.
3.5 Connecting Rod - Mild steel rod was used connecting rod for both of the pistons. For hot cylinder the connecting rod was fitted to
the hot cylinder with help of threads, with internal threads for teflon block and external threads for connecting rod. For cold piston
connecting rod was fitted to the piston with help of a movable pin of 1mm.
3.6 Final Assembly - All the components were then assembled on a board with a proper alignment with help of welding. Then the
final assembly was placed onto a frame so that it can be properly focused on with help of parabolic dish.
3.7 Parabolic Dish - A parabolic dish of 420mm minor axis and 525mm major axis with 37mm depth. Focal point of the dish is
298mm. The dish was first mended for minor flaws with hammering. Then the dish was first cleaned with emery paper and a layer of
reflective paper was placed on it for reflectivity. A convex lens was further procured to get a better focus of the incident light on the
hot cylinder.The focal length of the lens is 6 inchs.

4. Conclusion
It is concluded that the simple design analysis of stirling engine operated in two heat source with help of solar energy. The shaft rotates when
solar energy imparted on hot zone of the stirling engine. This design of has low hot-side temperatures archive as compared to operated at
traditional Stirlingengine so overerallefficiency is low. Friction between different mating parts and proper lubrication are also more important
to increase the overall efficiency.

193

www.ijergs.org

International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 2, Issue 3, April-May 2014
ISSN 2091-2730

REFERENCES:
[1] Snyman H., Harms T.M. and Strauss J.M., (2008) examination of Design analysis methods for Stirling engines. Journal of energy
in South Africa, Vol.-19 No.-3, page 4-19.South Africa
[2] Khan K.Y., Ivan N.A.S., Ahmed A.S., Siddique A.H. and Debnath D. (2011) examination of solar dish stirling system and its
economic prospect in Bangladesh.International journal of electrical & computer sciences IJECS-IJENS Vol: 11 No: 04, page 713.Bangladesh
[3] Mancini T.R. examination of solar-electric dish stirling system development. USA
[4] Kyei-Manu F. andObodoako A. (2005) examination of solarstirling-engine water pump proposal draft. Page 1-15.
[5] Heand M. and Sanders S. examination of design of a 2.5kW low temperature stirling engine for distributed solar thermal
generation. American institute of aeronautics and astronautics, page 1-8, USA
[6] Sukhatme S.P. (2007) Principles of thermal collection and storage. McGraw Hill, New Delhi
[7] Duffie,J.A and Beckman (2006) Solar engineering of thermal processes. John willy& sons, INC., London
[8] Rai, G.D (2011) solar energy utilisation. Khanna publishers, India
[9] Renewable Energy focus handbook (2009), ELSEVIER page 335
[10] Valentina A. S., Carmelo E. M., Giuseppe M. G., MiliozziAdio and Nicolini Daniele (2010) New Trends in Designing Parabolic
trough Solar Concentrators and Heat Storage Concrete Systems in Solar Power Plants. Croatia, Italy
[11] FOLARANMI, Joshua (2009) Design, Construction and Testing of a Parabolic Solar Steam Generator.Journal of Practices and
Technologies ISSN 1583-1078. Vol-14, page 115-133, Leonardo
[12] Xiao G. (2007) A closed parabolic trough solar collector. Version 2 Page 1-28
[13] Brooks, M.J., Mills, I and Harms, T.M. (2006) Performance of a parabolic trough solar collector. Journal of Energy in Southern
Africa, Vol-17, page 71-80 Southern Africa

194

www.ijergs.org