Computer Network
Uploaded by
Electrical-EngineerComputer Network
Uploaded by
Electrical-Engineer1st week
Networks
Understanding the network systems
and networks:
Network concepts
Cable
Network devices
Network Topologies
What Is Networking?
Involves
connecting computers for the
purpose of sharing information and resources
Requires a great deal of technology
Offers many possible choices for physical
connections and related software
Networking Fundamentals
Consists
of two or more computers
connected to each other by wire or cable to
transmit data back and forth
Primary motivation arises from a need for
individuals to share data quickly and
efficiently
Primary Benefits of Networking
Permits groups of users to exchange information
routinely and to route data from one individual to
another
Improves human communication using network
services
Single consistent master copy of data files
Electronic mail (e-mail)
Enables network device, database & source sharing
Fund saving
Group working
Network - Why?
Network - Why?
Headquarters
at USA
Office at
China
Office Representative
at Vietnam
Local and Wide Area Networks
LAN
A collection of computers and other networked devices
that fit within the scope of a single physical network
Provides the building blocks for internetworks and WANs
Distance: ~ km
Speed: 100 Mbps
WAN
An internetwork that spans distances measured in miles
Links together two or more separate LANs
from simple LAN
PC1
PC2
Computer
Computer
PC3
Computer
PC4
Printer
Laptop
Hub
Hub/Switch
Printer
Minicomputer
PC5
Workstation
Server
to WAN,
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
Router
Workstation
Saigon
H Ni
Workstation
Workstation
ng Nai
, and Internet !!!
TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol)
VN
Internet
Internet
AU
64 Kbps
FR
A Networking Terminologies
Clients,
peers, and servers
Network medium and network messages
Network protocols
Network software
Network services
Clients, Peers, and Servers
Server
A
computer that shares its resources across the
network
Responds to client requests for information by
providing the requested information
Client
A
computer that accesses shared resources
Requests information
The Client/Server Relationship
Clients, Peers, and Servers
Client/server
Certain computers take specialized
roles and function mostly as servers
Ordinary users machines tend to
function mostly as clients
Web, Ftp, Mail servers
Peer-to-peer
network
network
Each computer can be a client to other
computers and act as a server as well
The Network Medium Carries
Network Messages
Network medium
Usually refers to the cable (metallic or fiber-optic) that links
computers on a network
Can also describe wireless networking
To access any network, computers must attach to
the network medium with a physical interface
Network interface card (NIC)
Network adapter
Network Protocols
Sets
of rules for communicating across a
network
Examples
TCP/IP
(SMTP, POP3, HTTP )
NetBEUI
IPX/SPX
NWLink
Network Software
Issues
requests and responses that let
computers take the roles of clients and
servers
Network operating system (NOS)
Specialized
collection of software that gives a
computer the ability to communicate over a
network and to take advantage of networking
services
Network Services
Reside
primarily on servers
Can include file and print services, filesharing, e-mail and other messaging services
Network Models
OSI vs TCP/IP
The Layered Nature of
Networked Communications
Cable
Fiber
Coaxial cable
UTP v RJ-45 jack
Cables
Twisted pair
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Type
Purpose
C1
Voice only (telephone wire)
C2
Data to 4 Mbps
C3
Data to 10 Mbps (Ethernet)
C4
Data to 20 Mbps (16 Mbps for Token ring)
C5
Data to 100 Mbps
Twisted pair Cable
Cables
Coaxial Cable
used normally in cable television or networks.
has a better performance than the twisted pair.
Bandwidth: ~ 10 Mbps
Thinnet (10Base2)
Thicknet (10Base5)
Thinnet connects directly to the network card.
Thicknet can be used to connect Thinnet networks.
A transceiver is used to connect the 2 cable types.
Coaxial Cable
Cables
Fiber optic cable (10BaseF)
These utilized glass or plastic threads to and modulated
light waves to carry the signal.
Bandwidth: ~ 2Gbps
Distance: ~ km
Consumed signal on cable: low
Name
Type of cable
Maximum length (m)
10BaseT
Unshielded Twisted pair
100
10Base2
Thin coaxial
185
10Base5
Thick coaxial
500
10BaseF
Fiber Optic
2000
Fiber optic cable
Ethernet Cable Standards
Ethernet
10Base-T
(100m, Unshielded Twisted Pair = UTP)
10Base-2 (~200m, Coax)
10Base-5 (500m, Coax)
10Base-FL (2000m=2km, Multimode Fiber)
Fast
Ethernet
100Base-TX
(100m over CAT5 UTP)
100Base-FX (2000m=2km over MM Fiber)
Gigabit
Ethernet
1000Base-SX
(300m over MM Fiber)
1000Base-LX (550m over MM Fiber, 3000m over
SM Fiber)
Types of network devices
NIC Network Interface Card
Types of network devices
Repeater:
Layer 1 Physical
~ 100m
2 ports : 1 in, 1 out
Hub
Multi-port Repeater
Hubs
Active Hubs
Regenerate
the signals as they receive them
and send them along
Generally have many ports; sometimes called
multiport repeaters
Require electrical power to run
Passive Hubs
Simply
a central connection point
Signal passes through the hub without any
amplification or regeneration
Require no power
Hybrid Hubs
Interconnect
different types of cables
Maximize a networks efficiency
Intelligent
Hub, switch Hub
Types of network devices
Bridge:
Forward or receive frame based on MAC address.
Used to connect 2 or more networks with the same
protocol.
Learning bridge
(auto update)
Switch
Switch
Bridge
(Layer 2 - Data Link) : multi-port
Router
Router
(Layer 3 Network)
Router
Routers operate at the network layer, connecting two or more
network segments that may different data link layer protocols, but
the same network layer protocol.
They can also connect different types of cable.
Another important router feature is that they choose the best
route for a packet to follow, hence the name router.
This also means that routers need to perform more processing
than bridges or layer 2 switches.
Another important difference is that, unlike a bridge, a router only
processes messages that are specifically addressed to it.
Example of Router
Gateway
Like
routers, gateways also operate at the
network layer, but they are more complex
than routers because they provide an
interface between more dissimilar networks.
Like routers, gateways only process
messages that are specifically addressed to
them.
Some gateways operate at the application
layer as well.
Example of Gateway
Network Topologies
Bus
Network Topologies
Star
Network Topologies
Ring
Network Architectures
Peer-to-peer
Server-based
Storage-area
Hybrid
Peer-to-peer Networking
Any
computer can function as either a client
or a server
No one computer has any higher priority to
access, or heightened responsibility to
provide, shared resources on the network
Every user must act as a system
administrator
Typical Peer-to-peer Network
Server-based Networks
Users
act as clients of dedicated machines
that take the server role
Typical Server-based Network
Storage-area Networks (SANs)
Centralized
network storage
Data transfer occurs over high-speed links for
faster access
Appropriate for largest-scale networks
Typical SAN
Hybrid Networks
Incorporates
both peer-to-peer and serverbased features
Sometimes called combination networks
Specialized Servers
Application
servers
Communication servers
Domain controllers/directory servers
Fax servers
File and print servers
Mail servers
Web servers
Application Servers
Supply
the server side of client/server
applications, and often the data that goes
along with them, to network clients
Communication Servers
Provide
access to network resources for
users not directly attached to the network
(inbound communications)
Permit network users to access external
resources not directly attached to the network
(outbound communications)
Domain Controllers/
Directory Servers
Handle
the logon services and manage the
collection of computers, users, and so on in a
domain
Fax Servers
Manage
fax traffic for a network
Receive
incoming faxes from phone lines and
direct them to users across the network
Collect outgoing faxes across the network before
sending them over a phone line
Typically
use one or more fax modem
interfaces
File and Print Servers
Most
common type of network servers
Provide basic networked file storage and
retrieval services and access to networked
printers
Let users run applications locally but keep
their data files on the server
Mail Servers
Manage
the flow of e-mail messages for
network users
Commonly provide store-and-forward
services
Web Servers
The
combination of hardware and software
that stores information that is accessible over
the Internet via the World Wide Web (WWW)
Selecting the Right Type of
Network
Budget
Number
of users
Types of applications or network services
Requirements for centralized administration
and control
Homework (Group 1)
Advantages & Disadvantages
1.
a)
b)
c)
When do choose a
2.
a)
b)
3.
Peer-to-peer Networking
Server-based Networking
Storage-area Networking
Peer-to-Peer Network
Server-based Network
Difference between Repeater, Hub, Bridge,
Router and Gateway
