Principles of Mechanical Engg.

Science
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
MESRA, RANCHI
Sheet No. 1
(ME 3007) PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
B.E. 3RD SEMESTER
1.

Define the following terms with suitable examples for each system, surrounding,
boundary, property, state, process and cycle. What is a quasi-static process?
What do you mean by Thermodynamic Equilibrium?

2.

Distinguish between (with suitable examples).

(a)
Closed and open system
(b)
Extensive and intensive property
(c)
Microscopic and Macroscopic point of view
(d)
Isobaric and Isochoric process
(e)
Isothermal and Adiabatic process
(f)
Point function and path function

3.

Why is it difficult to define Temperature? What do you understand by equality of

temperature?

4.

State and explain the zeroth law of thermodynamics. Why is it called the Zeroth
Law? What is its importance?

5.

What is a pure substance? What do you mean by Two-property Rule? Is air a

pure substance?

6.

(a) What do you understand by the critical point and the triple point for water?
Explain with suitable diagrams.

7.

Determine the specific volume and the specific enthalpy of water (H2O) at 10 bar
when it is (a) saturated liquid (b) Saturated vapour (c) Wet steam having a quality
of 60 percent (d) Superheated steam at a temp. of 300 deg. C.

8.

Using steam Tables, find the following:

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

The specific Vol. and specific enthalpy and specific entropy at 70 bar and
400 deg. C.
The temperature at 100 bar for which the specific enthalpy is the same as
in (a)
The quality at 45 bar for which the specific volume is the same as in (a)
The temp. of quality as the case may be at 50 bar for which the sp.
Entropy is same as in (a).

9.

The radiator of heating system has a volume of 0.05 m 3 and contains saturated
steam at 1.8 bar. The valves are then closed on the radiator and as a result of
heat transfer to the room the pressure drops to 1.3 bar calculates.
(a)
the total mass of steam in the radiator
(b)
the volume and mass of liquid in the final state
(c)
the volume and mass of vapour in the final state

10.

A rigid cylinder contains wet steam at 12 bar and quality 0.4 if the volume of the
vessel is 0.12 m3, find the quality, the mass of liquid and vapour, when the
pressure in the cylinder has increased to 20 bar due to heat transfer.

Principles of Mechanical Engg. Science

11.

A rigid vessel contains wet steam at 2.5 bar. Find the proportions by volume of
liquid and vapour necessary to make the water pass through the critical state
when heated.

12.

A vessel having a capacity of 0.85 contains steam at 11 bar and 0.92 dry. Steam
is blown off until the pressure drops to 5.5 bar. Assuming that the enthalpy/kg of
steam remains constant during the blowing off period calculate:
(a)
(b)

13.

Steam initially at a press of 15 bar and 0.95 quality expands isentropically to 7.5
bar and is then throttled until it is dry saturated. Determine per kg. Of steam.
(a)
(b)

14.

Total heat supplied to feed water per hour to produce wet steam.
Take Cp water = 4.18 KJ/kg-k and Cp superheated steam = 2.2 KJ/kg-k.

1000 kg of steam at a pressure of 16 bar and 0.9 dry is generated by a boiler per
hour. The steam passes through a super heater via boiler stop valve where its
temperature is raised to 380 deg. If the temp. of feed water is 30 deg. Determine:
(a)
(b)

15.

the quality of steam at the final state

the quantity of steam blown off

Total heat supplied to feed water per hour to produce wet steam.
Take Cp water = 4.18 KJ/kg-k and Cp superheated steam = 2.2 KJ/kg-k.

A vessel of 0.9 m2 contains at 8 bar and quality of 0.9 steam is blown off until the
pressure drops to 4 bar. The valve is then closed and the steam is allowed to
cool until the pressure falls to 3 bar. Assuming that the blowing-off process is a
constant enthalpy process and the cooling is a constant volume process
determine:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

mass of steam blown off

dryness fraction of steam in the vessel after blowing off
quality of steam after cooling
heat lost by steam during cooling.

Principles of Mechanical Engg. Science

HEAT AND WORK

Sheet No. 2
16.

(a)
(c)
(d)

Define Heat and work

What are the similarities between them?
With the help of a suitable example show the difference between them.

17.

(a)

What are the limitations of the equation W =

(b)

What is meant by Free expansion?

18.

(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

21.

dv

Mercury in glass thermometer surrounded by a medium at a higher

temperature.
Inflation of a flat tyre by forcing air into the tyre with the tyre walls as the
system boundary, the trye walls being non-conducting.
A combustible mixture of carbon and oxygen in a perfectly insulated rigid
container ignited by a spark from a spark plug placed inside the container
and connected to an external source of power.
A non-insulated nozzle receiving steam with a higher pressure with
negligible velocity and expanding it down to a lower pressure in absence
of friction and turbulence.
A perfectly insulated constant pressure chamber containing a mixture of
ice and water and constantly stirred by a motor driven stirrer.

Examine the validity of the statements:

(i)
(ii)

20.

Draw neat sketches of the following systems and indicate the system boundaries.
Label open or closed system and show the directions of heat and work transfer.
(i)

19.

Heat is that which invariably causes a change in temperature.

Work is that which invariably causes a change in volume.

State giving reasons whether neat and work transfers are positive, negative or
zero in each of the following processes. The systems to be considered are
underlined.
(a)
A rigid vessel containing ammonia gas is connected through a valve to an
evacuated rigid vessel the vessel, the valve and the connecting pipes are well
insulated. The valve is opened and after a while the conditions in the two vessels
become uniform.
(b)

A ______ of ice and water is contained in a vertical cylinder closed at the

top by a non-conducting piston, the upper surface of the piston being
exposed to the atmosphere. The piston is held stationary while a flame
applied to the base of the cylinder causes some of the ice to melt.

(c)

As under (b) but the piston is allowed to move so as to keep the mixture
pressure constant.

(d)

Air in a rigid metallic container is kept on a stove and the pressure and
temperature of air rise.

(e)

Air flows adiabatically into a previously evacuated bottle through a valve.

A cylinder fitted with a piston contains 1 kg of air at a pressure of 20 bar and

having a volume of 0.05 m3. Air is allowed to expand according to the law pv =
const. Until the volume is doubled. Air is then cooled at constant pressure until
the piston regains its initial position. Air is then heated with the piston firmly
locked in this position until pressure rises to the initial value of 20 bar. Calculate
the net work done during the cycle. Sketch the cycle on a p-v diagram.

Principles of Mechanical Engg. Science

22.

An electrical resistance, wired to the surroundings, is placed within the cylinder of

a piston-cylinder machine. A current of 5 amperes is established through the
circuit with a drop of 100 volts across the resistance. At what speed must the
piston move with a constant force of 90 kN in order to maintain the rate of
displacement work equal to electrical work?

23.

A cylinder fitted with a piston contains 1.5 kg of saturated water vapour at a

pressure of 10 bar. The steam is heated until the temperature is 300 oC. During
the process the pressure remains constant. Calculate the work done by the
steam during this processes.

24.

A cylinder in which the piston is restrained by a spring contains 0.04 m2 of air at a

pressure of 1.1 bar, which just balances the atmospheric pressure of 1.1 bar.
Assume the weight of the piston is negligible. In this initial state the spring exerts
no force on the piston. The air is then heated until the volume is doubled. The
final pressure of the air is 3 bar.
(a)
(b)
(c)

Show the process on a p-v diagram

Considering the air as the system, calculate the total work done by the
system.
Of the total work how much is done against the atmosphere and how
much against the spring?

25.

A balloon which is initially flat is inflated by filling it with air from a tank of
compressed air. The final volume of the balloon is 1.5m2. The barometer reads
755 mm of Hg. Consider the tank, the balloon, and the connecting pipe as the
system. Determine the work done for this process.

26.

A spherical balloon has a diameter of 30 cm and contains air at a pressure of 2

bar. The diameter of the balloon increases to 40 cm due to heating, and during
this process the pressure is directly proportional to the diameter. Calculate the
work done by the air.

27.

In a piston-cylinder arrangement, 1 kg of air at a pressure of 1 bar and volume of

0.2m2 expands under constant pressure to a volume of 0.8m3; it then undergoes
a constant volume process in such a manner that under isothermal compression,
which follows after constant volume process, the air returns to its initial state.
Represent the cycle on a p-v diagram and determine the net work done by the
system.

28.

A gas expands in a cylinder from a volume of 0.18 m 3 and a pressure of 5 bar to

a volume of 0.36 m3 according to the law pv1/2 = constant. Calculate the final
pressure and work done.

29.

A fluid undergoes a cycle consisting of the following processes:

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

It is heated at a constant pressure of 1.05 bar until it has a specific

volume of 0.1 m3/kg.
It is then compressed according to the law pv = constant to a pressure of
4.2 bar.
It is then allowed to expand according to the law pv1.3 = constant.
Finally it is heated at constant volume back to its initial state.

The work done in the constant pressure process is 515 N-m and the mass of the
fluid is 0.2 kg. Calculate the net work done in the cycle. Sketch the cycle on a p-v
diagram.

Principles of Mechanical Engg. Science

SHEET NO. 3.
THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
30.

A fluid contained in a piston-cylinder arrangement executes a cycle consisting of

4 processes. The net heat transferred during the cycle is 340 kJ. The system
executes 200 cycles per minute:
Complete the following tale showing the method of calculation and compute the
cycle output in KW
Processes

1-2
2-3
3-4
4-1

0
42000
-4200

4340
0
.
.

-73200

31.

A sealed bomb containing certain chemicals is placed in a tank of water which is

open to atmosphere. When the chemicals react heat is transferred from the
bomb to the water causing the temperature of water to rise. A stirring device is
used to circulate the water and the power input to the rod driving the stirrer is
0.055 KW. In a 15 minute period the heat transfer from the bomb is 1000 kJ and
the heat transfer from the tank to the surrounding air is 50 kJ. Assuming no
evaporation of water, determine the chain in internal energy of the water.

32.

A radiator of a steam heating system has a volume of 0.08m 3. When the radiator
is filled with dry saturated steam at a pressure of 1.6 bar all valves to the radiator
are closed. How much heat will have been transferred to the room when the
pressure of steam falls to 1.0 bar?

33.

A rigid vessel having a volume of 0.8m 3 is filled with steam at 10 bar and 300 oC.
Heat is transferred from the steam until it exists as saturated vapour. Calculate
the heat transferred during the process.

34.

A sealed tube has a volume of 30 cm3 and initially contains certain fraction of
liquid and vapour H2O in equilibrium at 1 bar. The fraction of liquid and vapour is
such that when heated the steam passes through the critical point. Calculate the
heat transfer when the steam is heated from the initial state to the final state.

35.

A steam boiler has a total volume of 3m 3. The boiler initially contains 2m 3 of liquid
water and 1m3 of vapour in equilibrium at 1 bar. The boiler is fired up and heat is
transferred to the water and steam in the boiler. Somehow the values on the inlet
and delivery of the boiler are both left closed. The relief valve lifts when the
pressure reaches 50 bar. How much heat was transferred to the water and steam
in the boiler before the relief valve lifted.

36.

A cylinder fitted with a piston contains 2.5 kg of H 2O at a pressure of 10 bar and a

quality of 0.8 the piston is restrained by a spring which is so arranged that for
zero volume in the cylinder the spring is full extended. The spring force is
proportional to the spring displacement and the weight of the piston is neglected.
Heat is transferred to the H2O until its volume is 150% of the initial volume.
(a)
What is the final pressure?
(b)
What is the quality (if wet) or temperature (if superheated) in the final
state?
(c)
Draw a p-v diagram and determine the work.

37.

Steam which is contained in a cylinder expands against a piston. Following are

the conditions before and after expansion.

Principles of Mechanical Engg. Science

Before expansion

After expansion

Pressure: 10 bar
Temperature: 300oC

Pressure: 0.5 bar

Volume 0.02 m3

The heat transfer during expansion is equal to 2.5 kJ. Calculate the work done
during the process.
38.

0.5 kg of steam is confined inside a spherical balloon which supports an internal

pressure proportional to its diameter. The initial condition of the steam is 1 bar
and 150oC. Heat is transferred to the steam until the pressure reaches 1.2 bar.
Determine
(a)
The final temperature
(b)
The heat transfer

39.

5 kg of water at 15oC is contained, in a vertical cylinder by a frictionless piston of

a mass such that the pressure of the water is 7 bar. Heat is transferred slowly to
the water causing the piston to rise until it reaches the stops at which point t
volume inside the cylinder is 0.5m2. More heat is transferred to the water until it
exists as saturated vapour.
(a)
(b)

Find the final pressure in the cylinder and the heat transfer and work done
during the process.
Show this process on a t-v diagram and a p-v diagram.

40.

Consider a piston-cylinder arrangement in which a frictionless piston with a cross

sectional area of 0.06m2. The mass of the piston is such that 3 bar pressure is
required to raise the piston against atmospheric pressure. When the piston has
moved to a position where the contained volume is 0.075m 2, it encounters a
linear spring that require 360 kN to deflect it 1 m. Initially the cylinder contains 4
kg of saturated water (two phase) as 35 oC. The final pressure is 70 bar.
Determine the final state of the H2O and the work done during the process. Also
find out the net change of internal energy and heat transfer.

41.

Define Enthalpy is it an energy quantity?

42.

State the conditions under which an open flow process becomes a steady flow
process.

43.

Write down the steady flow energy equation and explain the different terms.

44.

What is a throttling process? Examine the validity of the statement. A throttling

process.

45.

12 kg of air per minute is delivered by a centrifugal air compressor. The inlet and
outlet conditions of air are :
V1 = 12 m/sec, P1 = 1 bar, V1 = 0.5m3/kg and
V2 = 90 m/sec, P2 = 8 bar, V2 = 0.14 m3/kg.
The increase in internal energy of air passing through the compressor is 25
kJ/kg. Cooling water in the compressor jacket flows at the rate of 15 kg/min and
its temperature increases by 10oC find:
(a)
(b)

46.

Motor power required to drive the compressor

Ratio of inlet to outlet pipe diameter

Steam enters the nozzle of a steam turbine with low velocity at a pressure of 30
bar and 300oC and leaves the nozzle at 1 bar with a velocity of 300 m/sec. The
rate of steam flow is 1500 kg/hr. Calculate the quality or temperature of steam
(as the case may be) at the exit of the nozzle and the exit area.

Principles of Mechanical Engg. Science

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

SHEET NO. 4

54.

Discuss the limitations of the first law of thermodynamics. How does the second
law overcome these limitations?

55.

Give the Kelvin-Planck and the Clausius statements of the second law of
thermodynamics and establish their equivalence.

56.

Define heat engine, refrigerator and hest pump. What do you mean by thermal
efficiency of a heat engine and co-efficient of performance (C.O.P.) of a
refrigerator and heat pump?

57.

What do you mean by a thermodynamic temperature scale?

58.

State and prove Carnot theorem.

59.

Define a reversible process. Name some of the factors which render a process
irreversible.

60.

A reversible heat engine operates between a heat source at 227 C and a heat
sink at 27 C . It receives 250 KJ of heat from the source. Find out;
(a) The work output and
(b) The heat rejected to the sink.

61.

Find the C.O.P. of a reversed Carnot cycle working between temperature limits of
40 C and -10 C when (a) it works as a refrigerator, (b) it works as a heat pump.

62.

A reversible engine operates between two reservoirs at temperatures of 600 C .

The engine drives a reversible refrigerator which operates between reservoirs at
temperatures of 40 C and -20 C . The heat transfer to the heat engine is
2000KJ and the work output of the combination is 360 KJ. Calculate the net heat
transfer to the reservoir at 40 C .

63.

Source A can supply heat at a rate of 11000KJ/min. at 320 C and source B

can supply heat at a rate of 22000KJ/min. at 68 C . Which of the two sources
you will choose for supplying heat to a reversible engine in order to get more
power? Take the temperature of the surroundings as 30 C .

64.

A fish freezing plant requires 50 ton of refrigeration. The freezer temperature is

-40 C while the ambient temperature is 35 C . If the C.O.P. of the plant is 25%
of the maximum possible C.O.P., calculate the power required to run the plant.

65.

The efficiency of the reversible engine can be increased either by increasing the
temperature of the high temperature reservoir, Keeping the temperature of the
low temperature reservoir constant or by decreasing the temperature of the low
temperature reservoir, keeping the temperature of the high temperature reservoir
constant. Out of these two methods which one is more efficient way for
increasing the efficiency of reversible engine? Discuss the limitations of the
above methods.

66.

A heat engine derives a refrigerator whose C.O.P. is 4.5. If the efficiency of the
heat engine is 35% and 1500 KJ of heat is removed per hour by the refrigerator
from the cold body, find the rate of heat supplied to the heat engine.

67.

A refrigerator that operates on a reversed Carnot cycle removes 600 KJ of heat

per minute from a low-temperature reservoir at -12 C . Determine the C.O.P. of
the refrigerator and the power required by it.

Principles of Mechanical Engg. Science

68.

It is proposed to heat a house using a heat pump. The heat transfer from the
house is 95000 KJ/hr. The house is to be maintained at 30 C while the outside
air is at a temperature of 6 C . While the minimum power required to run the heat
pump is 30 kW, find the C.O.P. of the pump.

69.

The thermal efficiency of the heat engine is 28%. Find (a) the ratio of work done
to the heat rejected and (b) the amount of heat transferred from the high
temperature reservoir to the engine per KWh of work delivered by the engine.

70.

Two reversible heat engines are placed in series. The first one receives 6400 KJ
of heat per minute from a high temperature reservoir at 1300 C and rejects
heat to a low temperature reservoir at T K. The second one in turn receives the
heat rejected by the first reversible engine and rejects heat to another lowtemperature reservoir at 400K. Determine the heat rejected per minute by the
first and second engines when equal work is delivered by each of them.

71.

A reversible heat engine works between three thermal reservoirs A, B and C. The
engine absorbs equal amount of heat from the thermal reservoirs A and B kept at
temperatures of TA and TB respectively and rejects heat to the thermal reservoir
C kept at a temperature of TC . The efficiency of the engine is a times the
efficiency of the reversible engine which works between the two reservoirs A and
C. Prove that

TA
(2a 1) 2(1 a) TA TC
TB
72.

Two Carnot engines A and B are connected in series between two thermal
reservoirs maintained at 1000 K and 100 K respectively. Engine A receives 1680
KJ of heat from the high temperature reservoir and rejects heat to the Carnot
engine B. Engine B takes in heat rejected by engine A and rejects heat to the low
temperature reservoir. If engines a and B have equal thermal efficiencies,
determine (a) the heat rejected by engine B (b) the temperature at which heat is
rejected by engine A (c) the work done by engines A and B respectively.

73.

If in the problem (72) engines A and B deliver equal work, determine (a) the
amount of heat taken in by engine B and (b) efficiencies of the engine A and B.

74.

A working fluid goes through a Carnot cycle. The upper and lower absolute
temperatures being O1 and O2 respectively. Heat received is Q1 and rejected is

Q2 . On account of heat losses, the heat source temperature T1 is higher than O1

and heat sink temperature T2 is lower than O2 . If T1 O1 KQ1 and T2 O2 KQ2
, where K is a dimensional constant and T1 and T2 being absolute temperatures,
show the efficiency is given by

1 T2 (T1 2 KQ1 )
Entropy

75.
76.
77.

State and prove Inequality of Clausius.

Define entropy and prove that it is a property.
Prove that the effect of irreversiblities increases the entropy. What is lost work?

78.

What is the Principle of increase of entropy?

79.

2 kg of water at 200 C is mixed with 3 kg of water at 50 C in an isolated

system. Calculate the change of entropy of the universe due to mixing process.
2 kg of water at 100 C is mixed with 1 kg of ice at 0 C in an isolated system.
Calculate the change of entropy of the universe due to mixing process.

80.

Principles of Mechanical Engg. Science

82.

2 kg of water at 100 C is mixed with 5 kg of ice at 0 C in an isolated system.

Calculate the change of entropy of the universe due to mixing.

83.

500 Kcal of heat is transferred by conduction from a reservoir at 437 C .

Determine the change in entropies of the two reservoirs. Is there any change of
entropy in universe?

84.

During a reversible process the entropy and temperature are related by

S AT BT 2 where A and B are dimensional constants. Find the heat transfer
when temperature changes during the process from T1 to T2 .

85.

(a) 1 kg of water at 500 K is brought into contact with a heat reservoir at 600 K.
When the water has reached 600 K, calculate the entropy change (i) of the water
(ii) of the heat reservoir (iii) of the universe.
b) If the water had been heated from 500 K to 600 K by first bringing it into
contact with a reservoir at 550 K and then with a reservoir at 600 K, what would
have been the entropy change of the universe?
c) Explain how the water might be heated from 500 K to 600 K with almost no
change of entropy of the universe.

86.

In a reversible cycle 200 Kcal of heat is received at 500 K, then an adiabatic

process reduces the temperature of 400 K at which 100 Kcal of heat is received,
then a further adiabatic expansion reduces the temperature to 300 K, at which
200 Kcal of heat is rejected.
a) Find the change of entropy as the system is restored to its initial state in the
remainder of the cycle.
b) If during the remainder of the cycle heat is transferred only at 400 K, how
much heat is transferred and in what direction?

87.

Compare the thermal efficiencies of reversible cycles 1231 and 1231, which are
shown in the figure below.

88.

What do you mean by available and unavailable energy?

89.

A reversible engine operates between three reservoirs as shown in figure below.

If its thermal efficiency is 40% and W = 2100 KJ, calculate the temperature T1
and the heat quantities Q1 and Q2 and also indicate the direction of Q2 with 7.0
reservoir.

90.

A reversible engine as shown in figure below draw 1250 KJ from 525 K reservoir
and does 210 KJ of work. Find the amount of heat interactions and directions
with the other two reservoirs. What is the thermal efficiency of the engine?

91.

Solve the above problem if the temperatures of the reservoir s A, B and C are
respectively 225 K, 165 K and 112.5 K.
Thermodynamic cycles

92.

What do you understand by Air-standard cycles as referred to I.C. engines? State

the assumption made there in.

93.

Derive the expression for the thermal efficiency of an Otto cycle in terms of
compression ratio. What do you mean by mean effective pressure?

Principles of Mechanical Engg. Science

94.

Derive the expression for the thermal efficiency of a Diesel cycle in terms of
compression ratio and cut-off ratio.

95.

At the beginning of the compression in an air-standard Otto cycle T1 = 50 C ,

P1 = 1 bar and V1 = 0.2 m 3 . The compression ratio is 6. The maximum
temperature is 1400 C . Compute the heat added, heat rejected, network, the
air standard thermal efficiency and the mean effective pressure.

96.

An engine of 250 mm bore and 375 mm stroke works on Otto cycle. The
clearance volume is 0.00263 m 3 . The initial pressure and temperature are 1 bar
and 50 C . If the maximum pressure is limited to 25-bar, find the following (a)
the air-standard efficiency of the cycle, (b) the mean effective pressure of the
cycle.

97.

An engine working on Otto cycle has a volume of 0.45 m 3 , pressure of 1 bar and
temperature of 30 C at the beginning of the compression stroke. At the end of
the compression the pressure is 11-bar. 210 KJ of heat is added at constant
volume. Determine: (a) pressures, temperatures and volumes at Salient points
(b) percentage clearance (c) efficiency (d) network per cycle (e) mean effective
pressure (f) power developed by the engine if the number of working cycles per
minute is 210.

98.

Show the efficiency of the Diesel cycle is less than that of the Otto cycle for the
same compression ratio and heat supplied, whereas the Diesel cycle is more
efficient than the Otto cycle for the same maximum pressure and heat supplied.

99.

In an air-standard Diesel cycle the temperature and pressure at the beginning of

compression are 40 C and 1 bar. The temperatures before and after the supply
are 400 C and 1500 C respectively. Calculate (a) heat supplied, heat rejected
and work done per kg of air (b) thermal efficiency and (c) mean effective
pressure.

100.

The stroke length and cylinder diameter of a C.I. engine (working on ideal Diesel
cycle) are 250mm and 150 mm respectively. If the clearance volume is 0.0004
m 3 and fuel injection takes place for 5% of the stroke. Determine: (a) the ideal
thermal efficiency of the engine (b) If the fuel cut-off is delayed from 5% to 8%,
calculate the percentage loss in the ideal efficiency.

101.

An engine with 200 mm cylinder diameter and 300 mm stroke works on Diesel
cycle. The initial pressure and temperature of air are 1 bar and 27 C . The cutoff is 8% of the stroke and compression ratio is 15. Determine (a) pressure and
temperature at salient points (b) air-standard efficiency (c) mean effective
pressure (d) power developed by the engine if number of cycles per minute is
380.

Principles of Mechanical Engg. Science

Sheet No. 5
BOILERS AND MOUNTINGS
102

a) What is a boiler?
b) What is a fire tube boiler?
c) What is a water tube boiler?
d) Give examples of water and fire tube boilers.

103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.

What are important mountings of a boiler? Why boiler mountings are used?
What are the accessories of a boiler? Why boiler accessories are used?
What are the points to be taken care of before starting a boiler?
What are high and low pressure boilers?
What do you mean by internally fired and externally boilers?
What is the function of a super heater?
Why economizers are used in a boiler plant?
How are boilers classified? Give the basis on which the classification is based.
Also give the name of at least one boiler of each type.
Sketch and explain a) Lancashire boiler
b) Babcock and Wilcox boiler
c) Cochran boiler
A boiler plant supplies 2700 kg of steam per hour at a pressure of 7.5-bar and
0.98 dry from feed water at 41.5 C when using 375 kg of coal having a calorific
value of 31000 KJ/kg. Determine the efficiency of the boiler and the equivalent
evaporation from and at 100 C . Find the saving in fuel per hour if by fitting an
economizer it is estimated that the feed water could be raised to 100 C
assuming other conditions remain unaltered and the efficiency of the boiler
increases by 6 percent.
Steam leaving the boiler at a pressure of 12-bar enters the super heater where it
receives heat at constant pressure. The condition of steam entering the super
heater is 0.95 dry and leaves it at temperature of 250 C . Calculate the heat
received by the steam in the super heater and increase in volume of all steam as
it passes through the super heater.
The following observations were made in a boiler plant consisting of six boilers
and an economizer
Equivalent evaporation from and at 100 C per kg of dry coal = 9.1 kg
Temperature of feed water to economizer = 15 C
Temperature of feed water to boiler = 100 C
Calorific value of coal per kg = 30000 KJ/kg
Temperature of air = 15 C
Temperature of flue gases entering the economizer = 367 C
Mass of flue gas per kg of dry coal = 18 kg
Specific heat of flue gases = 1.005 KJ/kg
Calculate a) efficiency of the boiler alone b) efficiency of the economizer alone c)
efficiency of the whole plant.
A coal fired boiler plant consumes 400 kg of coal per hour. The boiler evaporates
3200 kg of water at 44.5 C into superheated steam at a pressure of 12-bar and
275 C . If the calorific value of fuel is 32660 KJ/kg of coal. Determine a)
equivalent evaporation from and at 1010 C and b) thermal efficiency of the
boiler.
A boiler evaporates 8 kg of water per kg of coal into dry saturated steam at 10bar pressure. The feed water temperature is 46 C . Find the equivalent
evaporation from and at 100 C . Also calculate the factor of evaporation.
The following observations were made in a boiler:
Coal used = 200kg
Calorific value of coal = 29800 KJ/kg
Steam pressure = 11.5-bar
Water evaporated = 2000kg

111.
112.

113.

114.

115.

116.

117.

Principles of Mechanical Engg. Science

118.

Feed water temperature = 34 C

Calculate the equivalent evaporation from and at 100 C per kg of coal and
efficiency of the boiler if the steam is 0.95 dry.
(a) What is meant by Draught?
(b) What do you mean by Natural Draught and Artificial Draught?
(c) Derive expression for height of the chimney.
(d) Find the condition for maximum discharge through a chimney.

Principles of Mechanical Engg. Science

Sheet No. 6
HEAT TRANSFER
119.

Enumerate the three bodies by which heat can transferred from one place to
another. Which is the slowest of all?

120.

How do you define the thermal conductivity of a material?

121.

What do you understand by the terms convective heat transfer co-efficient and
overall heat transfer co-efficient?

122.

Derive an expression for heat loss in kJ / m 2 hr through a composite wall of

layers (i) without considering convective heat transfer co-efficient and (ii)
considering the convective heat transfer co-efficient.

123.

Derive an expression for critical thickness of insulation.

124.

Derive an expression for heat flow through composite walls (one dimensional
steady state conduction).

125.

Derive an expression for one dimensional steady state heat flow through cylinder.

126.

The inner surface of a plane brick wall is at 40 C and the outer surface is at 20

C . Calculate the rate of heat transfer per m 2 of surface area of wall, which is
250 mm thick. The thermal conductivity of the brick is 0.52 W / mK .

127.

Determine the rate of heat flow through the boiler wall made of 2 cm thick and
covered with an insulating material of 0.5 cm thick. The temperatures at the inner
and outer surfaces of the wall are 300 C and 50 C respectively.
k(steel) = 58 W / mK
k(insulation) = (0.116) W / mK

128.

A mild steel tank of wall thickness 10 mm contains water at 90 C . Calculate the

rate of heat loss per m 2 of tank surface area when the atmospheric temperature
is 15 C . The thermal conductivity of mild steel is 50 W / mK , and the heat
transfer co-efficient for inside and outside the tank are 2800 and 11 W / m 2 K ,
respectively. Calculate also the temperature of the outside surface of the tank.

129.

A cold storage room has walls of 0.23 m of brick on the outside, 0.08 m of plastic
foam, and finally 15 mm of wood on the inside. The outside and inside air
temperatures are 22 C and -2 C respectively. If the inside and outside heat
transfer co-efficient is respectively 29 and 12 W / m 2 K and the thermal
conductivities of brick, foam and wood are 0.98, 0.02 and 0.17 W / mK
respectively. Determine (i) the rate of heat removal by refrigeration if the total wall
area is 90 m 2 , and (ii) the temperature of the inside surface of the brick.

130.

Calculate the heat flowing through a furnace wall 0.23 m thick, the inside and
outside surface temperatures are 1000 C and 200 C respectively. Assume
the mean thermal conductivity of the wall is 1.1 W / mK . Assuming that 7 mm of
insulation (k = 0.075 W / mK ) is added to the outside surface of the wall and
reduces the heat loss 20%; calculate the outside surface temperature of the wall.
If the cost of insulation is Rs. 70 per square meter what time will be required to
pay for the insulation? Base the calculations on the 24 hours operation per day
and 199 days per year. Heat energy may be valued at Rs. 10 per 1000 kWh .

Principles of Mechanical Engg. Science

131.

Hot air at a temperature of 60 C is flowing through a steel pipe of 100 mm

diameter. The pipe is covered with two layers of different insulating materials of
thickness 50 mm and 30 mm, and their corresponding thermal conductivities are
0.23 and 0.37 W / mK . The inside and outside heat transfer co-efficient is 58 and
12 W / m 2 K . The atmosphere is at 25 C . Find the rate of heat loss from a 50 m
length of pipe. Neglect the resistance of steel pipe.

132.

A steam pipe of 160 mm inside diameter and 170 mm outside diameter (k = 58

W / mK ) is covered with first layer of insulating material of 30 mm thickness (k =
0.17 W / mK ) and second layer of insulating material of 50 mm thickness (k =
0.093 W / mK ). The temperature of steam passing through the pipe is 30 C .
Taking inner and outer heat transfer co-efficient 30 and 5.8 W / mK respectively,
find the heat loss per meter length of pipe.

133.

A steel pipe of 100 mm bore and 7 mm wall thickness, carrying steam at 260 C
, is insulated with 40 mm of an insulated high temperature diatomaceous earth
covering. This covering is in turn insulated with 60 mm of asbestos felt. If the
atmospheric temperature is 15 C , calculate the rate at which the steam per m
length of the pipe loses heat. The heat transfer co-efficient for the inside and
outside surfaces are 550 and 15 W / m 2 K , respectively and the thermal
conductivities of steel, diatomaceous earth and asbestos felt are 50, 10.09 and
0.07 W / mK respectively. Calculate:
(i) The total heat loss per hour
(ii) The total heat loss per meter square of outer surface.
(iii) The heat loss per meter square of pipe surface.
(iv) The temperature between the two layers of insulation.

Principles of Mechanical Engg. Science

Sheet No. 7
Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
134.

Draw the bending moment and shear force diagrams for the cantilever beam as
shown in the figure.
20 KN
20 KN
10 KN
1m

1m

1.5 m

.
135.

The simply supported beam as shown in the figure carries two concentrated
loads and a uniformly distributed load. Draw shear force diagram and bending
moment diagram.
10 KN
2m

136.

20 KN

10 KN/m

2m

4m

A simply supported beam of AB of 6 m span is loaded as shown in the figure.

Draw the shear force diagram and bending moment diagram.
80 KN
40 KN/m
A

B
3m

137.

1.5 m

1.5 m

Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram for the beam as shown in the
figure.
20 KN/m

40 KN
120 KN-m

C
3m

138.

B
1.5 m

1.5 m

Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram for the overhanging beam as
shown in the figure and indicate the point of contra flexure.
20 KN/m
A

40 KN

20 KN

B
2m

C
2m

D
1m

Principles of Mechanical Engg. Science

139.

Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram for the overhanging beam as
shown in the figure. Indicate all the significant values indicating point of contra
flexure.
60 KN/m

20 KN

1m

140.

2m

1m

1m

For the beam AC shown below, determine the magnitude of the load P acting at
C, such that the reaction at supports A and B are equal. Draw the shear force
and bending moment diagram for the beam. Mark the salient points and their
values on the diagram. Locate the point of contra flexure if any.
P=?
45 KN/m
D
30 KN-m
B
C
4m

141.

2m

1m

A girder 6 m long rests on two supports with equal overhangs on either side and
carries a uniformly distributed load of 30 KN per meter run over the entire length.
Calculate the overhangs if the maximum bending moment, positive or negative is
to be as small as possible. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram
for the double overhang beam.
30 KN/m

6m
142.

Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram for the beam as shown in the
figure. Indicate the salient values on the diagram.
3 KN/m
A

3 KN/m
B

24 KN-m

6 KN
E

D
4m
143.

2m

4m

4m

4m

Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram for the cantilever beam as
shown in the figure.
4 KN/m

20 KN
C

2m

10 KN

B
1m

A
2m

Principles of Mechanical Engg. Science

Sheet No. 8
Balancing Of Rotating And Reciprocating Masses
144.

Why balancing of the rotating and reciprocating parts of the engine is necessary?

145.

Discuss how a single revolving mass is balanced by two masses revolving in

different planes.

146.

Explain the method of balancing of different masses revolving in a same plane.

147.

How the different masses rotating in different planes are balanced?

148.

What do you understand by primary and secondary unbalanced force?

149.

Explain the terms Primary balancing and Secondary balancing.

150.

Four masses A, B, C, and D is attached to a shaft and revolves in the same

plane. The masses are 12 kg, 10 kg, 18 kg and 15 kg respectively and their radii
of rotations are 4 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm and 3 cm. The angular positions of the masses
B, C and D are 60 , 135 and 270 from the mass A. Find the magnitude and
position of the balancing mass at a radius of 10 cm.

151.

A circular disc, rotating around a vertical spindle, has the following masses
placed on it.

Mass
A

Position of Mass
( With respect to Y-Y in
degree)
0

Position of Mass
(Distance from center in
mm)
260

Magnitude
of mass
(kg)
2.5

60

300

3.5

150

225

5.0

Determine the magnitude and angular position of a mass that should be placed
at 262.5 mm to give balance when rotating. Also, determine the unbalanced force
on the spindle, when the disc is rotating at 250 r.p.m.
152.

A rotating shaft carries four masses A, B, C and D that are radially attached to it.
The mass centers are 3 cm, 3.8 cm, 4 cm and 3.5 cm respectively from the axis
of rotation. The masses A, C and D are 7.5 kg, 5 kg and 4 kg respectively. The
axial distance between the planes of rotation of A and B is 40 cm and between B
and C is 50 cm. The masses A and C are right angles to each other. Find for a
complete balance,
(i) The angles between the masses B and d from mass A.
(ii) The axial distance between the planes of rotation of C and D.
(iii) The magnitude of mass B.

153.

A, B, C and D are four masses carried by a rotating shaft at radii of 10 cm, 12.5
cm, 20 cm and 15 cm respectively. The planes in which the masses revolve are
spaced 60 cm apart and the weights of B, C and D are 10 kg, 5 kg and 4 kg
respectively. Find the required mass A and relative angular settings of the four
masses so that the shaft is in complete balance.