Nathan Leba

Period 6
Topic Review for Chapters 33-35
STEM M/C QUESTION TOPICS
FDRs Quarantine Speech

In Chicago, the unofficial isolationist capital, President Roosevelt delivered his

Quarantine Speech in the autumn of 1937 as a reaction to the recent
aggressions of Italy and Japan. He called to adopt an attitude against these
dictatorships and aggressors, hinting that economic embargoes would be
unleashed upon these countries and effectively confining them without
resources. Isolationists feared that embargoes would lead to physical conflict,
and Roosevelt searched for less direct ways to suppress the dictators.

Womens role in WWII (home front and battle theaters)

216,000 women were employed for noncombat duties; organizations include

the WACs (Womens Army Corps), WAVES (Women Accepted for
Volunteer Emergency Service) (navy), and SPARs (U.S. Coast Guard
Womens Reserves).
More than 6 million women took up jobs outside the home; over half of them
had never before worked for wages. Many of them were mothers, and the
government was obliged to set up some 3,000 day-care centers to care for
Rosie the Rivers children while she drilled the fuselage of a heavy bomber
or joined the links of a tank track. The great majority of American women,
especially those with husbands present in the home or with small children to
care for, continued to work in the house. In both Britain and the Soviet Union,
a far greater percentage of women were pressed into industrial employment.

FDRs actions and policies for the Road to the War

The President avoided attending the London Economic Conference in the

summer of 1933 because he wished to pursue his gold-juggling and other
inflationary policies. Later, he recognized the Soviet Union, an international
notion in a policy of isolationism.

Conditions in the country both economic and political in 1932

11 million unemployed workers and their families sank ever deeper into the
pit of poverty. Herbert Hoover may have won the 1928 election by promising
a recovery from starvation, but instead resulted in increases of
unemployment. The Republican platform advocated antidepression policies
that promised to repeal national prohibition and return control of liquor to the
states. Roosevelt promised a balanced budget and berated heavy Hooverian
deficits. Hoover insisted that uncertainty and fear came along with
Roosevelts revolutionary reforms. Roosevelt defeated Hoover critically with
the power of blacks. As for the economic condition, one worker in four
tramped the streets, people were parsimoniously hiding their money, and
banks were locking their doors. People did not trust the banks.

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Period 6
Words of Brother can you spare a dime

Slammed as a Socialist-themed song, BrotherDime? depicted a firstperson narrative of a beggar passively questioning the loss of his job. Why
are the American people, who industrialized the nation and fought in WWI,
desperate and suffering in malnutrition?

New Deal Policies (programs)

Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933: invested the president with the
power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange and to reopen
solvent banks from the nationwide banking holiday from March 6 to March 10,
1933.
Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act: to encourage the public to rely on
the banking system by forming the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation,
which insured individual deposits up to $5,000. Took the people off the gold
standard in replacement for paper money.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): Law provided employment in fresh-air
government camps for about 3 million uniformed young men, many of whom
might otherwise have been driven into criminal habits. Jobs included
reforestation, firefighting, flood control, and swamp drainage.
Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA): chief aim was immediate relief
rather than long-range recovery to employ the millions of unemployed adults.
Harry L. Hopkins formed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration which
granted about 3 billion dollars to the states for direct dole payments or
preferably for wages on work projects.
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA): made available many millions of
dollars to help farmers meet their mortgages. Pretended that supply was
scarce and established parity prices for basic commodities. Parity prices were
the prices set for a product that gave it the same real value that it had
enjoyed during the period from 1909 to 1914. Eliminate price-depressing
surpluses by paying growers to reduce crop acreage. These payments were
provided by the taxing of farm products. Destruction of food, increased
unemployment, and confused farmers were the results of this failed act.
Regulatory taxation provisions were unconstitutional.
Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC): refinance mortgages on
nonfarm homes, ultimately assisted about a million badly pinched
households, bailed out mortgage-holding banks
Civil Works Administration (CWA): designed to provide purely temporary
jobs during the cruel winter emergency; tens of thousands of jobless were
employed at make-work tasks, which were dubbed boondoggling.
Work Progress Administration (WPA): employment on useful projects
initiated by Hopkins; spent about $11 billion on thousands of public buildings,
bridges, and hard-surfaced roads. Nourished much self-respect, precious
talent, and creation of more than a million of arts.
National Recovery Administration (NRA): the most complex and farreaching effort to combine immediate relief with long-range recovery and

Nathan Leba
Period 6

reform. Individual industries were to work out codes of fair competition, under
which hours of labor would be reduced so that employed could be spread
over more people. Maximum hours of labor; minimum wages. Workers
were formally guaranteed the right to organize and bargain collectively
through representation of their own choosing. Antiunion contract was
forbidden and child labor was restricted. Shot down by the Schechter sick
chicken decision.
Public Works Administration (PWA): headed by the secretary of the
interior, acid-tongued Harold L. Ickes. Over $4 billion was spent on some
thirty-four thousand projects, which included public buildings, highways, and
parkways, including the Grand Coulee Dam. The dam made possible the
irrigation of millions of acres of new farmland and the production of electrical
power.
Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936: Withdrawal of
acreage from production was achieved by paying farmers to plant soilconserving crops, or to let their land lie fallow. Landlords required to pay
government money to their tenant farmers. Relief from the Dust Bowl and
recovery from AAAs unemployment.
Second Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938: continued conservation
payments and paid growers to observe acreage restrictions on specified
commodities like cotton and wheat.
Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act: made possible a suspension of
mortgage foreclosures for five years. A revised law, limiting the grace period
to three years was upheld.
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934: initiated by Commissioner of Indian
Affairs, John Collier, reversed the forced-assimilation policies in place since
the Dawes Act of 1887. Encouraged tribes to establish local self-government
and to preserve their native crafts and traditions. Stopped loss of Indian
lands, and revived tribes interest in their identity and culture.
Federal Securities Act: required promoters to transmit to investors sworn
information regarding the soundness of their stocks and bonds.
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC): protected the public against
fraud, deception, and inside manipulation in matters of the stock market.
Public Utility Holding Act of 1935 (PUHCA): federal facilitation of the
United States Congress on electrical utilities by limiting operations within a
limited area.
Tennessee Valley Authority: brought to the Tennessee River area not only
full employment and the blessings of cheap, electric power, but low-cost
housing, abundant cheap nitrates, the restoration of eroded soil,
reforestation, improved navigation, and flood control. Reformed the power
monopoly held by electrical utility companies. Federally guided resource
management and comprehensive regional development.
Federal Housing Administration (FHA)/United States Housing
Authority (USHA): building industry allocated small loans to house-holders
to improve their dwellings and create new ones. The latter lent money to
states or communities for low-cost construction.

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Period 6

Social Security Act of 1935: provided for federal-state unemployment

insurance and provided security for old age by delegating regular payments
to retired workers from Washington and enforcing a payroll tax on both
employers and employees to finance the elderly. Giving to the dependents.
Wagner Act of 1935: Created a powerful new National Labor Relations
Board for administrative purposes and reasserted the right of labor to engage
in self-organization and to bargain collectively through representatives of its
own choice.
Fair Labor Standards Act: Industries involved in interstate commerce were
to set up minimum-wage and maximum-hour levels. Labor by children under
sixteen was forbidden.
Congress of Industrial Organizations: formerly the Committee of
Industrial Organization, broke away from the American Federation of Labor.
Claimed about 4 million members in its unions under the presidency of John
L. Lewis by 1940.

Dust Bowl

Prolonged drought struck the states of the trans-Mississippi Great Plains.

Rainless weeks were followed by furious winds, while the sun was covered by
millions of powdery topsoil from homesteads in an area that stretched from
eastern Colorado to western Missouri. High grain prices during WWI enticed
farmers to bring countless acres of marginal land under cultivation. Dryfarming techniques and mechanization tore up a lot of sod, leaving the
powdery topsoil to be swept away.

How Hoover was viewed

Hoover was viewed with ambivalence and doubt, compared to the smiling
and promising Roosevelt. From the results of the 1932 presidential election,
it was clear that America was as anti-Hoover as it was pro-Roosevelt.

Social Darwinism

In the 1870s, Social Darwinists argued that individuals won their stations in
life by competing on the basis of their natural talents. The wealthy and
powerful class had demonstrated greater abilities than the poor. Social
classes do not owe each other anything. Some Darwinists later applied the
theory to explain why some nations were more powerful than others.

Progressives

Progressives consisted of reform-minded men and women from all sectors of

society to advocate greater government activism. Government became
enlarged to fight graft and corruption, regulate corporations and trusts, and
promote fair labor practices. Additionally, the Progressives looked toward the
welfare of the people as well, promoting fair labor practices, child welfare,
conservation, and consumer protection. Questions to foreign policy and
women suffrage also arose from the Progressives.

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Period 6
Keynesian Economics

In response to the Roosevelt recession, caused by new Social Security taxes

biting into payrolls and the governments cutting back on spending for the
orthodox economic doctrine of the balanced budget, Roosevelt embraced
Keynesianism, the use of government spending and fiscal policy to prime the
pump of the economy and encourage consumer spending. The lowering of
taxes and interest rates encourage aggregate demand of goods.

Supply Side Economics

Ronald Reagans economic advisers assured that the combination of

budgetary discipline and tax reduction would stimulate new investment,
boost productivity, foster dramatic economic growth, and eventually even
reduce the federal deficit, otherwise known as supply-side economics.

Inflation

In response to the major production increases orchestrated by the War

Production Board (WPB), such as billion-bushel wheat harvests by
mechanized farmers and an avalanche of weaponry, the Office of Price
Administration (OPA) and the National War Labor Board (NWLB)
brought ascending prices under control with extensive regulations and
imposed ceilings on wage increases, respectively. Full employment and scare
consumer goods fueled a sharp inflationary surge in 1942.

Court Packing plan

Upon Roosevelts second term as President, the Court remained ultraconservative, thwarting the constitutionality of New Deal schemes. The
justices held onto their benches with an iron grip, determined to curb the
socialistic tendencies of the New Deal program. The Supreme Court ought
to get in line with the supreme court of public opinion, rule by the people.
Roosevelt bluntly asked Congress for legislation to permit him to add a new
justice to the Supreme Court for every member over seventy who would not
retire.
A switch in time saves nine. Justice Owen J. Roberts, formerly regarded as a
conservative, operated a Court more sympathetic to the New Deal, upholding
a state minimum wage for women, the Wagner Act, and the Social Security
Act. Congress voted full pay for retired justices over seventy, whereupon one
of the oldest conservative members resigned, to be replaced by New Dealer
Justice Hugo Black. The clock unpacked the rest of the court.

Butler Case

United States v. Butler announced that the Agricultural Adjustment

Administrations regulatory taxation provisions were unconstitutional and
violated the Tenth Amendment. AAA imposed a tax on processors of farm
products, such as flour millers, who in turn would shift the burden to
consumers.

Nathan Leba
Period 6
NRA & AAA: Look at New Deal Policies
Stimson Doctrine

In response to the Japanese attack on China, Washington and Secretary of

State Henry L. Stimson decided to proclaim the Stimson doctrine in 1932,
which declared that the United States would not recognize any territorial
acquisitions achieved by force. American citizens urged strong measures
ranging from boycotts to blockades. Japanese attack flagrantly violated the
League of Nations covenant.

Atlantic Charter

British prime minister Winston Churchill and Roosevelt met on a warship off
Newfoundland to conjure the eight-point Atlantic Charter, which outlined the
aspirations of the democracies for a better world at wars end. The Charter
argued for the rights of individuals rather than nations, opposed territorial
changes and imperialistic annexations contrary to the wishes of the people,
and reinforced the right of a people to choose their own form of government.

Nye Committee

The Nye committee investigated the condemnation of munitions

manufacturers for supplying belligerent nations arms and weaponry.
Concerning Americas entry into World War I, the committee shifted the
blame away from German U-boats onto the American bankers and arms
manufacturers. Many nave citizens leaped to the conclusion that these
manufacturers caused the war to make money.

Munich Conference

The Munich Conference attempted to appease the dictators, particularly

Hitler, by giving Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia to Germany without the
consent of Sudetenland. The leaders of Britain and France hoped that the
concessions at the conference table will give peace to the world. Little did
they know, Hitler took all of Czechoslovakia.

Destroyers for Bases Agreement

German submarines were threatening Britain to attack its shipping, so

Roosevelt agreed to transfer to Great Britain fifty old-model, four-funnel
destroyers left over from World War I. In compensation, Britain promised to
hand over to the United States eight valuable defensive base sites for ninetynine years. This was clearly a flagrant violation of neutral obligations.

December 7th, 1941

Japanese bombers attacked without warning on Pearl Harbor on the morning

of December 7. About three thousand casualties were inflicted, many aircrafts
were destroyed, the battleship fleet was virtually wiped out, and numerous
small vessels were damaged or destroyed. War had been thrust upon the

Nathan Leba
Period 6
United States. Congress declared war on December 11, 1941. Isolationists
were silenced and converted to war advocates.
Rationing

Rationing held down the consumption of critical goods such as meat and
butter, though some black marketeers and meatleggers cheated the
system.

OVER
ID WRITING: Something new !!!
You will be completing an ID writing (less than 5 sentences) demonstrating you
understand the term
Schechter sick chicken Case (look beyond the sick chicken) Justices unanimously
held that Congress could not delegate legislative powers to the executive. The
justices declared that congressional control of interstate commerce could not
properly apply to a local fowl business, like that of the Schechter brothers. The
National Recovery Administration faltered and collapsed due to violating this
delegation of powers to the executive branches.
Amendments to the U.S. Constitution 1-21
1. Free exercise of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition for a
government redress of grievances.
2. Right to keep and bear arms
3. Quartering of soldiers in private homes without consent is prohibited.
4. Search warrants are required and unreasonable searches and seizures are
prohibited.
5. Everyone has the right to be indicted by grand jury, to due process. Prohibits
self-incrimination.
6. Fair and speedy public trial by jury; right to obtain witnesses, confront
accuser, and informed of the accusations.
7. Right to trial by jury in particular civil cases.
8. No cruel and unusual punishment, excessive fines and bail.
9. Protects rights not addressed in the Constitution.
10.Federal government possesses only those powers delegated to it by the
states, the people, or the Constitution.
11.States are immune from suits from foreigners not living in the state.
12.Presidential election procedures are revised.
13.Abolishes slavery, involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crimes.
14.Defines citizenship, all citizens of the United States enjoy the privileges and
immunities given to them, life, liberty, property, and equal protection of the
laws without due process of law.
15.Prohibits denial of the right to vote based on race, color, or previous
servitude.
16.Congress can levy an income tax.

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Period 6
17.Direct election of United States senators by popular vote.
18.Prohibition
19.Womens suffrage
20.Shortens the lame-duck period.
21.Repeal the 18th amendment.
22.President can only serve two terms.

WE BEGIN TO REVIEW: (This will be a STEM M/C QUESTION)

U.S. Constitution Era

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists, Jeffersonian vs. Hamiltonians, Virginia Plan,

New Jersey Plan. Great Compromise, Federalist Papers, Bill of Rights

The Critical Time Period between the Revolutionary War time period and the
Constitution ratification

Articles of Confederation, Second Continental Congress.