Cognitive Assessment Toolkit
Cognitive Assessment Toolkit
ASSESSMENT TOOLKIT
A guide to detect cognitive impairment quickly and efficiently
during the Medicare Annual Wellness Visit
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Overview ...............................................................................................................................................................3
Mini-Cog .............................................................................................................................................................9
TM
Short Form of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (Short IQCODE) ....................11
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OVERVIEW
The Alzheimers Association dedicated to fueling the advancement of early detection and diagnosis of
dementia has developed an easy-to-implement process to assess cognition during the Medicare Annual
Wellness Visit. Developed by a group of clinical dementia experts, the recommended process outlined on
page 4 allows you to efficiently identify patients with probable cognitive impairment while giving you the
flexibility to choose a cognitive assessment tool that works best for you and your patients.
This Cognitive Assessment Toolkit contains:
The Medicare Annual Wellness Visit Algorithm for Assessment of Cognition, incorporating patient
history, clinician observations, and concerns expressed by the patient, family or caregiver
Three validated patient assessment tools: the General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition (GPCOG),
the Memory Impairment Screen (MIS) and the Mini-Cog . All tools:
TM
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ALZHEIMERS ASSOCIATION
Medicare Annual Wellness Visit Algorithm for Assessment of Cognition
A. Review HRA, clinician observation, self-reported concerns, responses to queries
YES
Signs/symptoms present
NO
NO
YES
NO
YES
C. Refer OR Conduct full Dementia Evaluation
* No one tool is recognized as the best brief assessment to determine if a full dementia evaluation is
needed. Some providers repeat patient assessment with an alternate tool (e.g., SLUMS, or MoCA)
to confirm initial findings before referral or initiation of full dementia evaluation.
AD8 = Eight-item Informant Interview to Differentiate Aging and Dementia; AWV = Annual Wellness
Visit; GPCOG = General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition; HRA = Health Risk Assessment; MIS
= Memory Impairment Screen; MMSE = Mini Mental Status Exam; MoCA = Montreal Cognitive
Assessment; SLUMS = St. Louis University Mental Status Exam; Short IQCODE = Short Informant
Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly
Cordell CB, Borson S, Boustani M, Chodosh J, Reuben D, Verghese J, et al. Alzheimers Association
recommendations for operationalizing the detection of cognitive impairment during the Medicare
Annual Wellness Visit in a primary care setting. Alzheimers Dement. 2012. In press.
800.272.3900 | alz.org
Patient name:__________________________
Date: _____________
I am going to give you a name and address. After I have said it, I want you to repeat
it. Remember this name and address because I am going to ask you to tell it to me
again in a few minutes: John Brown, 42 West Street, Kensington. (Allow a maximum
of 4 attempts).
Time Orientation
2.
Correct
Incorrect
4.
Information
5.
Recall
6.
(To get a total score, add the number of items answered correctly
Total correct (score out of 9)
/9
If patient scores 9, no significant cognitive impairment and further testing not necessary.
If patient scores 5-8, more information required. Proceed with Step 2, informant section.
If patient scores 0-4, cognitive impairment is indicated. Conduct standard investigations.
University of New South Wales as represented by the Dementia Collaborative Research Centre Assessment and Better Care;
Brodaty et al, JAGS 2002; 50:530-534
Informant Interview
Date: ____________
These six questions ask how the patient is compared to when s/he
was well, say 5 10 years ago
Compared to a few years ago:
Yes
No
Dont
Know
N/A
(If the patient has difficulties due only to physical problems, e.g bad leg, tick no)
(To get a total score, add the number of items answered no, dont know or N/A)
Total score (out of 6)
If patient scores 0-3, cognitive impairment is indicated. Conduct standard investigations.
University of New South Wales as represented by the Dementia Collaborative Research Centre Assessment and Better Care;
Brodaty et al, JAGS 2002; 50:530-534
Word
Cue
Checkers
Game
Saucer
Dish
Telegram
Message
Red Cross
Organization
Scoring
The maximum score for the MIS is 8.
5-8 No cognitive impairment
4 Possible cognitive impairment
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WORD LIST
CHECKERS
SAUCER
TELEGRAM
RED CROSS
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MINI-COG
TM
Instructions
ADMINISTRATION
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS
Version 3
V illage
Kitchen
Baby
Version 5
C aptain
Garden
Picture
Version 2
Daughter
Heaven
Mountain
Version 4
River
Nation
Finger
Version 6
Leader
Season
Table
Either a blank piece of paper or a preprinted circle (other side) may be used.
A correct response is all numbers placed in approximately the correct positions AND the
hands pointing to the 11 and 2 (or the 4 and 8).
These two specific times are more sensitive than others.
A clock should not be visible to the patient during this task.
Refusal to draw a clock is scored abnormal.
Move to next step if clock not complete within three minutes.
Ask the patient to recall the three words you stated in Step 1.
Scoring
3 recalled words
1-2 recalled words + normal CDT
1-2 recalled words + abnormal CDT
0 recalled words
References
1. B orson S, Scanlan J, Brush M, Vitaliano P, Dokmak A. The mini-cog: a cognitive vital signs measure for dementia screening in multi-lingual elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000;15(11):1021-1027.
2. Borson S, Scanlan JM, Chen P, Ganguli M. The Mini-Cog as a screen for dementia: validation in a population-based sample. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(10):1451-1454.
3. McCarten JR, Anderson P Kuskowski MA et al. Finding dementia in primary care: the results of a clinical demonstration project. J Am Geritr Soc. 2012;60(2):210-217.
Mini-CogTM Copyright S Borson. Reprinted with permission of the author ([email protected]). All rights reserved.
800.272.3900 | alz.org
10
800.272.3900 | alz.org
Date:
11
by A. F. Jorm
Centre for Mental Health Research
The Australian National University
Canberra, Australia
There is no copyright on the Short IQCODE. However, the author appreciates being
kept informed of research projects which make use of it.
Note: As used in published studies, the IQCODE was preceded by questions to the
informant on the subject's sociodemographic characteristics and physical health.
12
Now we want you to remember what your friend or relative was like 10 years ago and
to compare it with what he/she is like now. 10 years ago was in 19__. Below are
situations where this person has to use his/her memory or intelligence and we want
you to indicate whether this has improved, stayed the same or got worse in that
situation over the past 10 years. Note the importance of comparing his/her present
performance with 10 years ago. So if 10 years ago this person always forgot where
he/she had left things, and he/she still does, then this would be considered "Hasn't
changed much". Please indicate the changes you have observed by circling the
appropriate answer.
Compared with 10 years ago how is this person at:
1
Much
improved
A bit
improved
Not much
change
A bit
worse
Much
worse
Much
improved
A bit
improved
Not much
change
A bit
worse
Much
worse
3. Recalling conversations a
few days later
Much
improved
A bit
improved
Not much
change
A bit
worse
Much
worse
4. Remembering his/her
address and telephone number
Much
improved
A bit
improved
Not much
change
A bit
worse
Much
worse
Much
improved
A bit
improved
Not much
change
A bit
worse
Much
worse
Much
improved
A bit
improved
Not much
change
A bit
worse
Much
worse
Much
improved
A bit
improved
Not much
change
A bit
worse
Much
worse
Much
improved
A bit
improved
Not much
change
A bit
worse
Much
worse
13
Much
improved
A bit
improved
Not much
change
A bit
worse
Much
worse
Much
improved
A bit
improved
Not much
change
A bit
worse
Much
worse
A bit
improved
Not much
change
A bit
worse
Much
worse
Much
improved
A bit
improved
Not much
change
A bit
worse
Much
worse
Much
improved
A bit
improved
Not much
change
A bit
worse
Much
worse
Much
improved
A bit
improved
Not much
change
A bit
worse
Much
worse
Much
improved
A bit
improved
Not much
change
A bit
worse
Much
worse
Much
improved
A bit
improved
Not much
change
A bit
worse
Much
worse
14
Patient ID#:__________
CS ID#:___________
Date:___________
YES,
A change
NO,
No change
N/A,
Dont know
15
A screening test in itself is insufficient to diagnose a dementing disorder. The AD8 is, however,
quite sensitive to detecting early cognitive changes associated many common dementing illness
including Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia and frontotemporal
dementia.
Scores in the impaired range (see below) indicate a need for further assessment. Scores in the
normal range suggest that a dementing disorder is unlikely, but a very early disease process
cannot be ruled out. More advanced assessment may be warranted in cases where other
objective evidence of impairment exists.
Based on clinical research findings from 995 individuals included in the development and
validation samples, the following cut points are provided:
0 1: Normal cognition
2 or greater: Cognitive impairment is likely to
Reciever Operator Characteristics (ROC) curve for AD8
be present
1.0
0.8
Sensitivity
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
1 - Specificity
0.8
1.0
16
Copyright 2005. The Eight-item Informant Interview to Differentiate Aging and Dementia is a
copyrighted instrument of Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri. All Rights Reserved.
Permission Statement
Washington University grants permission to use and reproduce the Eight-item Informant Interview to
Differentiate Aging and Dementia exactly as it appears in the PDF available here without
modification or editing of any kind solely for end user use in investigating dementia in clinical care or
research in clinical care or research (the Purpose). For the avoidance of doubt, the Purpose does
not include the (i) sale, distribution or transfer of the Eight-item Informant Interview to Differentiate
Aging and Dementia or copies thereof for any consideration or commercial value; (ii) the creation of
any derivative works, including translations; and/or (iii) use of the Eight-item Informant Interview to
Differentiate Aging and Dementia as a marketing tool for the sale of any drug. All copies of the AD8
shall include the following notice: Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2005. The Eight-item
Informant Interview to Differentiate Aging and Dementia is a copyrighted instrument of Washington
University, St. Louis, Missouri. All Rights Reserved. Please contact [email protected] for
use of the Eight-item Informant Interview to Differentiate Aging and Dementia for any other intended
purpose.
17
Abstract
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act added a new Medicare benefit, the Annual
Wellness Visit (AWV), effective January 1, 2011. The AWV requires an assessment to detect cognitive impairment. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) elected not to recommend a specific assessment tool because there is no single, universally accepted screen that
satisfies all needs in the detection of cognitive impairment. To provide primary care physicians
with guidance on cognitive assessment during the AWV, and when referral or further testing is
needed, the Alzheimers Association convened a group of experts to develop recommendations.
The resulting Alzheimers Association Medicare Annual Wellness Visit Algorithm for Assessment
of Cognition includes review of patient Health Risk Assessment (HRA) information, patient observation, unstructured queries during the AWV, and use of structured cognitive assessment tools
for both patients and informants. Widespread implementation of this algorithm could be the first
step in reducing the prevalence of missed or delayed dementia diagnosis, thus allowing for better
healthcare management and more favorable outcomes for affected patients and their families and
caregivers.
2013 The Alzheimers Association. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Annual Wellness Visit; AWV; Cognitive impairment; Assessment; Screen; Dementia; Alzheimers disease;
Medicare; Algorithm; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
1. Introduction
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010
added a new Medicare benefit, the Annual Wellness Visit
*Corresponding author. Tel.: 312-335-5867. Fax: 866-699-1246.
E-mail address: [email protected]
1552-5260/$ - see front matter 2013 The Alzheimers Association. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2012.09.011
142
Abbreviations: MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; NPV, negative predictive value; PC, primary care; UK, United Kingdom; VA, US Department of Veteran Affairs.
Practicality
Feasibility
Applicability
Psychometric properties
Table 1
Review articles of brief cognitive assessment toolsselect inclusion and comparison criteria
143
144
Table 2
Brief cognitive assessment tools evaluated in multiple review articles
Assessment Tool
7-Minute Screener
AMT
CAMCOG
CDT
GPCOG
Mini-Cog
MIS
MMSE
MoCA
RUDAS
SAS-SI
SBT (BOMC, 6-CIT)
SPMSQ
STMS
T&C
Lorentz et al,
2002 [11]
Brodaty et al,
2006 [12]
Holsinger et al,
2007 [13]
Milne et al,
2008 [14]
Ismail et al,
2010 [15]
X
X
X
X
Most suited
Most suited
Most suited
X
X
X
Suitedy
Suitedz
X
X
Suitedz
Suitedx
Suitedy
X
X
X
Most suited
Most suited
Most suited
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Most suited
Most suited
Most suited
X
X
X
X
Most suited
Most suited
Most suited
X
X
X
Kansagara and
Freeman, 2010* [16]
X
X
X
X
Abbreviations: 6-CIT, 6-Item Cognitive Impairment Test; AMT, Abbreviated Mental Test; BOMC, 6-item Blessed Orientation-Memory-Concentration Test;
CAMCOG, Cambridge Cognitive Examination; CDT, Clock Drawing Test; GPCOG, General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition; MIS, Memory Impairment
Screen; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; RUDAS, Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment; SAS-SI, Short
and Sweet Screening Instrument; SBT, Short Blessed Test; SLUMS, St Louis Mental Status; SPMSQ, Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire; STMS, Short
Test of Mental Status; T&C, Time and Change Test.
X 5 assessment reviewed, but not identified as most suited for general use in primary care.
Suited 5 tool appropriate for the following clinical issue: y available time is not limited; z available time is limited; and x cognitive impairment is at least
moderate. Most suited 5 tool identified as most suited for routine use in primary care.
*Kansagara and Freeman evaluated six tools, including the SLUMS, which was not evaluated in any other review.
145
Yes
No
Signs/symptoms of cognitive
impairment present
No
Informant
available to
confirm
Yes
Follow-up during
subsequent AWV
No
Yes
* No one tool is recognized as the best brief assessment to determine if a full dementia evaluation is
needed. Alternate tools (eg, MMSE, SLUMS, or MoCA) can be used at the discretion of the clinician.
Some providers use multiple brief tools prior to referral or initiation of a full dementia evaluation.
AWV = Annual Wellness Visit; GPCOG = General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition; HRA = Health Risk Assessment;
MIS = Memory Impairment Screen; MMSE = Mini Mental Status Exam; MoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment; SLUMS =
St. Louis University Mental Status Exam; Short IQCODE = short Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly
Fig. 1. Alzheimers Association Medicare Annual Wellness Visit Algorithm for Assessment of Cognition.
146
147
Table 3
Key advantages and limitations of brief cognitive assessment tools evaluated in multiple reviews and/or for use in the VA
Assessment*
Time (wmin)
Advantages
Limitations
712
AMT [49]
57
CAMCOG [50]
20
CDT [51]
1
GPCOGy [18]
Patient
Informant
25
13
24
MIS [23,52]
MMSE [17]
710
MoCAy [53]
1015
RUDAS [54]
10
SAS-SI [55]
10
46
SLUMSy [58]
SPMSQ [59]
34
No education bias
Tests many separate domains (7)
Available at: http://aging.slu.edu/pdfsurveys/
mentalstatus.pdf
Verbal test (no writing/drawing)
STMSy [60]
T&C [61]
1
Difficult to administer
Complex logarithmic scoring
Education/language/culture bias
Limited use in US (mostly used in Europe)
Does not test executive function or visuospatial
skills
Difficult to administer
Long administration time
Lacks standards for administration and scoring
Abbreviations: 6-CIT, 6-Item Cognitive Impairment Test; AMT, Abbreviated Mental Test; BOMC, 6-item Blessed Orientation-Memory-Concentration Test;
CAMCOG, Cambridge Cognitive Examination; CDT, Clock Drawing Test; GPCOG, General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition; MIS, Memory Impairment
Screen; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; RUDAS, Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment; SAS-SI, Short
and Sweet Screening Instrument; SBT, Short Blessed Test; SLUMS, St Louis University Mental Status; SPMSQ, Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire;
STMS, Short Test of Mental Status; T&C, Time and Change Test.
*References provide descriptions of assessments.
y
Brief tools used in the VA healthcare system reviewed by Kansagara and Freeman.
148
[35]. Delayed or missed diagnosis deprives affected individuals of available treatments, care plans, and services that can
improve their symptoms and help maintain independence.
Studies show that interventions tailored to patients with dementia can improve quality of care, reduce unfavorable
dementia-related behaviors, increase access to community
services for both the patient and their caregivers, and result
in less caregiver stress and depression [3642]. Early
diagnosis of dementia also provides families and patients
an opportunity to plan for the future while the affected
individual is still able to participate in the decision-making
processes.
Early detection and medical record documentation may
improve medical care. The medical record could inform
all clinicians, including those who may be managing comorbidities on a sporadic basis, that treatment and care should be
adjusted to accommodate cognitive impairment. According
to a 2004 Medicare beneficiary survey, among patients
with dementia, 26% had coronary heart disease, 23% had diabetes, and 13% had cancer [43].
It is important to note that the unstructured and structured
cognitive assessments being recommended for the AWV are
only the first steps in diagnosing dementia, and cognitive assessment is best as an iterative process. For example, clinicians concerned with HRA information about decline in
function may proceed directly to a structured assessment
or continue to query the patient for additional information;
a self-reported memory concern coupled with a failed structured cognitive assessment should always result in a full dementia evaluation.
Not all who are referred for further assessment will ultimately receive a dementia diagnosis. In a USA primary
care population aged 65 years (N 5 3340), 13% failed
a brief screen for cognitive impairment and approximately half (n 5 227) agreed to be further evaluated
for dementia [7]. Among the 107 patients ultimately diagnosed with dementia, 81% were newly diagnosed
based on the absence of any medical record of dementia,
thus facilitating appropriate medical and psychosocial interventions [7].
Despite the many advantages of early dementia diagnosis, several barriers to diagnosis still exist. These include
physician concerns of the time burden resulting from testing
and counseling [35] and stigma concerns among physicians,
patients, and caregivers [35,44,45]. Despite these barriers,
successful widespread implementation of a brief cognitive
assessment has been reported. McCarten et al [22] evaluated
the Mini-Cog for routine cognitive assessment of veterans
presenting for primary care. Of the 8342 veterans approached, .96% agreed to be assessed and those that failed
the brief assessment exhibited no serious reactions upon disclosure of test results.
The AWV provides an unprecedented opportunity to
overcome current barriers and initiate discussions about cognitive function among the growing population most at risk
RESEARCH IN CONTEXT
References
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149
[8] Borson S, Scanlan JM, Watanabe J, Tu S-P, Lessig M. Improving identification of cognitive impairment in primary care. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006;21:34955.
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