PEMARKAHAN

SFG 3023 : THERMODYNAMICS

TAJUK

TRANSCRIPT ASSIGNMENT
DISEDIAKAN OLEH
NAMA

NO ID

NUR AFIFAH BINTI OSMAN

D20111048006

NAMA PENSYARAH : PROF MADYA DR. BASERI HUDDIN BIN HUSSAIN.

SEMESTER 2 SESI 2014/2015

TRANSCRIPT (ASSIGNMENT 1)
QUESTION 1
QUANTITY OF HEAT

Heat capacity

Specific heat capacity

Specific heat capacity can be

Specific heat capacity can be

defined as the quantity of heat
required to change the temperature
of a unit mass of a material by one
degree Celsius or one Kelvin.

defined as the quantity of

heat required to change the
temperature of given mass

Change of states

of a material by one degree

Celsius or one Kelvin.

A graph of temperature
against time can be obtained
for the heating of ice in an
environmentally controlled
chamber as shown as below:

Explanation for each phase:

Ice melts to form

liquid but the
temperature remains
zero. Heat of fusion
happened.

The water vaporizes.

The temperature
remains 100C until
all liquid has changed
to vapour. Heat of
vaporization
happened

The temperature
increases as the
heating continues. In
gaseous state.

All ice melted, the

temperature of the
liquid rises until the
temperature reaches
100C.

Ice having temperature lower than

0C is in solid phase. When heat is
added continuously to the ice the
temperature increases. The ice
remains solid until the temperature
becomes zero.

Note :
a) Latent heat of fusion
Latent heat of fusion of ice is the heat energy required in calories by 1 gram of
ice to completely convert itself into water without increase in temperature.
b) Latent heat of vaporization
Energy required in calories to completely convert 1 gram of water to steam

without increasing the temperature.

QUESTION 2 & 3

HEAT CAPACITY, C
This is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a given mass of a material by
one degree Celsius or one Kelvin.

It is denoted by :

heat energy absorbed

change in temperature
Q
=
T

Heat capacity,C =

The SI unit is Jk-1.

Sample Question

Calculate the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of aluminium metal block
with heat capacity of 460 Jk-1 from 150 to 450.
Solution:

Quantity of heat, Q = CT
= 460 (450 - 150)
138000 J

QUESTION 4 , 5 & 6
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY, c
Quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree
Celsius or Kelvin. It is denoted as c. SI unit is joule per kilogram kelvin (Jkg-1K-1).
When comparing heat capacities of various substances we talk of specific heat capacities.
Specific in physics refers to unit quantity of a physical property and also called as specific
heat.
heat capacity, C
mass
Q
c = T
m
Q
c=
mT
Q mcT

Specific heat capacity,c =

Materials with high specific heat capacity e.g. water require large amount of heat to change
their temperatures while those with less specific heat capacity requires little heat energy to
change their temperatures e.g. silver
Table of specific heat capacities (c), Jkg-1K-1
Material

Specific Heat Capacity(c), Jkg-1K-1

Aluminium

900

Lead

130

Brass

380

Mercury

140

Glass(ordinary)

400

Methylated spirit

2400

Ice

670

Seawater

3900

Alcohol

2100

Water

4200

Iron

460

Zinc

380

QUESTION 7

Sample Question

How many joules of heat are given out when a piece of iron of mass 50g and specific heat
capacity 460 J kg-1 K-1, cools from 80 oC to 20 oC?
Solution:

m iron 0.05 kg, c = 460 Jkg -1 K -1 , T0 = 80 o C, Tf = 20 o C

Q mcT
Q mc(Tf - T0 )
Q (0.05)(460)(20 - 80)
Q -1380 J

Negative indicates that the heat is lost to surrounding. Therefore, the amount of heat given
out is 1380 J.

QUESTION 8 & 9

Sample question

A block of metal of mass 1.5 kg which is suitably insulted is heated from 30 oC to 50 oC in 8

minutes 20 seconds by an electric heater coil rated 54 Watts. Find:
a) The quantity of heat supplied by heater.
b) The heat capacity of the block.
c) Its specific heat capacity.
Solution:
m = 1.5kg, To = 30 o C, Tf = 50 o C, P = 54 Watts, t = 8(60) + 20 500 s

a)

Q
t
Q Pt

Power, P

Q (54 W )(500 s)
Q 27000 J

b)

Heat capacity, C

Q
T

Q
(Tf - T0 )

27000 J
(50 C - 30 C)

C 1350 J C -1

c)

heat capacity, C
mass
Q
c=
mT
27000 J

(1.5 kg)(50 C 30 C)

Specific heat capacity,c =

900 Jkg -1 C -1

QUESTION 10 & 11
Sample question

What is the final temperature of the mixture if 100g of water at 70 oC is added to 200g of cold
water at 10 oC and well stirred? (neglect heat absorbed by the container)
Solution:

m w1 = 100g = 0.1kg
T1 = 70 C

m w2 = 200g = 0.2kg
Tw2 = 10 C

T1 = (T f - 70) C

T2 = (T f - 10) C

Heat gain = Heat lost

Q1 = Q 2
Q1 Q 2 0
m w1 cT1 + m w2 cT2 = 0
c[m w1 T1 + m w2 T2 ] = 0
m w1 T1 + m w2 T2 = 0
0.1 kg( T f 70 C) + 0.2(T f 10 C) = 0
0.1T f 7 + 0.2T f 2 = 0
0.3T f = 9
T f = 30 C

QUESTION 12
ASSIGNMENT 1:
1. The temperature of piece of copper of mass 250g is raised to 100 oC and is then
transferred to a well lagged aluminium can of mass 10g containing 120g of
methylated spirit at 10 oC. Calculate the final steady temperature after the spirit has
been well stirred. Neglect the heat capacity of the stirrer and any loses from
evaporation and use the table of specific heat capacities for any data required. (32.70
C)
Solution:
m copper = 0.25kg

m Al = 0.01kg

Tcopper = 100 C

m Spirit 0.12kg

= 390 1 1
= 910 1 1

TAl = TSpirit 10 C

Tcopper = (T f - 100) C

T = (T f - 10) C

= 2400 1 1

Q gain = Q lost
Q Al Q Spirit = Q copper
Q Al Q Spirit Q copper = 0
m Al c Al TAl + m Spirit c Spirit TSpirit m copper c copperTcopper = 0
T [m Al c Al + m Spirit c Spirit ] m copper c copperTcopper = 0
(T f - 10) [297.1 ] 97.5(T f - 100) = 0
297.1T f 2971 + 97.5T f 9750 = 0
394.6T f = 12721
T f = 32.24 C

QUESTION 13
2. Find the final temperature of water if a heater source rated 42
20

in five minutes. (Specific heat capacity of waters is 4200

heats 50 water from

1 1

).

Solution :

Heat supplied by theheater = Heat gained by the water

Q = m cT
Pt m cT
(42 W)(5 60) 0.05(4200)(T )
12600 = 210T
T = 60 C

T = Tf T0
60 C Tf 20 C
Tf 80 C

3. The temperature of 500g of a certain metal is raised to 100 C and is then placed in
200g of water at 15 C. If the final steady temperature rises to 21 C, calculate the
specific heat capacity of the metal.
Solution :

Heat lost by metal = Heat gained by the water

m metal c metal Tmetal = m water c water Twater
(0.5)c metal (21 - 100) 0.2(4200)(21 - 15)
39.5c metal = 5040
c metal = 127.59 JKg -1 K -1

QUESTION 14 & 15
DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY.
a) Heat is a form of energy transfer hence the law of energy transfer applies.
b) Heat gain equals heat lost.
c) There are various methods of determining specific heat capacity.

Mixture method.

Electrical method.

Mechanical method.

In this course we shall look at the first two.

MIXTURE METHOD
1. Solids
Experiment 9.2 : To determine the specific heat capacity by method of mixture.
Apparatus

: metal block, beaker, water, tripod stand, heat source, well lagged
calorimeter, stirrer, thermometer and cardboard.

Procedure :
1. Weight the solid metal block and record its mass.
2. Place the block in a beaker containing water and heat the water as shown
above in (a). Allow the water to boil.

3. Weight the calorimeter together with the stirrer and record its mass.
4. Add water to the calorimeter.
5. Mass of water. m water = m calorimeter m metal . Place the calorimeter in the insulating
jacket.
6. Measure the temperature of the cold water in the calorimeter and record it as

T1 . When the water in the beaker has boiled for some time, quickly transfer
the metal block from the beaker into the cold water in the calorimeter.
7. Place a thermometer in the beaker to measure the temperature of the boiling
water as T2 . Record the final temperature of the mixture in the calorimeter as

T3 .

Assuming no heat losses to the surroundings during the transfer of the metal block
from the beaker to the calorimeter and thereafter, the specific heat capacity of the
solid can be calculated as follow :

Heat lost by metal block = Heat gained by calorimete r with stirrer heat gained by the water in calorimete r
m metal c metal Tmetal = m calorimeter c calorimeter Tcalorimeter m water c water Twater
m metal c metal (T2 - T3 ) m calorimeter c calorimeter (T3 - T1 ) m water c water (T3 - T1 )

The specific heat capacity of the material of the solid can therefore be calculated as
c metal
c metal

m calorimeter c calorimeter (T3 - T1 ) m water c water (T3 - T1 )

m metal (T2 - T3 )

(T3 - T1 )m calorimeter c calorimeter m water c water

m metal (T2 - T3 )

2. Liquids

Procedure :
1. Weight the solid metal block and record its mass.
2. Place a liquid in a beaker and immerse the block attached to a string into the
liquid. With the beaker on a tripod stand heat the beaker and its contents until
the liquid starts to boil. Record the temperature T1 .of the boiling liquid.
3. Weight the calorimeter and stirrer and then pour some liquid into it and again
weight the calorimeter with liquid. By subtraction determine the mass of the
liquid

in the calorimeter alone. Place a thermometer in the calorimeter and

take note of the temperature of the cold water T2 .

4. When the liquid in the beaker has boiled for some time, transfer the block
from the beaker into the cold liquid in the calorimeter.
5. Cover the calorimeter with a piece of cardboard.
6. Stir the mixture and record the final temperature T3 .

The specific heat capacity of the liquid can be calculated as follows :

Heat lost by hot solid = Heat gained by calorimete r with stirrer heat gained by theliquid in calorimete r
m metal c metal Tmetal = m calorimeter c calorimeter Tcalorimeter m liquid c liquid Tliquid
m metal c metal (T1 - T3 ) m calorimeter c calorimeter (T3 - T2 ) m liquid c liquid (T3 - T2 )

Since all the other quantities are known, the unknown quantity c liquid can be
determined.

QUESTION 16
1. A lagged copper calorimeter of mass 0.75 kg contains 0.9 kg of water at 20 C. A bolt of
mass 0.8 kg is transferred from oven at 400 C to the calorimeter and a steady
temperature of 50 C is reached by water after stirring. Calculate the specific heat
capacity of the material of the bolt. (specific heat capacity of copper is 400Jkg-1K-1 and
that of water 4200Jkg-1K-1)
Solution :

Heat lost by metal block = Heat gained by calorimete r heat gained by the water in calorimete r
m metal c metal Tmetal = m calorimeter c calorimeter Tcalorimeter m water c water Twater
m metal c metal (T2 - T3 ) m calorimeter c calorimeter (T3 - T1 ) m water c water (T3 - T1 )
c metal

m calorimeter c calorimeter (T3 - T1 ) m water c water (T3 - T1 )

m metal (T2 - T3 )

c metal

(T3 - T1 )m calorimeter c calorimeter m water c water

m metal (T2 - T3 )

c metal

(50 20)(0.75 400 0.9 4200)

0.8(400 50)

c metal 437.14JKg 1 K 1

2. A block of iron of mass 1.25 kg at 120 C was transferred to an aluminium calorimeter

of mass 0.3 kg containing a liquid of mass 0.6 kg at 25 C. The block and the calorimeter
with its contents eventually reached a common temperature of 50 C. Given the specific
heat capacity of iron is 450Jkg-1K-1, calculate the specific heat capacity of the liquid.
Solution :

Heat lost by iron mass = Heat gained by calorimete r heat gained by theliquid in calorimete r
m metal c metal Tmetal = m calorimeter c calorimeter Tcalorimeter m liquid c liquid Tliquid
m metal c metal (T1 - T3 ) m calorimeter c calorimeter (T3 - T2 ) m liquid c liquid (T3 - T2 )
c liquid
c liquid

m metal c metal (T1 - T3 ) m calorimeter c calorimeter (T3 - T2 )

m liquid (T3 - T2 )

1.25 450(120 - 50) 0.3900(50 - 25)

0.6 (50 - 25)

c metal 2175JKg 1 K 1

QUESTION 17

ELECTRICAL METHOD
1. Solids Experiment
Objective : To determine the specific heat capacity of material by electrical method.
Procedure :
1. Weight the calorimeter with the stirrer and record their mass as

2. Pour liquid into the calorimeter and determine the mass of liquid and that of the
calorimeter. By subtraction of the mass obtained in the previous weighing,
determine the mass of the liquid

in the calorimeter.

3. Place the calorimeter in an insulating jacket. Measure the initial temperature of

water

1.

4. Insert the heating coil into the liquid in the calorimeter.

5. Switch on the heater current and simultaneously start timing. Record the ammeter
and voltmeter readings I and V respectively.
6. After about five to ten minutes switch off the heater current and record the final
temperature

of the calorimeter and its contents.

7. Record the duration of the heating .

Assuming no het is lost to the surrounding, the specific heat capacity of the liquid can
be calculated as follows :
Heat supplied by electric heater = Heat gained by calorimete r heat gained by theliquid in calorimete r
VIt = m calorimeter c calorimeter Tcalorimeter m liquid c liquid Tliquid
VIt m calorimeter c calorimeter (T2 - T1 ) m liquid c liquid (T2 - T1 )
VIt (T2 - T1 )m calorimeter c calorimeter m liquid c liquid

QUESTION 18
Sample question
A metal cylinder of mass 0.5 kg is heated electrically. If the voltmeter reads 15V, the
ammeter 3.0A and the temperature of the block rises from 20 C to 80 C in 10 minutes.
Calculate the specific heat capacity of the metal cylinder.
Solution :
Heat supplied by electric heater = Heat gained
VIt = m metal c metal Tmetal
VIt m metal c metal (T2 - T1 )
c metal

VIt
m metal (T2 - T1 )

c metal

(15)(3)(10 60)
0.5(80 - 20)

c metal 900JKg 1 K 1

QUESTION 19
Sample Question
In an experiment to determine specific heat capacity of water, an electrical heater was used. If
the voltmeter reading was 24 V and that of ammeter reading was 2.0 A. Calculate the specific
heat capacity of water if the temperature of a mass 1.5kg of water in a 0.4kg copper
calorimeter rose by 6.0

C after 13.5 minutes. (Specific heat capacity of copper is 400

J/kg /K).
Solution :
Heat supplied by electric heater = Heat gained by calorimete r heat gained by theliquid in calorimete r
VIt = m calorimeter c calorimeter Tcalorimeter m liquid c liquid Tliquid
c liquid

m liquid Tliquid

(2)(24)(13.5 60) - (0.4)(400)6

(1.5)6
4213.33J/kg /K

c liquid
c liquid

VIt - m calorimeter c calorimeter Tliquid

QUESTION 20

CHANGE OF STATE
Heating leads to a rise in temperature

Sometimes no observable changes is noted. When the ice is about -10 C is heated, heat
energy is used in raising its temperature to 0 C . Heat energy supplied to the ice at 0 C
is used to change ice from solid to liquid. Heat supplied to ice does not change the
temperature of ice but change its state from solid to liquid.
QUESTION 21 , 22 & 23
LATENT HEAT
Latent heat involved in change of state of a substance. It can either be heat loss or heat gain.
This heat is latent means hidden or concealed because it does not show its presence
by change in temperature as the extra heat goes into change in state.
There two types of latent heat:
a) Latent heat of fusion
b) Latent heat of vaporization
a) Latent Heat of Fusion
Latent Heat of Fusion is heat required to change the state of a material from solid to
liquid or from liquid to solid without change in temperature.
As liquid changes to solid, latent heat of fusion is given out and the amount of heat is
absorbed when a solid changes to liquid. The graph below shows the graph of latent heat
of fusion temperature versus time(s).
Temperature against time.

QUESTION 24
Experiment

: To explore the change of state of Naphthalene using cooling curve.

Hypothesis

: During the change of state of naphthalene from liquid to solid, there is no

change in temperature.

Objective

: To observe the change in temperature when naphthalene is freezing .

Apparatus and material : Naphthalene powder, boiling tube, beaker, thermometer, Bunsen
burner, stopwatch, retort stand , tripod stand, wire gauze

Procedure :
a) The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram.

b) The naphthalene is heated until the temperature reaches 95 ( C ) .

c) The boiling tube is then removed from the water bath and the outer part of the
tube is dried.
d) The temperature of the naphthalene is recorded every minute until the temperature

drops to about 60 ( C ) .

e) A graph of temperature against time is drawn.

QUESTION 25 & 26
The Cooling Curve Of Naphthalene

Liquid naphthalene changes to

solid at constant temperature
( latent heat of fusion is
given out) this point is also
known as melting point
Solid naphthalene
cools to room
temperature . The
temperature continues
to decrease

Liquid naphthalene
cooling. The
temperature continues
to decrease

QUESTION 27 & 28
Specific Latent Heat Of Fusion (

This is the quantity of heat required to change the unit mass of a substance from solid
to liquid without change in temperature.

SI unit of specific latent heat is Jkg-1

Table of values for specific latent heat of fusion
MATERIAL

SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT OF FUSION( 10 5 Jkg 1 )

Copper
Aluminium
Water (ice)
Wax
Naphthalene
Solder
Lead
mercury

4.0
3.9
3.34
1.8
1.5
0.7
0.026
0.013

QUESTION 29, 30 & 31

Determine Specific Latent Heat Of Fusion Of A Material
There are various methods of determining specific latent heat of fusion of a material

MIXTURE METHOD
Apparatus :
1. Water
2. Ice pieces
3. Calorimeter
4. Stirrer

Procedure
1. Find the mass of the calorimeter
2. Place water with temperature of about 50 C above the room temperature into
the calorimeter.
3. Record the mass of water + calorimeter.
4. Record temperature of water in calorimeter ( 1 )
5. Add pieces of ice to the calorimeter. Mass of calorimeter and mixture (

6. Measure the final temperature of the mixture after stirring ( )

Data analysis :

Heat lost by warm water and calorimete r = Heat gained by ice and water
m warm water c water Twarm water m calorimeter c calorimeter Tcalorimeter = m ice Lf m water c water Twater

m water - m calorimeter c water (T2 - T1 ) m calorimeter c calorimeter (T2 - T1 ) m ice

Let quantity of heat required to melt a unit mass of ice at 0

be (Specific latent heat of ice)

- m water Lf c water (T2 - 0)

to 0

to water at 0

QUESTION 32, 33 & 34

ELECTRICAL METHOD

With electrical method the quantity of heat is calculated as follows.

Heat supplied by electric heater = Heat gained by ice

VIt = m ice water L f
Lf

VIt
m ice water

Sample Question
Calculate the quantity of heat required to melt 4 kg of ice and to raise the temperature of the
water formed to 50C. Take the specific latent heat of ice to be 3.4 x 105 J kg-1 and the
specific heat capacity of water to be 4200 J kg-1 K-1.
Solution

Q = Heat gained by ice

Q = m ice water L f
Q 4(3.4 10 5 )
Q 13.6 10 5 J
Sample Question
A beaker contains 200 g of water at 15C. 25 g of ice at 0C is added to the water which is
stirred until the ice is completely melted: (specific latent heat of fusion of ice 336 000 J kg-1)
a. How much heat is needed to melt all the ice
b. What is the mass of water produced by melting all the ice
c. Calculate the lowest temperature of all mixture, assuming that all the heat to melt the
ice is taken from the water and no heat enters or leaves the system
Solution:
a) Heat needed to melt all the ice,

Q = Heat gained by ice(heat needed to melt all the ice)

Q = m ice water L f
Q 0.025(336000)
Q 8400J
b) Mass of water produced by melting of the ice

M ass water produced = mass water mass ice

M ass water produced = 200 g 25 g
M ass water produced 225 g
M ass water produced 0.225kg

c) Lowest temperature of mixture:

Heat lost by warm water = Heat gained by ice and water

m warm water c water Twarm water = m ice Lf m water c water Twater

0.24200(15 Tf ) 0.025670 4200(Tf

0)

12600 840Tf 16.75 105Tf

945Tf 12583.25
Tf 13.31 C
QUESTION 35
b) Latent Heat Of Vaporisation
Latent Heat of Fusion is the heat required to convert unit mass of a liquid, at a boiling
point, into vapour without change in temperature. Heat energy absorbed by a liquid as it
changes its state to vapour without change in temperature or heat energy given out by a
vapour as it changes its state to liquid without change in temperature. The SI unit J kg-1
QUESTION 36 & 37
Specific Latent Heat Of Vaporization (Lv)
=

Specific Latent Heat of Vaporization

Material

Specific Latent Heat of Vaporization ( 10

Water

22.6

Benzene

4.0

Petrol

8.5

Alcohol

8.6

Ether

3.5

Turpentine

2.7

Ethanol

8.5

QUESTION 38 & 39
Sample Question
Dry steam is passed into a well-lagged copper can of mass 250 g containing 400 g of water
and 50 g of ice at 0C. The mixture is well stirred and the steam supply cut off when the
temperature of the can and its content reaches 20C. Neglect heat losses, find the mass of
steam condensed.
(specific heat capacities: water 4200 J kg-1 K-1; copper 400 J kg-1 K-1 ; specific latent heats of
fusion of steam 22.6 x 105 J kg-1)
Solution :
Using the principle of conservation of energy, we may say :

= +

Heat gives out by steam = Heat gained by ice water and can
m steam Lv m steam c steam Tsteam = m ice water c water Tice water m can c can Tcan

0.45 kg 4200 J kg -1 K -1 20 0 0.25400 J kg -1 K -1 20 0

m steam
22.6 x 105 J kg -1 4200 J kg -1 K -1 100 20
m steam 0.015kg

QUESTION 40
Sample question
A jet of dry steam at 1000C is sprayed onto the surface of 100g of dried ice at 00C placed in a
plastic container of negligible heat capacity. The temperature of the mixture is 400C when the
total mass of the water in the container 120g. Given that the specific heat capacity of water is
4200J/ kg/K and latent heat of fusion of ice is 336KJkg-1; determine the specific latent heat of
vaporization of water.
Solution:

Heat gives out by steam = Heat gained by dry ice

m steam Lv m steam c steam Tsteam = m dry ice Lf m dry ice c dry ice Tdry ice
m steam Lv m dry ice Lf m dry ice c dry ice Tdry ice m steam c steam Tsteam
Lv
Lv
Lv

m dry ice Lf c water m dry ice Tdry ice m steam Tsteam

m steam

; c dry ice c steam c water

m dry ice Lf c water m dry ice Tdry ice m steam dry ice m dry ice Tsteam

steam dry ice

m dry ice

(0.1)(336000) 42000.140 0 0.12 0.1100 40

0.12 0.1

Lv 2268000 Jkg 1
QUESTION 41 , 42 & 43
FACTORS AFFECTING MELTING AND BOILING POINTS.
BOILING POINT
There are two factors affecting the boiling point of a liquid.
a) Impurities
b) Pressure

a) EFFECTS OF IMPURITIES ON BOILING POINT

Experiment 9.15: Investigates the effects impurities on boiling points.

The boiling point for of the salt solution is higher than that of the distilled water.

The presence of impurities in liquid raises its boiling points.

b) EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON BOILING POINT

Experiment 9.13 : Investigates the effects of increased pressure on boiling points.

Increase in pressure increase the boiling point of a liquid.

Application of this concept is the pressure cooker. Is has tight fitting lid which
prevents free escape of steam thus making the pressure inside to build up. Increase in
the boiling point to high temperatures enable food to cook faster.

Decrease in pressure lowers the boiling point of a liquid.

QUESTION 44 , 45, 46, 47 & 48

MELTING POINT
There are two factors that affect the melting point of a substance.
a) Pressure
b) Impurities

a) EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON MELTING POINT

Experiment : To investigate the effect of pressure on melting point.
Apparatus : Block of ice, thin copper wire, two heavy weight, wooded support.
Procedure :
a) Attach two heavy weight to the ends of a thin copper wire.
b) Pass the string over a large block of ice.
Observation :

The wire cuts through the ice block, but leaves it as one piece.

This process is known as regelation.

Explanation (regelation) :

Weight exerts pressure on the ice beneath; this pressure makes it melts at a
temperature lower than its melting point.

The water formed loses its latent heat of fusion to the wire which hence solidifies
again as it is no longer under pressure.

The latent heat lose by the water is conducted to the wire which melts the ice below it.

This process continues until the wire cuts through leaving the block.

Conclusion :

Application of pressure on ice lowers the melting point.

If the wire with lower thermal conductivity is used, it will cut through slowly.

Poor conductors of heat e.g. cotton will not cut through the block at all because it does
not conduct heat.

QUESTION 49 & 50
APPLICATION OF THE EFFECTS OF PRESSURE ON MELTING POINT OF ICE.
Ice skating

Weight of the skater exerts pressure on the ice below causing melting at a lower
temperatures.

The high pressure reduces melting hence melting them forming a thin film of water
over which skater slides.

Joining ice cubes under pressure

By pressing ice cubes hard under pressure, the melting points between points of
contact of the ice is lowered; water recondenses and the two cubes are joined together.

QUESTION 51
EFFECTS OF IMPURITIES

Application of impurities lowers the melting point of a substance.

Salt is spread on roads during winter to prevent freezing of roads.

QUESTION 52

EVAPORATION

Evaporation occurs on the surface of the liquid where molecules escape to the air.

Molecules at the surface have higher kinetic energy than those ones below hence they
break from their attractive forces of the neighbouring molecules.

Evaporation takes place at all temperatures.

QUESTION 53 & 54
EFFECTS OF EVAPORATION.
The following are some effects of evaporation:

Methylated spirit feels cold on the back of your hand than water.
-

This is because hand feels cold as the spirit evaporates from the skin.
Evaporating methylated spirit extracts latent heat of vaporisation from the
skin making it feel cold.

A beaker placed on the film of water on a wooden block.

-

The beaker stuck onto the wooden block after the air is blown through the
ether using a foot pump.

This is because blowing increases the rate of evaporation of ether forming a

layer of ice between beaker and the wood.

This shows that evaporation causes cooling.

*Note: Bubbling increases surface area of ether exposed to air.

QUESTION 55, 56, 57, & 58

Factors affecting rate of evaporation.
1. Temperature

Increase in temperature increases kinetic energy of molecules on the surface; these

molecules move faster. Hence many of them escape; enhancing evaporation.
*Note: Increase in temperature increases the rate of evaporation.

2. Surface Area

Increasing surface area of the liquid exposes more liquid molecules. Hence faster
molecules escape the environment.

Large surface to area also clears the way for more molecules to enter the space.

3. Drought

Passing air over the liquid sweeps away escaping vapour molecules.

Examples:
- Clothes dry faster on a windy day
- People take hot beverages by blowing over it.

4. Humidity

Humidity is the concentration of water vapour in the atmosphere.

High humidity lowers the rate at which molecules enter the space hence lowers the
rate of evaporation.

This is why clothes take longer time to dry on a humid day than on dry one.

QUESTION 59
Comparison between Evaporation and Boiling
Factors
When it happen?

Evaporation

Boiling

Takes place at all temperatures

Takes place at a fixed

temperature

Where it happen?

Takes place on the surface of the

Takes place throughout the

liquid

liquid

Characteristic

No bubbles are formed

Bubbles of steam are formed

Relationship with

Decreasing atmospheric

Decreasing atmospheric

pressure increases the rate of

pressure lowers the boiling

evaporation

point

atmospheric pressure