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Ch7-Radar Sampling & PRF

This document provides an overview of radar signal sampling principles, Doppler frequency, and range and velocity measurement techniques in radar engineering. It discusses key topics such as sampling fundamentals and criteria, direct and I/Q sampling methods, principles of ranging and Doppler shift, range and Doppler ambiguity, and methods to resolve ambiguity using multiple PRF and Doppler techniques. It also describes range and velocity measurement in FM CW radar using sinusoidal, triangular and phase-coded waveforms. The document is intended to help understand basic concepts in radar signal processing.

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Wesley George
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118 views25 pages

Ch7-Radar Sampling & PRF

This document provides an overview of radar signal sampling principles, Doppler frequency, and range and velocity measurement techniques in radar engineering. It discusses key topics such as sampling fundamentals and criteria, direct and I/Q sampling methods, principles of ranging and Doppler shift, range and Doppler ambiguity, and methods to resolve ambiguity using multiple PRF and Doppler techniques. It also describes range and velocity measurement in FM CW radar using sinusoidal, triangular and phase-coded waveforms. The document is intended to help understand basic concepts in radar signal processing.

Uploaded by

Wesley George
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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< >

[email protected]

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Lecture 7 : Sampling, PRF Classes and Doppler


Objective
- sampling
- Doppler Frequency
- FM CW

- 7.1 Sampling
- 7.2 Direct and I/Q Sampling
- 7.3 Ranging
- 7.4 Target Velocity (Doppler Shift)
- 7.5 Range & Velocity in FM CW
- 7.6 Reference

Korea Aerospae Univ.

7.1 Sampling
Target Information
- What is the target information?

Range
Doppler velocity
Height
identification(X)

Information extraction from the sampling


- sampling criterion : Nyquist sampling theory

sampling rate more than twice for each signal freq. recoverable

f N 2 f max where

f N : Nyquist sampling rate


f max : heighest freq. present in the signal sampling

Korea Aerospae Univ.

7.1 Sampling
Sampling Fundamentals

( f S 2 f i : 3times sample/ cycle)

(blind sampling)
(critical sampling: 2 times sample/ cycle)

(DC )

(blind speed )
(under sampling: alias effects loss of in phase)

< Sampling Fundamentals >


Korea Aerospae Univ.

7.1 Sampling
Spectra of the Sampled Signal

< Spectrum of a Signal without and with Sampling >


Korea Aerospae Univ.

7.1 Sampling
Radar Information Rate
- In range domains, sampling rate = range resolution R c
2
- sample rate for Doppler shift = PRF = hits per second on
one target

< Radar Information Sampling Rates >


Korea Aerospae Univ.

7.1 Sampling
Range Bin Rate
- PRF : rate at which an individual target can change

target sampling freq.


phase shift from hit to hit caused by the Doppler shift.
sample at a rate or equal to at least twice the highest Doppler
frequency, otherwise Doppler ambiguity

- Range/Doppler trade-off
Range bin rate = A/D sampling

= Range resolution

Doppler sampling rate = PRF

16 FFT (ex)

Korea Aerospae Univ.

7.1 Sampling
PRF Class : low PRF / medium PRF / high PRF

* LPRF 500Hz ( Ru 300km), f D 250Hz ( PRF 2 max f Dunambiguous ) at X band


cT
c
PRF 250 3 10 2
Ru

300km , vt

3.75 m Mach0.011(8.4mph)
s
2 2 PRF
2
2
* HPRF 300kHz at X band
150kHz 3 10 2
Ru 500m , vt
2.25 km
s
2
* MPRF Moderately ambiguous, 15kHz
Ru 10km , vt 112m

s
8

Korea Aerospae Univ.

7.2 Direct and I/Q Sampling


To recover the Doppler Shift
- the system must not only sample the target at a sufficient
rate, but must also measure and record the phase of each
received echo

Two methods
- Direct method

occurs when the signal amplitude is directly digitized in analog form.


Spectrum is symmetrically two-sided containing both positive and
negative frequencies No Doppler direction sensed

- I/Q method

The process of recovering both real and imaginary signal component


is known as I/Q sampling or demodulation
The spectrum is one-sided and has its direction of rotation of phase
(positive or negative inbound or outbound targets)
I-channel : in-phase cosine (real)
Q-channel : quadrature phase sine (imaginary)
9

Korea Aerospae Univ.

7.2 Direct and I/Q Sampling


Cosine and Sine Spectra

< Cosine and Sine Identities and Spectra >


10

Korea Aerospae Univ.

7.2 Direct and I/Q Sampling


I/Q Demodulation

< I/Q Demodulation Block Diagram >

11

Korea Aerospae Univ.

7.2 Direct and I/Q Sampling


Spectra of Direct and I/Q Sampled Waves
Direct Sample

< Hanning Window N : 128 FFT >

I/Q Sample

12

Korea Aerospae Univ.

7.3 Ranging
Ranging Condition
R

cTP
2

where TP : round trip time


(a) unambiguous range
(b) Blind range RB nR c PRI 2
(c) Ambiguousrange(apparant range)

In zone #1 R A Ru , T PRI E PRI 1 PRF


Relationship between Tapprarant& Rapparant
TA TP MOD PRI

R A R MODc PRI 2

TP TA (nR 1) PRI

R cTP 2

R cTA (nR 1) PRI 2

R R A (c 2)(nR 1) PRF
13

Korea Aerospae Univ.

7.3 Ranging
Range de-ghosting

< Ambiguous range and PRF change >


No change the position
* Multiple PRF used
effect PRF GCF ( PRF1 , PRF2 , )
* 3 out of 8 schemes

14

Korea Aerospae Univ.

7.3 Ranging
Range De-ghosting-Step 1
- Example: Target 1: 7Km, Target 2: 26Km, Target 3: 42 Km, range bin=1Km

15

Korea Aerospae Univ.

7.3 Ranging
Range De-ghosting-Step 2

16

Korea Aerospae Univ.

7.4 Target Velocity Doppler Shift


Doppler Shift

< Doppler shift principle >

1. T

2 R

one way phase from radar to target

2. f tgt f T f tgt ,

freq. change by motion of target

1 d 1 dR vR f T

vR
2 dt dt

c
f
v
3 2 f tgt f T T vR 1 R f T
c
c

3. f tgt

17

Korea Aerospae Univ.

7.4 Target Velocity Doppler Shift


Doppler Frequency
- Now, target is treated as a Tx emitting freq. f tgt , moving at
v R to the radar

Received freq. f R f tgt f rar

( f rar : freq. seen by the radar)

f
d 1
R vR
dt 2
c
v f
v
v
f R f T 1 R R v R
f R 1 R f T 1 R
c c
c
c

1 vR c
f T
f R
1 vR c
1 vR c
f d f R f T fT
1
1 vR c

f rar f tgt

f R f T (1 2 v R c)

18

for vR c 1
Korea Aerospae Univ.

7.4 Target Velocity Doppler Shift


Ambiguous and Blind Doppler

f B n PRF
vB (c n PRF ) (2 fT )

f A f d MOD PRF PRF MOD PRF


or

true Doppler

f A f d MOD PRF PRF MOD PRF

19

Korea Aerospae Univ.

7.4 Target Velocity Doppler Shift


Doppler De-ghosting : Multiple PRF Method
f d 1 1500Hz , f d 2 5500Hz , f d 3 4000Hz
PRF set : 3500Hz, 4500Hz, 5500Hz, 6000Hz, 6500Hz
Each Doppler Bin 500Hz wide

< Doppler Deghosting-step 1 >


< Doppler Deghosting-step 2 >


20

Korea Aerospae Univ.

7.5 Range & Velocity in FM CW


Three schemes
- FM with sinusoidal waveform
- FM with triangular waveform
- PM with code
Sinusoidal FM CW Doppler measure only

Propagation time TP

360 f M

where phase of the echo modulation referenced to the T x modulation(deg)


f M modulation freq.
Big drawback : No multiple targets resolved .

21

Korea Aerospae Univ.

7.5 Range & Velocity in FM CW


Triangular FM CW multiple target resolving

TP

cT f R
T
fR , B fH fL , R
B
2B
where TP : round trip propagation time

f R : freq. difference between receive signal and transmit signal

22

Korea Aerospae Univ.

7.5 Range & Velocity in FM CW


(f DS fUS )
2
(f fUS )
Freq. shift by range f R DS
2

Doppler freq. shift

fd

where f DS : up sweep freq.

fUS : down sweep freq.


Freq. resolution

f S 1T f d ( Doppler resolution)
where

T : time extent of the segment

Range resolution

cT (1 T )
c

2B
2B
where

f R 1T

23

from

cTf R
2B

Korea Aerospae Univ.

7.5 Range & Velocity in FM CW


Phase-coded FM CW
- measure of time from the transmission of a code segment to

the time of reception of the same segment


using correlation, the delay corresponding to the correlation
function maximum is the propagation time

< Ranging with phase-coded CW >


24

Korea Aerospae Univ.

7.6 Reference
[1] Introduction to Airborne Radar by G. W. Stimson, Hughes Aircraft, 1983
[2] Airborne Pulsed Doppler Radar by G. V. Morris, Artech House, 1988
[3] Test and Evaluation of the Tactical Missile by E. J. Eichblatt, Progress in
Astronautics and Aeronautics series, vol. 119, 1989

[4] Mirroring the Cosmos by C. S. Powel, Scientific American, vol. 265, no.5,
pp. 112-123, 1991
[5] Handbook of Radar Measurement by D. K. Barton and H. R. Ward,
Artech House, 1984

25

Korea Aerospae Univ.

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