Citing & Referencing:

Vancouver Style

What is
referencing?

Contents
1.

What is referencing?

01

5.11 Citing from multi-media works

06

2. Why should I reference?

01

5.12 Citing from an interview or personal communication

07

3. What should I reference?

02

5.13 Tips on good quotation practice

07

4. What is a citation?

02

6. How do I write a reference?

09

03

7.

How do I write a reference list?

12

03

8. Example of a reference list

12

5.2 Citing more than one piece of work at the

same time

03

9.

13

5.3 Citing the authors name in your text

03

5.4 Citing more than one authors name in your text

04

5.5 Citing works by the same author written in the

same year

04

5.6 Citing from works with no obvious author

04

5.7 Citing from chapters written by different authors

5.8 Secondary referencing

05

5.9 Citing a direct quotation

05

5.10 Citing an image/illustration/table/diagram/

photograph/figure/picture

06

5. How do I write citations

5.1 Citing one author

05

What is a bibliography?

10. How to write references for your

reference list and bibliography

14

11. Sources of further help

21

Tint

There are many styles that can be used for referencing. When you are given coursework or
dissertation guidelines, check which style of referencing your lecturer or department asks you
to use. If you dont check, and you use a style that is not the one stated in your guidelines,
you could find you lose mark.
This guide introduces you to the Vancouver referencing style, which uses a numerical-endnote
approach. [If your lecturer or department does not ask you to use any particular style, we
would recommend using Harvard. Its easy to learn, simple to use, and when you get stuck,
there is lots ofadvice available to help you out.]

Tint When you begin your research for any piece of work, it is important that you record the
details of all the information you find. You will need these details to provide accurate
references, and to enable you to locate the information again at a later date, should it
benecessary to do so. Section 6 of this guide will help you identify what information
youneed,regardless of which referencing style you choose to use.

1. WHAT IS REFERENCING?

It is a method used to demonstrate to your readers that you have conducted a thorough
andappropriate literature search, and reading. Equally, referencing is an acknowledgement that
you have used the ideas and written material belonging to other authors in your own work.
As with all referencing styles, there are two parts: citing, and the reference list.

2. WHY SHOULD I REFERENCE?

Referencing is crucial to you to carry out successful research, and crucial to your readers so
they can see how you did your research. Knowing why you need to reference means you will
understand why it is important that you know how to reference.
What is
referencing?

4
01

1. Accurate referencing is a key component of good academic practice and enhances

the presentation of your work: it shows that your writing is based on knowledge
andinformedby appropriate academic reading.
2. You will ensure that anyone reading your work can trace the sources you have used in
thedevelopment of your work, and give you credit for your research efforts and quality.
3. If you do not acknowledge another persons work or ideas, you could be accused
ofplagiarism.
Plus your lecturers are very keen to see good reference lists. Impress them with the
qualityof the information you use, and your references, and you will get even better marks.

3. WHAT SHOULD I REFERENCE?

You should include a reference for all the sources of information that you use when writing
or creating a piece of your own work.

4. WHAT IS A CITATION?

When you use another persons work in your own work, either by referring to their ideas,
or by including a direct quotation, you must acknowledge this in the text of your work.
Thisacknowledgement is called a citation.

What is
referencing?

02

5. HOW DO I WRITE CITATIONS USING THE VANCOUVER STYLE?

Each piece of work which is cited in your text should have a unique number, assigned
intheorder of citation. If, in your text, you cite a piece of work more than once, the
samecitation number should be used.
You can write the number in brackets or as superscript.

5.1 Citing one author

Recent research (1) indicates that the number of duplicate

papers being published is increasing.
or
Recent research1 indicates that the number of duplicate
papers being published is increasing.

5.2 Citing more than one piece of work at the same time

If you want to cite several pieces of work in the same sentence, you will need to include
thecitation number for each piece of work. A hyphen should be used to link numbers
whichare inclusive, and a comma used where numbers are not consecutive.
The following is an example where works 6, 7, 8, 9, 13 and 15 have been cited in the same
place in the text.
Several studies (69, 13, 15) have examined the effect of congestion charging
inurbanareas.

5.3 Citing the authors name in your text

You can use the authors name in your text, but you must insert the citation number as well.
As emphasised by Watkins (2) carers of diabetes sufferers require perseverance
andanunderstanding of humanity (p.1).

Using the
Vancouver Style

03

5.4 Citing more than one authors name in your text

If a work has more than one author and you want to cite author names in your text,
useetal after the first author.
Simons et al (3) state that the principle of effective stress is imperfectly known
andunderstood by many practising engineers (p.4).

5.5 Citing works by the same author written in the same year

If you cite a new work which has the same author and was written in the same year
asanearlier citation, each work will have a different number.
Communication of science in the media has increasingly come under focus,
particularlywhere reporting of facts and research is inaccurate (4, 5).

5.6 Citing from works with no obvious author

If you need to cite a piece of work which does not have an obvious author, you should
usewhat is called a corporate author. For example, many online works will not have
individually named authors, and in many cases the author will bean organisation or company.
Using the Vancouver style you dont have to include the author in your citation in the text
ofyour work, but you still need to include an author in the full reference at the end of
yourwork (see section 9).
The citation to a work written by a corporate author could appear in your text as:
The Department of Health (6) recently estimated the number of dementia sufferers
intheUKat570,000.
or
The number of dementia sufferers in the UK has been recently estimated at 570,000 (6).

Using the
Vancouver Style

04

If you are unable to find either a named or corporate author, you should use Anon as
the author name. Be careful: if you cannot find an author for online work, it is not a good
idea to use this work as part of your research. It is essential that you know where a piece
of workhas originated, because you need to be sure of the quality and reliability of any
information you use.

5.7 Citing from chapters written by different authors

Some books may contain chapters written by different authors. When citing work from
suchabook, the author who wrote the chapter should be cited, not the editor of the book.

5.8 Secondary referencing

Secondary references are when an author refers to another authors work and the primary
source is not available. When citing such work the author of the primary source and the
author of the work it was cited in should be used.
According to Colluzzi and Pappagallo as cited by Holding et al (7) most patients given
opiatesdo not become addicted to such drugs.
You are advised that secondary referencing should be avoided wherever possible and you
should always try to find the original work.

5.9 Citing a direct quotation

If a direct quote from a book, article, etc., is used you must:

Use single quotation marks (double quotation marks are usually used for
quotingdirectspeech)

State the page number

Using the
Vancouver Style

05

Simons et al (3) state that the principle of effective stress is imperfectly known
andunderstood by many practising engineers (p.4).

5.10 Citing an image/illustration/table/diagram/photograph/figure/picture

You should provide an in-text citation for any images, illustrations, photographs, diagrams,
tables, figures or pictures that you reproduce in your work, and provide a full reference as
withany other type of work.

They should be treated as direct quotes in that the author(s) should be acknowledged and
page numbers shown; both in your text where the diagram is discussed or introduced, and
inthe caption you write for it.
In-text citation:
Table illustrating checklist of information for common sources (8: p.22).
or
Geological map of the easternmost region of So Nicolau (9: p.532).

5.11 Citing from multimedia works

If you need to cite a multimedia work, you would usually use the title of the TV programme
(including online broadcasts) or video recording, or title of the film (whether on DVD, online,
or video) as the author. This would include, for example, videos posted on YouTube or other
video-streaming web services.
Using the Vancouver style, you dont have to include the author in your citation in the
textofyour work, but you still need to include the author of the work in your reference
listattheendof your work.
Usingis
What
the
referencing?
Vancouver
Style

6
06

5.12 Citing from an interview or personal communication

Always use the surname of the interviewee/practitioner as the author.

5.13 Tips on good quotation practice

Quotations longer than two lines should be inserted as a separate, indented paragraph.
Smith (7) summarises the importance of mathematics to society and the knowledge
economy,stating that:
Mathematics provides a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit for abstraction,
generalization and synthesis. It is the language of science and technology. It enables us to
probe the natural universe and to develop new technologies that have helped us control and
master our environment, and change societal expectations and standards of living. (p. 11)
or
A recent UK report (7) summarised the importance of mathematics to society and the
knowledge economy, stating that:
Mathematics provides a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit for abstraction,
generalization and synthesis. It is the language of science and technology. It enables us to
probe the natural universe and to develop new technologies that have helped us control and
master our environment, and change societal expectations and standards of living. (p.11)
If you want to insert a long quotation (over two lines) but do not to want include all of
thetext, you can remove the unnecessary text and replace with ....

As summarised by Smith (7):
Mathematics provides a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit for
abstraction, generalization and synthesis ... It enables us to probe the natural
universe andto develop newtechnologies that have helped us control and master
ourenvironment,and change societalexpectations and standards of living. (p. 11)

Using the
Vancouver Style

07

You should only do this when you use a quotation taken from one paragraph.
When you use quotations within your text, sometimes you may want to insert one or two
words in the quotation so that your complete sentence is grammatically correct. To indicate
that you have inserted words into a quotation, these have to be enclosed in square brackets.
Smith (7) provides a number of reasons as to why mathematics is important,
statingthatit is
a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit for abstraction, generalization
and synthesis ... [and] enables us to probe the natural universe and to develop new
technologies that have helped us control and master our environment, and change
societalexpectations and standards of living. (p. 11)

Writing skills: at your academic level you will be expected to develop your writing
skills, and this includes being able to discuss and demonstrate an understanding of other
peoples work and ideas in your own words. This is called paraphrasing. It is much better
toparaphrasethan to use many quotations when you write.

Using the
Vancouver Style

08

6. HOW DO I WRITE A REFERENCE?

To write your own references you need different bits of information about each item
thatyou read when you are researching a piece of work. These bits of information are
calledbibliographic information.
For all types of references the key bits of information you need to start with are:
1. Author or editor
2. Date of publication/broadcast/recording
3. Title of the item
This will form the basis of each reference you have to write. You may find that some items
arenot as straightforward as others, so be aware of the following:
1. Author or editor This means the primary (main) person who produced the item you are using.
If you are using a website or web page, and there isnt an author, you can use what is called
a corporate author. This will usually be the name of the organisation or company to whom
the website or web page belongs.
2. Date of publication/broadcast/recording: This means the date the item was produced.
Itisusually a year, but if you are using a newspaper article, an email, or a television
recording, you will have to include a full date (day/month/year) in your reference.
3. Title of the item: This means the primary (main) title of the item you are using. That
soundsvery obvious, but have a look at a web page and try to work out what the main
titleis. We would advise common sense in this situation you have to identify the key
pieceof information that describes what you have used, and will allow the reader of
yourworkto identify that information.

How to
Reference

09

The following table tells you about some of the variations you should look for when you are
collecting your reference information.
1. Primary author/editor

2. Date of publication

3. Primary title of item

Name of the person who

wrotethe email

The full date the email

wassent: day/month/year

Subject of the email. This

mayinclude RE: or FWD:

Name of the person or persons

who wrote the article

The year the journal issue was

published

Title of the article (not the title

of the journal)

Newspaper article

Name of the journalist, or

ifthere is no journalist name,
thename of the newspaper

The full date on which the

article was published: day/
month/year

Title of the article (not the

titleof the newspaper)

Usually the current year, the

year when the website was
last updated, or the latest
datenext to the copyright
statement/symbol

Title of the website

Website

This can be tricky. Use an

individual name if you can
find one, or the name of the
organisation or company to
whom the website belongs

Web page

This can be tricky. Use an

individual name if you can
find one, or the name of the
organisation or company to
whom the website belongs

Usually the current year, but

ifthe web page has a full date
ofpublication, you may also
need that: day/month/year

Title of the web page. You

will need to use the title of
the website if the web page
doesnt have an individual title

Title of the programme, or

ifthe programme is part of
aseries, use the series title

The year the programme

wasbroadcast

Title of the programme (it

doesnot need to be written
twice if you used it as the
author information)

Name of the person being

interviewed

The full date on which

theinterview took place:
day/month/year

No title needed

Name of the author of

thechapter

The year the book was

published

Title of the book chapter

(notthe title of the book)

Email
Journal article

TV broadcast

Personal interview
Book chapter

How to
Reference

10

Depending on the type of material you want to reference you will also need other bits
ofinformation, such as:

Name of publisher
Place of publication
Page numbers
Volume number
Issue number
URL (website or web page address)
DOI (link for journal articles)
Title of conference proceedings
Report number
Book or conference editor (if not your primary author)
Book or conference title (if not your primary title)
Journal title (the journal article title will be your primary title)
Date of access (for online material)

The more references you have to write, the more familiar you will be with what
youneedtoknow. But the best advice we can give is to check our guides, ask
us,orcheckwithyourlecturers.
How to
Reference

11

7. HOW DO I WRITE A REFERENCE LIST?

This is your list of all the sources that have been cited in the text of your work.
Thelist isinclusive showing books, journals etc. listed in one list, not in separate
listsaccordingtosource type.
When using the Vancouver style, the reference list should be in numerical order
andeachnumber matches and refers to the one in the text

T he list should be at the end of your work

Books, paper or electronic journal articles, etc., are written in a particular format
thatmustbe followed.

8. EXAMPLE OF A REFERENCE LIST

(1) Arrami M, Garner H. A tale of two citations. Nature. 2008; 451(7177):397399.

(2) Watkins PJ. ABC of Diabetes. 5th ed. London: Blackwell Publishing; 2003.
(3) Simons NE, Menzies B, Matthews M. A Short Course in Soil and Rock Slope Engineering.
London: Thomas Telford Publishing; 2001.
(4) Goldacre B. Dore the medias miracle cure for dyslexia. Bad Science. Weblog. [Online]
Available from:
http://www.badscience.net/2008/05/dore-the-medias-miracle-cure-for-dyslexia/#more-705
[Accessed 19th June 2008].
(5) Goldacre B. Trivial Disputes. Bad Science. Weblog. [Online] Available from:
http://www.badscience.net/2008/02/trivial-disputes-2/ [Accessed 19th June 2008].
(6) Department of Health. More help for people with dementia. Available at: http://nds.coi.gov.
uk/content/detail.asp?NewsAreaID=2&ReleaseID=371217. [Accessed 20th June 2008].

Writing a
Reference List

12

(7) Smith A. Making mathematics count: the report of Professor Adrian Smiths inquiry into
post-14 mathematics education. London: The Stationery Office; 2004.
(8) Pears R, Shields G. Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 3rd ed. Durham: Pear
Tree Books; 2008.
(9) Ramalho R, Helffrich G, Schmidt DN, Vance D. Tracers of uplift and subsidence in the Cape
Verde archipelago. Journal of the Geological Society. [Online] 2010;167(3): 519538. Available
from: doi:10.1144/0016-76492009-056 [Accessed: 14th June 2010]
The layout for each type of publication can be found on the following pages. If you are
usingthebibliographic software RefWorks, you should use the Vancouver style to format
yourreference list and citations correctly.

9. WHAT IS A BIBLIOGRAPHY?

There may be items which you have consulted for your work, but not cited. These can
be listedat the end of your assignment in a bibliography. These items should be listed
in alphabetical order by author andlaid out in the same way as items in your reference
list. Ifyoucan cite from every work you consulted, you will only need a reference list.
If you wishtoshow to your reader (examiner) theunused research you carried out, the
bibliographywill showyour extra effort. You will not need to number each work listed
inyourbibliography.
Always check the guidance you are given for coursework, dissertations, etc., to find
outifyouare expected to submit work with a reference list and a bibliography. If
indoubt,askyourlecturer or supervisor.
What is a
Bibliography?

13

10. HOW TO WRITE REFERENCES FOR YOUR REFERENCE LIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHY:
VANCOUVER STYLE
Remember: Your lecturers consider accurate and consistent referencing to be an important
part of your academic work. Always check your course guidelines so you know which style
ofreferencing to use, and always use the help guides especially if youre using a new style.
The following examples are in two parts:
the information you should collect about each piece of work you use; and
how this information is presented when you write a full reference.
If the work you need to reference has more than six authors, you should list the first
sixauthors, followed by et al.
Example:
Petrie KJ, Mueller JT, Schirmbeck F, Donkin L, Broadbent E, Ellis CJ, et al. Effect of providing
information about normal test results on patients reassurance: randomised controlled trial.
British Medical Journal. [Online] 2007;334(7589): 352354 [Accessed 19th June 2009].
If you cannot find the type of work you need to provide a reference for, please contact
yourlibrarian for more help (see section 11).

Book: print

Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)

Title (this should be in italics)
Series title and number (if part of a series)
Edition (if not the first edition)
Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)
Publisher
Year of publication

Layouts for your

Reference List and
Bibliography

14

Simons NE, Menzies B, Matthews M. A Short Course in Soil and Rock Slope Engineering.
London: Thomas Telford Publishing; 2001.

Book: online/electronic

Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)

Title (this should be in italics)
Series title and number (if part of a series)
Edition (if not the first edition)
[Online]
Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)
Publisher
Year of publication
Available from: URL
[Date of access]
Simons NE, Menzies B, Matthews M. A Short Course in Soil and Rock Slope Engineering.
[Online] London: Thomas Telford Publishing; 2001. Available from: http://www.myilibrary.
com?ID=93941 [Accessed 18th June 2008].

Book: chapter in an edited book

Author of the chapter

Title of chapter followed by, In:
Editor (always put (ed.) after the name)
Title of book (this should be in italics)
Series title and number (if part of a series)
Edition (if not the first edition)
Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)
Publisher
Year of publication
Page numbers (use p. before single and multiple page numbers)

Layouts for your

Reference List and
Bibliography

15

Partridge H, Hallam G. Evidencebased practice and information literacy. In: Lipu S, Williamson
K, Lloyd A. (eds.) Exploring methods in information literacy research. Wagga Wagga, Australia:
Centre for Information Studies; 2007. p. 149170.
(this should be in italics)

Journal article: print

Author
Title of journal article
Title of journal (this should be in italics)
Year of publication
Volume number
(Issue number)
Page numbers of the article
Chhibber PK, Majumdar SK. Foreign ownership and profitability: Property rights,
control, andthe performance of firms in Indian industry. Journal of Law & Economics.
1999;42(1):209238.

Journal article: online/electronic

If an electronic journal article has a DOI (digital object identifier), you can use this
insteadofthe URL. The DOI is a permanent identifier provided by publishers so that
thearticle canalways be found online. Your tutor or lecturer may ask you to include
theDOI,notadirect URL, in your written references.
To find the DOI, when you read an article online, check the article details as you will
usuallyfind the DOI at the start of the article. For more help, contact your librarian.
If you read the article in a fulltext database service, such as Factiva or EBSCO,
anddonothave a DOI or direct URL to the article you should use the database URL.
(this should be in italics)

Layouts for your

Reference List and
Bibliography

16

Author
Title of journal article
Title of journal (this should be in italics)
[Online]
Year of publication
Volume number
(Issue number)
Page numbers of the article
Available from: URL or DOI
[Date of access]
Arrami M, Garner H. A tale of two citations. Nature. [Online] 2008;451(7177): 397399.
Availablefrom: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v451/n7177/full/451397a.html
[Accessed20th January2008].
or
Wang F, Maidment G, Missenden J, Tozer R. The novel use of phase change
materials in refrigeration plant. Part 1: Experimental investigation. Applied Thermal
Engineering. [Online]2007;27(1718): 28932901. Available from: doi:10.1016/j.
applthermaleng.2005.06.011.[Accessed14th July 2008].
or
Read B. Anti-cheating crusader vexes some professors. Chronicle of Higher Education.
[Online]2008; 54(25). Available from: http://global.factiva.com/ [Accessed 18th June 2009].
Note: articles published online may not have page numbers.

Pre-print journal articles

It is likely you will find articles available online prior to being submitted to the peer
reviewprocedure and published in a journal. These articles are preprints and may be placed
inanonline repository or on a publishers website (but not in a specific journal issue).

Layouts for your

Reference List and
Bibliography

17

Author/s
Title of journal article
Submitted to/To be published in (if this information is with the article)
Title of journal (in italics)
Name of repository (in italics)
[Preprint]
Year of writing
Available from: URL (if available)
[Date of access]
Silas P, Yates JR, Haynes PD. Density-functional investigation of the rhombohedral to simple
cubic phase transition of arsenic. To be published in Physical Review B. Arxiv. [Preprint] 2008.
Available from: http://arxiv.org/abs/0810.1692. [Accessed: 23rd July 2010]
Note: there will not be volume, issue or page numbers assigned to preprint articles.

Conference proceeding: individual paper

Author
Title of conference paper followed by, In:
Editor/Organisation (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)
Title (this should be in italics)
Place of publication
Publisher
Year of publication
Page numbers (use p. before single and multiple page numbers)
Wittke M. Design, construction, supervision and long-term behaviour of tunnels in swelling
rock. In: Van Cotthem A, Charlier R, Thimus J-F, Tshibangu J-P. (eds.) Eurock 2006: multiphysics
coupling and long term behaviour in rock mechanics: Proceedings of the International
Symposium of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, EUROCK 2006, 912 May 2006,
Lige, Belgium. London: Taylor & Francis; 2006. p. 211216.

Layouts for your

Reference List and
Bibliography

18

Standard

Name of Standard Body/Institution

Standard number
Title (this should be in italics)
Place of publication
Publisher
Year of publication
British Standards Institution. BS 59508:2003. Structural use of steelwork in building:
codeofpractice for fire resistant design. London: BSI; 2003.

Report

Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)

Title (this should be in italics)
Organisation
Report number: (this should be followed by the actual number in figures)
Year of publication
Leatherwood S. Whales, dolphins, and porpoises of the western North Atlantic. U.S. Dept.
ofCommerce. Report number: 63, 2001.

Map

Author (usually the organisation responsible for publishing the map)

Title (this should be in italics)
Scale
Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)
Publisher
Year of publication
British Geological Survey. South London, 270. 1: 50 000. London: BGS; 1998.

Layouts for your

Reference List and
Bibliography

19

Web page/website

Author/Editor (use the corporate author if no individual author or editor is named)

Title (this should be in italics)
[Online]
Available from: URL
[Date of access]
European Space Agency. ESA: Missions, Earth Observation: ENVISAT. [Online] Available
from: http://envisat.esa.int/ [Accessed 3rd July 2008].

Email: personal

Personal emails should be referenced as personal communication, unless you have

permission from the sender and receiver to include their details in your reference list.
Sender
Email sent to
Name of receiver
Date, month and year of communication
Harrison R. Email sent to: Mimi Weiss Johnson. 10th June 2014.

Personal communication

Name of practitioner
Occupation
Personal communication
Date when the information was provided
Law J. Engineering consultant. Personal communication. 26th March 2014.

Layouts for your

Reference List and
Bibliography

20

Lecture/presentation

Name of lecturer/presenter
Title of lecture/presentation (this should be in italics)
[Lecture/Presentation]
Title of module/degree course (if appropriate)
Name of institution or location
Date of lecture/presentation
Wagner G. Structural and functional studies of protein interactions in gene expression.
[Lecture] Imperial College London. 12th December 2006.

11. SOURCES OF FURTHER HELP

For more referencing examples:

www.imperial.ac.uk/library/subjectsandsupport/referencemanagement
Want to use reference management software?
The Library recommends RefWorks for undergraduate and Masters students, and EndNote
forpostgraduate research students and staff. For information and training workshops:
www.imperial.ac.uk/library/subjectsandsupport/referencemanagement
To contact your librarian for more advice:
www.imperial.ac.uk/library/getintouch/yourlibrarian

Sources of
Further Help

21

CONTACT US
www.imperial.ac.uk/library
[email protected]
@imperiallibrary
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