Scribd
Upload
67 views

Acceleration G of Free Fall Measurements:: Trilateration / Intersecting Shells / Circles / Spheres

This document provides information on several physics concepts and experiments: 1. It describes Galileo's experiment dropping objects of different masses from the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which showed that all objects accelerate at the same rate due to gravity, contradicting Aristotle's view that heavier objects fall faster. 2. Formulas and concepts related to determining an object's acceleration due to gravity via free fall experiments are presented, as well as factors that can impact the accuracy of such measurements. 3. The document outlines how GPS systems use signal transmission times from multiple satellites to perform trilateration and calculate a receiver's position on Earth.

Uploaded by

perfectglorious
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
67 views

Acceleration G of Free Fall Measurements:: Trilateration / Intersecting Shells / Circles / Spheres

This document provides information on several physics concepts and experiments: 1. It describes Galileo's experiment dropping objects of different masses from the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which showed that all objects accelerate at the same rate due to gravity, contradicting Aristotle's view that heavier objects fall faster. 2. Formulas and concepts related to determining an object's acceleration due to gravity via free fall experiments are presented, as well as factors that can impact the accuracy of such measurements. 3. The document outlines how GPS systems use signal transmission times from multiple satellites to perform trilateration and calculate a receiver's position on Earth.

Uploaded by

perfectglorious
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Acceleration g of free fall

Measurements:
height (of wall)
time (of fall)
Instruments:
ruler / tape (measure)
stopwatch / timer / clock /video
22tsg
/ g = 2 gradient of s-t2 graph
Note: Allow full credit if candidate has used alternative approaches using asuv222
or atuv.
Any two from: g is an estimate because
1 air resistance / drag ignored
2 parallax problems with landing time
3 starting / stopping the clock
GPS
Reference to radio waves or microwaves (transmitted from
satellites)
There is a delay time of signal from satellite to GPS
device / car
Distance (between satellite and GPS device / car)
calculated using delay time c
Trilateration / intersecting shells / circles / spheres
(used to locate position of car)
1. (Several) satellites used
2. Distance from (each) satellite is determined
3. Position / distance is determined using c / speed of e.m waves / radio waves / microwaves and delay
time (wtte)
4. Trilateration is used to locate the position of the car
Or position of car is where circles / spheres cross (wtte)
How distance from two or more sateliites are used to locate the position of a car
Mention of circles / spheres / shells
The position of the car is where the circles intersect / trilateration mentioned

Galileo dropped different mass balls / rolled different mass


balls (down a ramp)
Balls hit the ground / reached the bottom (of ramp) at the
same time
(Galileo -) All objects fall with the same acceleration
and
(Aristotle -) Heavy / massive objects fall faster / quicker
(than light objects)
immediately after jumping
Only force is the weight/drag = 0/net force = weight
acceleration = g/9.8(1 m s-2)
(Allow mg for weight. Do not allow gravity for weight.)
before terminal velocity is reached
Any two from:
Drag increases (with speed) /drag speed2
Net or resultant or total force decreases / weight > drag

Acceleration is less than g


at terminal velocity
weight = drag / net force = 0
acceleration = 0 /constant speed or velocity (AW)
When the parachute is opened, drag increases / drag is
greater than the weight (Drag>Weight)
Drag decreases as the speed decreases / net force
Decreases (decelerating)
The (magnitude of the) deceleration decreases (between
50 m s-1 and 4 m s-1)
Drag=weight (reached the second terminal velocity)
(At 4 m s-1) deceleration or acceleration = 0
Any two factors from:
speed, mass, condition of tyres, condition of brakes, condition of road, gradient of road
For each factor, correct description of how braking distance is affected
E.g:
Greater speed means greater distance
Or distance speed2 (ora)
Greater mass means greater distance
Or distance mass (ora)
Worn tyres / brakes implies less friction therefore greater distance (ora)
Wet / slippery / icy road means less friction therefore greater distance (ora)
Uphill means shorter distance (ora)
How is airbag triggered and how it minimises he impac force on driver
Large deceleration / rapid decrease in speed (triggers the air bag)
Prevent collision with steering wheel / windscreen / dashboard
Time (for stopping) is more / distance (for stopping) is more
Smaller deceleration / acceleration (of person)
How seat belt reduce the forces on a driver during the impact
Increases time (of impact / to slow down) / increases the distance (travelled by the driver)
Smaller deceleration / acceleration
Force is smaller because maF
and a is smaller
or force is smaller because F = Ek/x and x is bigger
or force is smaller because tpF
and t is bigger

how seatbelt and airbag protect drivers head


Prevents the driver from hitting the steering wheel / windscreen
Deflates quickly to prevent whiplash
Increases the time/distance to stop
Decreases the (impact) force on the driver
Much wider area of the bag reduces the pressure

exp. Carried out by galileo

heavy and light objects / different weights / different masses dropped (from leaning tower of Pisa) / rolled
down incline plane

Objects have the same acceleration (of free fall)


Objects hit ground at same time

Measurement:
Diameter
Any two from:
1 original / initial length (Not: final length)
2 extension / initial and final lengths
3 weight / mass
Equipment:
Micrometer / vernier (calliper) (for the diameter of the wire)
Any two from:
1 Ruler / (metre) rule / tape measure (for measuring the original length / extension)
2 Travelling microscope (for measuring extension)
3 Scales / balance (for measuring the mass & mg equation is used or for measuring weight) /
Newtonmeter (for the weight of hanging
4 masses) / known weights used
Determining Young modulus:
1 stress = force/(cross-sectional) area
2 and strain = extension/original length
1

Young modulus = stress/strain / Young modulus is equal to the gradient from stress-strain graph (in
the linear region)

Principle of moments
For equilibrium of an object the sum of clockwise moments about a point = sum of anticlockwise moments
about the same point.
clockwise moment(s) = anticlockwise moment(s)
Reerence to one of the moments taken about a point/equilibrium/sum (or total or net or ) mentioned
once

Exp. To determine centre of gravity


1. (Suspend plate from a point and then) mark a vertical line on the plate (wtte)
2. Plumb line / pendulum (used to find the vertical line)
3. Hang from another point / place (and draw another vertical line) (wtte)
4. Where the lines intersect gives position of centre of gravity (wtte)

Determine the constant speed of a conker


Speed is the rate of change of distance / speed = distance/time [B1]
Determine the circumference of the circle / Use 2r to find distance [B1]
Measure the time for one revolution (using a stopwatch)
(speed = circumference/time)

Material X
It is a brittle material
No plastic deformation / It is elastic / It returns to same

length when stress / force is removed


It is a polymeric / polymer (material)
It is elastic / It returns to same length when stress / force is
removed
X obeys Hookes law / Y does not obey Hookes law
Polymer or polymeric or rubber
The material is elastic/there is no strain when the stress is removed /material returns to its original size or
shape when forces re removed
The work done on the material>energy returned back by the material or area under loading graph<area
under unloading graph
The aeroplane/tyres do not bounce (too much on landing)
Determine force constant k of the spring
Place the 100 g mass on the spring / hang the 100 g mass
from the spring
Determine the extension / compression of the spring
(using a ruler)
force constant = 0.98(1)/extension

You might also like