WS 2014 / 2015

Basic Geo-Information Systems

and
Geoinformation Systems
(including Tutorial)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institut fr Geotechnik und Markscheidewesen

Abteilung Markscheidewesen und Geoinformation
TU Clausthal
Homepage: http://www.igmc.tu-clausthal.de
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

Contact information
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Busch
Tel.: 05323-72-2076
E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. rer. nat. Steffen Knospe

Tel.: 05323 / 72-2794
e-mail: [email protected]

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

Information about the course

Lectures: Wednesday, 9:00 a.m. 10:30 a.m.

Lab course:
Common introduction ArcGIS: Wednesday, 12th November,
9:00 a.m. 10:30 a.m. (instead of lecture)
Group 1: Wednesday, 10:45 a.m. 1:45 p.m.
Beginning 12th November (every 2 weeks)
Room: GIS Lab

Group 2: Wednesday, 10:45 a.m. 1:45 p.m.

Beginning 19th November (every 2 weeks)
Room: GIS Lab

Group 3 (Tutorial GIS): Friday, 9:15 a.m. 11:30 a.m.

Beginning 14th November (every 2 weeks)
Room: GIS Lab

Basic GIS Written examination:

25th March 2015 (planned), 14:00 16:00
Groer Bergmnnischer Hrsaal, Erzstr. 20
Set of printed lecture notes; also downloadable in stud.ip
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

Preliminary content of the course

1. Introduction
2. Geographic Information and spatial data
3. Data modeling
4. Data storage

Content

5. GIS functionality

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

Recommended text books

Tor Bernhardsen. Geographical Information Systems. 3rd,
John Wiley & Sons, 2002 (available in university library)
Michael N. DeMers. Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems.
3rd, John Wiley & Sons, 2005

Not recommended but something special:

Dean E. Gaddy. Introduction to GIS for the Petroleum Industry. PennWell
Corporation, Tulsa, Oklahoma 2003
Resources

You can lend books in the

University Library
Leibnizstr. 2
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

GIS Reference text books

Michael F. Worboys, Matt Duckham. GIS. A computing perspective.

CRC Press, 2nd, 2004 (available in university library)

10

Additional Selection of Text books

C. P. Lo, Albert K.W. Yeung. Concepts and Techniques of Geographic

Information Systems. 2nd edition, Pearson Education, Harlow, England, 2007
Ian Heywood, Sarah Cornelius, Steve Carter. An Introduction to Geographical
Information Systems. 3rd edition, Pearson Education, Harlow, England, 2006
Paul A. Longley, Michael F. Goodchild, David J. Maguire, David. W. Rhind.
Geographic Information Systems and Science. 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons,
2005
David Unwin, David O'Sullivan. Geographic Information Analysis.
John Wiley & Sons, 2002
Kang-tsung Chang. Introduction to Geographic Information Systems. 4th
edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2008
Markus Neteler & Helena Mitasova. Open Source GIS: A Grass GIS Approach.
(Kluwer International Series in Engineering & Computer Science), Kluwer
Academic Publishers, 2002
Keith C. Clarke. Getting Started with GIS. Prentice Hall, 2002.
Nicholas Chrisman. Exploring Geographical Information Systems. John Wiley
& Sons, 2002
GIS for Oil & Gas Conference 2005 Proceedings.
Geospatial Information & Technology Association (GITA)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

11

1. Introduction
What is it?
Definitions
Purpose of GIS
Solving a Problem using GIS
Applications

1. Introduction

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

12

What is GIS?
GIS stands for 'Geographic Information System'
So it is a special kind of 'information system' IS
(used to enter, manage, manipulate, summarize, query, edit,
visualize information and to store in computer databases)
As well as an application using special 'geographic information' GI
about what is where (typically on or near the Earth's surface)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

1.1 What is it?

For example, GIS links many parallel developments such as:

- Computer aided design and drawing (CAD)
- Cartography and Surveying / Global Positioning System
- Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing / Digital Image Processing
- Statistics and spatial data analysis
- Information theory and spatial cognition
-

1. Introduction

GIS is an integrative technology, because it helps tie many geospatial activities

together.
In fact, the different geospatial activities are the very thing that helped create GIS in
the first place!

13

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

1.1 What is it?

1. Introduction

Our object is the Real World

14

Our aim is to make a model of this Real World

Abstraction
Analysis

Simulation
Presentation

Digital Model GIS

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

1. Introduction
1.1. What is it?

Real World

15

A Geographic Information System

- is a system of (physical view)
-

computer software,
hardware,
data,
methods and the
personnel that make it function;

- is a system that make it possible to (functional

view)
- acquisition and verification,

compilation,
storage,
management and exchange,
updating and changing,
manipulation,
retrieval and representation
analyses and syntheses

1. Introduction
1.1. What is it?

of information that are

- tied to a location,

- significant under a certain objective.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

16

What is a GIS ?

Physical and functional view

Computer Hardware and Software

procedures
and methods

Spatial data from the 'Real World'

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Trained Personnel

Basic Geo-Information Systems

1. Introduction
1.1. What is it?

Specific spatial
related problems
and objectives

17

The Components of GIS

As a summary of the two views we can notice,
that a GIS can be divided into five components:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Software

People,
Software, People
Hardware,
Data and
Procedures.

Data

GIS
1. Introduction
1.1. What is it?

Procedures
Hardware
All of these components need to be in balance for the
system to be successful. No one part can run without the other
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

18

The Components of GIS

1. People

The people are the component who actually

makes the GIS work and can be categorized into:
Viewers

are the public at large whose only need is to browse a geographic database for
referential material. These constitute the largest class of users.

GIS specialists
are the people who make the GIS work. They include GIS managers, database
administrators, application specialists, systems analysts, and programmers. They
are responsible for the maintenance of the geographic database and the
provision of technical support to the other two classes of users.
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

1. Introduction
1.1 What is it?

General Users
are people who use GIS to conducting business, performing professional
services and making decisions. They include facility managers, resource
managers, planners, scientists, engineers, lawyers, business entrepreneurs etc.

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The Components of GIS

2. Software

There are many different GIS software packages available today. All packages must be
capable of data input, storage, management, transformation, analysis and output, but
the appearance, methods, resources and ease of use of the various systems may be
different.
Todays software packages are capable of allowing both graphical and descriptive data
to be stored in a single database, known as the object-relational model.
Before this innovation, the
geo-relational model was
used. In this model, graphical
and descriptive data sets were
handled separately.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

1. Introduction
1.1. What is it?

The modern packages usually

come with a set of tools that
can be customized to the
users needs.

Basic Geo-Information Systems

20

ESRI products

1. Introduction
Software packages

Arc*

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

21

 network analysis

1. Introduction
Software packages

INTERGRAPH G/technology

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

22

Microstation Geographics

1. Introduction
Software packages

BENTLEY

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

23

The Components of GIS

Data capture

3. Hardware

Graphic Workstation/ PC
Plotter

Map Scanner

Digitizer

Communication/
Network

Data storage
Mouse/ Trackball

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

1. Introduction
1.1 What is it?

Printer

24

The Components of GIS

4. Data
The data we need to describe a spatial object consist basically
of information about
its location and shape (spatial or geometric data) as well as
its properties, capacity and quality (attribute data).
To be able to use the all the data solving a spatial problem we have to build up
a so called data model and create a database. Perhaps this is the most time
consuming and costly aspect of initiating a GIS project.

ATTRIBUTE

SPATIAL

DBMS

GIS Database
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

SPATIAL OBJECT

ATTRIBUTE

Temporal

SPATIAL

DBMS

GIS Database
Basic Geo-Information Systems

1. Introduction
1.1 What is it?

SPATIAL OBJECT

25

The Components of GIS

4. Data
Data capture

We can buy data, steal it, download it over the Internet,

or collect it ourselves.
Ultimately, someone had to gather it from outside a computer and get it inside.
It is the 'getting it inside' process that we refer to as acquisition.
There are a number of ways of doing this.
The basic methods are:
Manual digitizing and
scanning maps

1. Introduction
1.1. What is it?

Photogrammetry:
* Analytical
* Digital (soft-copy)
* Airborne Scanning
Remote Sensing
Field Surveys
Electronic
tachometers
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

GPS
Basic Geo-Information Systems

26

The Components of GIS

1. Introduction
1.1. What is it?

4. Data
Data capture and use of GI data in future ??

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

27

The Components of GIS

5. Procedures/ Methods
Procedures include how the data
will be retrieved,
get into the system,
are stored,
managed, and edited
transformed,
analyzed, and finally
presented in a final output.
The procedures are the steps taken to answer the question needs to be resolved.

1. Introduction
1.1. What is it?

The ability of a GIS to perform spatial analysis and to answer these questions
is what differentiates this type of system from any other information systems.
Another fundamental ability of GIS is map making.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

29

GIS Functions

Geometric
Analysis

Network
Analysis

Cartographic
Output
Raster
Analysis

Modeling
Interfaces
Visualization
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

1. Introduction
1.1. What is it?

GIS
Data
Model

30

1. Introduction
1.1. What is it?

A first example
Visualization and Spatial Query

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

31

1. Introduction
1.1. What is it?

Visualization and Spatial Query

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

32

What is GIS?

Geographic information science (abbreviation is also GIS):

1. Introduction
1.1. What is it?

is the science behind the technology

considers fundamental questions raised by use of systems and
technologies
is the science needed to keep technology at the cutting edge
is a multidisciplinary field
many disciplines contribute to these issues
e.g. cartography, geodesy, photogrammetry ...
today we should extend the list to include areas like cognitive
psychology, spatial statistics

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

33

What is GIS?
The terms 'geomatics' and 'geoinformatics' have different meaning
the term 'geomatics' is more popular in Canada and Western Europe;
it is a combination of geodesy/surveying, photogrammetry/remote
sensing, and specialized software packages like GIS
the term 'geoinformatics means for a lot of people a special part of
the applied informatics dealing with the use and the development of
special theories and procedures to handle spatial data and solve spatial
related problems

1. Introduction
1.1. What is it?

The term Geo-Information System is an other verbal interpretation of

GIS, mostly used in German-speaking countries.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

34

What is GIS?
Is it 'spatial' or 'geographic'?
'geographic' has to do with the Earth
its two-dimensional surface
its three-dimensional atmosphere, oceans, and as well as the sub-surface
'spatial' has to do with any multi-dimensional frame, for instance
medical images are referenced to the human body
engineering drawings are referenced to a mechanical object
architectural drawings are referenced to a building
'geographic' is a subset of 'spatial'
often the terms are used interchangeably
geographic data are referenced to a coordinate system
1. Introduction
1.1. What is it?

'geospatial' is sometimes used

because it sounds more general?
http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/giscc/units/u002/

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

35

What is GIS?
The disciplines of GIScience
* disciplines that have traditionally researched geographic information technologies
cartography, the science (and art) of map-making
geodesy, the science of accurate measurement of the Earth
surveying, the science of measurement of natural and human-made features on Earth
remote sensing, the science of Earth observation from space
photogrammetry, the science of measurement from photographs and images
image processing, the science of handling and analysis of image data

* disciplines that have traditionally researched digital technology and information

in general computer science (databases, computational geometry, image processing,
pattern recognition),
information science

geology
geophysics
agriculture
environmental science
mining, petroleum engineering,
civil engineering and similar engineering disciplines
and many more

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

These sciences are all potential users of GIS !!

Basic Geo-Information Systems

1. Introduction
1.1. What is it?

* disciplines that have traditionally studied the Earth or are related to earth,

36

GIS Definitions
A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based information
system that enables capture, modeling, manipulation, retrieval, analysis
and presentation of geographically referenced data. (Worboys 1995)
A computer system for capturing, managing, integrating, manipulating,
analyzing, and displaying data which is spatially referenced to the Earth.
(International GIS Dictionary)

relational database technology and a topological data structure to allow

the integration of raster and vector spatial data with tabular information
for display, edit, query, analysis, combination, creation, maintenance, and
management of geographic data sets in an environment that is
customizable to meet the application needs of the users forming a
powerful network of information that facilitates the sharing of data for
better decision-making.
As well as a Software for managing spatial (mappable) information
(both ESRI)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

1. Introduction
1.2.Definition

A computer system consisting of hardware and software that utilizes

37

GIS technology has developed from:

cartography (CAC) and CAD (computer aided design)
Data Base Management Systems (DBMS)
ID
1

1
2
3

X,Y

ID

ATTRIB

1
2
3

Data Base Management System

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

1. Introduction
1.2.Definition

38

We need the combination of geographic data and

1. Introduction
1.3. Purpose of GIS

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

40

Chris Buhi
Christian Carlson
Chris McGuire
Dale Loberger
Donna Buccini
Doug Ruppel
Gary Waters
Holly Williams
Jim Wojcik
Jo-Ann Brown
Joe Rubisch
Larry Young
Lee Ross
Marcia Austin
Mary Jo Fraley
Mike Dyer
Mike Rhoades
Mike Sweeney
Paul Gallimore

1757 Millbrook Ln
28226
1761 Millbrook Ln
28226
1765 Millbrook Ln
28226
1776 Millbrook Ln
28226
1780 Millbrook Ln
28226
1537 Sandberry Dr
28226
1541 Sandberry Dr
28226
1200 Yamasee Dr
28210
980 Harrowfield Rd
28226
1812 Millbrook Ln
28226
1090 Overhill Dr
28112
1108 Kings Canyon Dr 28226
1605 Bosham Ln
28226
1429 Quail Wood Dr
28226
1432 Quail Wood Dr
28226
1430 Quail Wood Dr
28226
1332 Cameron Forest Dr 28173
1327 Red Hickory Ln
28173
1429 Buckeye Ct
28173

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

2
1
2
6
2
1
3
4
1
2
4
3
2
2
1
3
3
2
2

Basic Geo-Information Systems

1. Introduction
1.3. Purpose of GIS

and descriptive data

41

We need Geographic Information

Donna Buccini
1780 Millbrook Ln
Jo-Ann Bro
1812 Millbr

1. Introduction
1.3. Purpose of GIS

Christian Carlson
1761 Millbrook Ln
Chris McGuire
1765 Millbrook Ln

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

42

object

also further descriptive information about a spatial

AREA
PERIM
PARCEL#
-8654365 96432.5
1
65567.54 75343.2
2
24
43576.22 46512.9
3
46533.71 50264.2
4

12

PIN
536274
541280
539291

PARCEL-ID
0
2641
2642
2643

OWNER
Christian Carlson
Chris Mguire
Dale Loberger

PIN
0
536274
541280
539291

ADDRESS
1761 Mi
1765 Mi
1767 Mi
1. Introduction
1.3. Purpose of GIS

and

2641
2642

41

2642
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

43

Why is GIS unique?

GIS handles SPATIAL information
Information referenced by its location in space
Location is defined by coordinates (reference or coordinate system)

1. Introduction
1.3. Purpose of GIS

GIS makes connections between activities based on spatial proximity

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

44

The power of GIS

The power of a GIS comes from the ability to relate
different information in a spatial context.
The aim using GIS is to reach conclusions
about this relationships.

Most of the information we have about our world contains a location reference,
placing that information at some point on the globe.
When rainfall information is collected, it is important to know where the rainfall is
located. This is done by using a location reference system, such as longitude and
latitude, and perhaps elevation. Comparing the rainfall information with other
information, such as the location of marshes across the landscape, may show that
certain marshes receive little rainfall. This fact may indicate that these marshes are
likely to dry up, and this inference can help us make the most appropriate decisions
about how humans should interact with the marsh.
Therefore, a GIS can reveal important new information that leads to better
decision making.
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

1. Introduction
1.3. Purpose of GIS

A GIS provides the ability

to analyze disparate data sets
based on location.

45

Environmental Attributes
Geology
Hazard Areas
Existing Land Use
Noise Contours
Floodplain
Soils
1. Introduction
1.3. Purpose of GIS

Vegetation
Surface Hydrology
EIR Study Areas
Planning Study Index Reference
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

46

Wherefore we use a GIS? - APPLICATIONS VIEW Types of GIS classified according to the application area
addressed:
- Consider as alternative names for GIS for special applications -

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

1. Introduction
1.3. Purpose of GIS

Cadastral Information System

Image based Information System
Land Information System
Natural Resource Management Information System
Market Analysis Information System
Multipurpose Cadastre
Planning Information System
Property Information System
Soil Information System
Spatial Information System
Spatial Decision Support System
Urban Information System
and others

Basic Geo-Information Systems

47

Wherefore we use a GIS? - APPLICATIONS VIEW Cadastral

Information
System

1. Introduction
1.3. Purpose of GIS

With parcels of
land, estates,
property owners,

Image based
Information
System
Combined with vector
data and attributive data

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

48

Wherefore we use a GIS? - APPLICATIONS VIEW -

Statistical View

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

1. Introduction
1.3. Purpose of GIS

Number of
different races of
cattle
in the provinces
of the
Netherlands

49

Wherefore we use a GIS? - APPLICATIONS VIEW -

1. Introduction
1.3. Purpose of GIS

Project GIS: Oil Spill and Contamination

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

50

Wherefore we use a GIS? - APPLICATIONS VIEW -

1. Introduction
1.3. Purpose of GIS

Project-GIS: Mine site; 3D view of a Mine with Well

Data

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

51

1. Introduction
1.1 What is it?
1.2 Definitions
1.3 Purpose of GIS
1.4 Solving a Problem using GIS

1. Introduction

1.5 Applications

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

52

A historic application
London cholera epidemic in 1854
One of the first (well documented) GIS solutions was the study of Dr. John Snow
about the cholera epidemic in London in 1854.
He recorded addresses of cholera victims in a street map of Soho as well as public
pumps in this district.
It is a famous example of how GIS works and shows
the most important factor of GIS at its best. Without
Public Pumps
the theoretical work of Dr. Snow and his
about 1850
well developed theory of cholera transmission the
search for the cholera source failed.

1. Introduction
1.4.Solving problems

But Dr. Snow knows that cholera is transmitted by

water, with that knowledge he looked for water
sources (sewerage, drinking water pumps,
public places pubs etc.) and was not surprised
to find a circular distribution and just one
water pump in the centre of the plotted
fatal cholera cases.
Actually he used 'his GIS' solely to present and
visualize his theoretical work on that horrible example
to find attention in public and local government.
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

53

Snow was able to prove his theory.

When the pump handle on the Broad Street pump was removed, no
new cases were diagnosed. He proved that the pump had been the
source and that the cholera was carried in the contaminated water.

Houses with
Cholera death
Water pumps
Circular Area
around Broad
street pump
(a buffer)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

1. Introduction
1.4.Solving problems

Soho

54

A brief description of

How to solve
a problem using GIS?

1. Definition and description of the problem to solve/ the objective of

investigation
2. Selection of the Data to use; which data are needed, available and have to be
collected
3. Selection of the Software, the methods and functions to apply
4. The Presentation of the result
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

1. Introduction
1.4.Solving problems

A typical GIS workflow:

55

How to solve a problem using GIS?

1. Problem description
We have an oil rig, a supertanker vessel and bought
dozens of petrol stations
What do I need to plan and prepare
a running business?
A refinery!

1. Introduction
1.4.Solving problems

Next obvious question is where to build it!

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

56

How to solve a problem using GIS?

1. Description of the problem to solve: A location problem!
Find a site to built a new oil-refinery under consideration of:

As you can see, the most constraints have a spatial component,

they are spatial related thematic information.
Very important is the definition of the accuracy level and scale which you want to
achieve!

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

1. Introduction
1.4.Solving problems

distance and accessibility (highway, oil harbor/ pipeline)

next high voltage power line
restricted areas
cadastre, land use restrictions, costs per m
soil, groundwater, main wind-direction
acceptance in population
positive corporate headquarter decision

57

How to solve a problem using GIS?

1. Description of the problem to solve: A location problem!
To solve this problem without using a GIS you can build a (long, long) list of all
potential sites.
Then you can strike out some sites according to constraints and then you may have
to do a lot of distance measurements

If you decide to work with maps

(even non-digital), you do a GIS job.

Contaminated? The
oil puddles make
the terrain valuable!
Consider the high
oil price !

You are on the best way

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

1. Introduction
1.4.Solving problems

And perhaps, when you finish this

you will find out that either the refinery is already build anywhere or will never
build

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How to solve a problem using GIS?

2. The Data to use
Data are a main part of a GIS application

Data capture (acquisition, input)

you can use different sources

you have to collect and to create data
spatial, topological and thematic components
field or object view
raster or vector data
layer or object structure

What data do I need?

How to make data ready for the analyses/ calculations?
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

1. Introduction
1.4.Solving problems

Data decomposition and modeling

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How to solve a problem using GIS?

Data capture

1. Introduction
1.4.Solving problems

geographic data (a map of:)

coastline
topography
concession area
(direction)
country border lines
cadastre
harbors,
existing refineries/terminals

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

60

How to solve a problem using GIS?

Data capture

1. Introduction
1.4.Solving problems

geographic data (a map of:)

existing refineries
own, 3rd party
existing infrastructure
terminals, pipelines,
highways,
power lines etc.

market, customer, clients

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

61

1. Introduction
1.4.Solving problems

How to solve the problem?

Data capture

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

62

How to solve a problem using GIS?

1. Introduction
1.4.Solving problems

Refinery locations

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

63

How to solve a problem using GIS?

1. Introduction
1.4.Solving problems

Urban regions

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

64

How to solve a problem using GIS?

Data capture

1. Introduction
1.4.Solving problems

geographic data (a map of:)

coastline
topography
concession area
country border lines
harbors/ existing refineries/ terminals
existing refineries
own, 3rd party
existing infrastructure
pipelines, highway,
power lines etc.
market, customer,
clients
cadastre, land use restrictions, costs
natural environmental issues
soil, groundwater, habitation etc.
additional thematic information (attributes):
political, public issues
headquarter decision
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

65

How to solve a problem using GIS?

Query georeferenced information

is the most basic spatial analysis supported by GIS.

Proximity GIS allows users to find geographic objects that are within a specified
range of distances. For example, finding all wells that are within 50 miles from the
vessel terminal?
Adjacency GIS uses spatial relationship between geographic objects to support
queries such as finding those concession areas neighboring area#51 or finding all
land parcels next to the building lot of your refinery. Or at first, find neighboring
parcels lying at the coast and are for sale ( covering 0.1 km ...)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

1. Introduction
1.4.Solving a problem using GIS

Location GIS typically deals with information that is geo-referenced. With the
capability to display positional variation and attribute variation in the information,
GIS has the unique capability to summarize spatial and non-spatial trends of the
information being analyzed. For example, finding all oil fields in Oman that have a
production of more than 100.000 and a reserve of 1.000.000 barrel?

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How to solve a problem using GIS?

Longevity GIS also uses attribute data, when containing temporal attributes, to
support queries such as finding temporal trends.

But
information that is not yet available cant be queried,
at first you have to create it using data analysis functions respectively.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

1. Introduction
1.4.Solving a problem using GIS

Multiple criteria evaluation GIS, through its ability to overlay multiple data
sets, supports queries that involve multiple data layers.

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How to solve a problem using GIS?

Spatial Analysis
measuring distances

think about distance functions:

Not in every case we think about distance as the shortest connection of two
points in natural (Cartesian) space.

- weighted distance, for example pipeline length weighted by

- diameter/flow rate/capacity
- network distance, along a track
- constrained distance, for example without crossing border line,
3rd party concession area,
track with constant (level) height through a hilly landscape
- in non-equidistant map projections
it is not possible to measure line length in the map; you have to calculate it!
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

1. Introduction
1.4.Solving a problem using GIS

- spherical distance (on the surface) rather then 3D Euclidian distance

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How to solve a problem using GIS?

Spatial Analysis
districting
buffering

For environmental issues you have to keep away with your refinery
from:

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

1. Introduction
1.4.Solving a problem using GIS

what and where I could reach?

Am I closer to petrol terminals than the others?

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How to solve a problem using GIS?

4. Presenting results

1. Introduction
1.4.Solving a problem using GIS

Is making maps, charts, tables in combination with photos

as well as animations

Coryton refinery
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

72

1. Introduction
1.4.Solving a problem using GIS

How to solve a problem using GIS?

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

73

1. Introduction
1.4.Solving a problem using GIS

How to solve a problem using GIS?

Pembroke refinery

Maybe this the place you looked for

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

74

1. Introduction
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

What is it?
Definitions
Purpose of GIS
Solving a Problem using GIS

1.5 Applications

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

75

Why do people use Geographic Information Systems in Resource

or (specialized in) Reservoir Management?
Exploration
Discovering new sources of petroleum ahead of the competition is one of the keys to staying
successful in the petroleum industry. A GIS can help you evaluate the potential for oil in
promising locations.
Exploration requires the analysis of a lot of different types of data such as satellite imagery,
digital aerial photo mosaics, seismic surveys, surface geology studies, subsurface and cross
section interpretations and images, well locations, and existing infrastructure information. A GIS
can tie these data together to the
location in question and allow you to
overlay, view, and manipulate the data
in the form of a map to thoroughly analyze
the potential for finding new or extending
play potential.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

1. Introduction
1.5. Applications

Production
To produce found reserves, the company
must first understand certain geographic,
infrastructure, business conditions, and
environmental factors about the area in
question. GIS technology is ideally suited
to this kind of overlay analysis and can
be integrated with other business risk or
economic business planning engines to
provide a focused business solution toolset.
Basic Geo-Information Systems

76

Special Application from Oil and GAS Industries

No advertisement

IHS Energy
IHS Energy is the world's leading provider of
data for the oil and gas industry.
IHS Energy has standardized on ESRI products and
provides GIS tools, technology, and services
that support data access, integration, and management needs.

IHS Energy provides its data in a number of ways for users:

1. IHS Energy hosts their data in an ArcIMS environment, allowing clients real-time
access to the most current data available via internet.
2. IHS Energy has created a number of commercial ArcSDE layers (spatial layers) from
their various databases that are available to subscribers for use with their
ArcGIS desktop.
IHS Energy has built a toolkit that leverages the power of GIS by building, editing, and
synchronizing
data from multiple commercial and proprietary sources.
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

1. Introduction
1.5. Applications

Industry Focus:
Gas Utility
Oil and Gas Distribution
Oil Exploration/Production

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Special Application from Oil and GAS Industries

IHS Energy

The resulting product is a thin Web interface (HTML based) that allows users to
browse, query, and select the data using a number of relevant, simple tools and
export it according to their specific requirements.
The Web-based tool gives IHS Energy customers easy access to up-to-date data
and information in their favorite application and provides access to spatial and
non-spatial data from any Internet capable computer and location without
installing specific software.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

1. Introduction
1.5. Applications

IHS Energy clients use the company's data, tools, and analysis to help
determine where they should be exploring for oil and gas or to evaluate
production performance of existing oil and gas projects or prospects. They also
use IHS Energy data and analysis to determine which assets might be appropriate
for acquisition or divestiture and which countries or regions they should be
entering or exiting based on numerous factors including geological
attractiveness, political risk, and business climate.
A large part of the data that IHS Energy provides is spatially enabled (e.g., wells,
fields, reservoirs, geological structures, block definitions).

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Special Application from Oil and GAS Industries

IHS Energy

1. Introduction
1.5. Applications

Petroleum Economics & Policy Solutions (PEPS) information system based on ESRIs ArcIMS

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

79

Special Application from Oil and GAS Industries

fields and valid contracts

1. Introduction
1.5. Applications

IHS Energy

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

80

Special Application from Oil and GAS Industries

political risk classification

1. Introduction
1.5. Applications

IHS Energy

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

81

Special Application from Oil and GAS Industries

vessel mapping

1. Introduction
1.5. Applications

Saudi Aramco

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

82

Special Application from Oil and GAS Industries

Saudi Aramco

More than 50,000 employees perform a spectrum of jobs ranging from exploration
geologists and geophysicists to engineers, project managers, environmental
scientists, and deep desert surveyors. All of these jobs rely on technical information
that is geographically based.
Virtually all of Saudi Aramco's activities on land, air, and sea can be mapped to a
physical location and analyzed in a GIS.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

1. Introduction
1.5. Applications

company's diverse mission include

Surveying and Exploration
Engineering
Logistics
Planning
Transportation
Utilities/Asset Management
Safety and Emergency Response
Knowledge Sharing
Land Management

Basic Geo-Information Systems

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Special Application from Oil and GAS Industries

Petrleos de Venezuela S.A.

1. Introduction
1.5. Applications

to increase its resource base and to reduce its operating costs the corporation believed
that satellite image visualization and querying on the PDVSA Intranet was a necessity.
to become an image catalogue but also as a tool to integrate cartographic- and oilrelated information. This includes wells, seismic lines, and lease parcels and
incorporates a series of spatial analysis functions.
to support its production unit business, PDVSA decided it was necessary to visualize
operational surface facilities on its Intranet.
Thus was developed the Geospatial Satellite Images Web tool and the Geospatial
Surface Facilities Web tool, which enables data visualization, spatial analysis, and
integration with cartographic and other petroleum data.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Busch

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

Basic Geo-Information Systems

84

Integrierte Risikoanalyse fr internationale Bauvorhaben. Dazu sollten sowohl

geophysikalische Risikofaktoren wie etwa Erdbebengefhrdungen entlang der Pipelinetrasse wie
auch soziale und politische Aspekte in die Studie einbezogen werden. Dementsprechend wurden
ausgewhlte Parameter wie Bevlkerungsdichte oder Siedlungsgebiete verschiedener ethnischer
Gruppen ebenso kartiert, wie Landbedeckung, Transportinfrastrukturen oder geologische Fakten.
Zustzlich wurde ein im August 2008 von der kurdischen Organisation PKK verbter Sabotageakt
unter rumlichen Gesichtspunkte genauestens analysiert. So wurden gewissermaen im GIS der
Dr.-Ing.
Busch ideale Standort fr einen mglichen Anschlag auf die Pipeline modelliert.
ausProf.
Sicht
derW.Tter
Basic Geo-Information Systems
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying

1. Introduction
1.5. Applications

Special Application from Oil and GAS Industries

85