Geological Modeling

Lessons Learned
Serdar Kaya,
Please contact for any suggestion, comments or contribution [email protected]

Outline
Important Data and QC Approach
Structural Framework
Depth Match

Structural calibration
Fault interpretation QC
Grid parameters

Property Modeling
Stationarity Analysis
Porosity Reconciliation
Cloud transformation
Multiple realization of property models
Blind Testing

Uncertainty Analysis

29 April 2015

Uncertainty cases
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Data Oriented Approach

Lesson : Incomplete Data Set
Solution: Comprehensive Data Analysis
Complete Data Set with Every Available Data
All penetrating and surrounding wells
Shallower wells
QC data consistency

QC results after every step

Well data in cross sections
Check average maps, histograms
Compare results with raw data

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Structural Modeling
Lesson: Outliers in data set
Solution: Right workflow

Update Input Database

(Well, core, log, seismic)

Depth Shift Cored Wells,

Horizontal and Pseudo Wells

Adjacent wells
Inconsistency

Sub-zone
picking
Generate
isochore

Generate Fault
Model
3D Grids

Generate Reservoir
Top Horizon
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Generate Subzones
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Generate
Layers
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Structural Modeling Parameters

Lesson : Inconsistent 3D Framework Model
Solution: Right Grid Parameters
Fault Modeling

29 April 2015

Fault Data for modeling

Gridding

Grid orientation, Zig-zag fault, Grid size

Horizons

Structure calibrated with markers

Subzones

Subzone well picks and isochores

Layering

Layer properties
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Depth Shift of Core Data

Lesson:
Mismatching
flow
characteristics
Solution: Right
depth for core
data

Core Data Points Shifted

Depth Correction of Adjacent Wells

Before Depth Shift of Horizontal Well

After Depth Shift

Lesson :
Inconsistent
Marker Depth
Solution: Depth
Shift Due to LWD
Wireline
Uncertainty

29 April 2015

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Structural Correction for Horizontal Well

Trajectory
Before Calibration

Lesson :
Inconsistent
Horizontal
Trajectory
Solution:
Structural Control
with Pseudo Wells

29 April 2015

Calibrated Structure

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Structural Modeling
Lesson: Inconsistent SubZone Features
Solution: Right Picking

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Structural Modeling
ISOCHORE POINTS

Lesson Learned:
Inconsistent
thickness
variation
Solution: QC
markers with
isochore

Top Structure
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Structural Modeling
Lesson : Inconsistent thickness variation
Solution: Subzonation Process, Thickness Control

Markers
Isochore map controls
at inter well locations

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Structural Modeling
Summary of Troubleshooting for Framework Modeling
Top structure calibration

Surrounding wells
Shallower formations
Incorporating the horizontal wells
Depth match to pilot
Structural control along the trajectory
To control thickness use isochore maps
Grid Characteristics

Orthogonal grids
Fixed orientation
Zig Zag faults
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Property Modeling
Lesson: Inconsistent property variation
Solution: Capture Variation with Right Trend
Average Porosity at Well Location

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Porosity Modeling Workflow

Lesson: Limited
Property Models

Porosity Model
(log porosity reconciled to OB corrected core
porosity)

Solution:
Scenario Based
Modeling
Workflow

Scale-up porosity to 3D Model

Krigging

SGS
SGS with Collocated
Co-Krigging to
Porosity Map

29 April 2015

SGS with Data

Range Variogram

SGS with 5
Km range

Krigging Model
as 2D Trend

SGS with
30 Km
range

Krigging Model
without trend

Krigging with
Data Range
Variogram

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Krigging Model
with modified
trend

Krigging with
5 km
Variogram

Krigging with
30 km
Variogram

Porosity Modeling

Lesson: Defining Accurate Realization

Solution: Blind Test on Removed Well Data

Flank to Crest Well Comparison

SGS with Trend

Krigging 3D Model Trend
Krigging Modified Map Trend
2013 Model

Error
Mean

Std

SGS with Trend

0.0159

0.127

Krigging Model Trend

0.0146

0.0124

Krigging Modified Trend 0.0135

0.0109

2013 Porosity Model

0.0249

Porosity Realization

29 April 2015

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0.0293

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Permeability Modelling
Lesson: Limited Property Models
Solution: Scenario Based Modeling Workflow
Permeability (10 wells)
(Distribution on Phie-K Cross Plot per sub-zone)
Scale-up permeability to 3D Model

Cloud Transformation

GRFS with 2D
Porosity Map
Trend

Data range
Variogram

5 Km range
variogram

30 Km range
variogram

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GRFS without any Trend

GRFS with Porosity

Model Trend

Data range
Variogram

5 Km range
variogram

Data range
Variogram

5 Km range
variogram

30 Km range
variogram

30 Km range
variogram

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Saturation Modeling QC of Log Saturation

Lesson: Incorrect Log Interpretation
Solution: Generate Kriged Sw Model QC the logs

Saturation
log problem

Layer 4 Subzone C

Edge effect
of algorithm

Crest Wells with 100% Water Saturation

Saturation
log problem

Saturation Modeling
Lesson: Accuracy in Saturation Model and Data
Solution: Saturation Model Based on J Function and MICP data

W5H W6H

W4H

W3H

A`

GDT: 8600 ftss

W1

W2
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FWL: 8700 ftss

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W7
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Saturation Modeling
Lesson: Accuracy in Saturation Model and Data
Solution: Saturation Model Based on J Functions

Crest Wells

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Transition

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Water Zone

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Property Modeling
Summary of Troubleshooting in Property Modelling
Data reconciliation and consistency
Trend investigation
Multiple realizations
Extensive QC steps, and statistical analysis
Histogram
Cross Plots
Maps
Cross Sections
Blind test by removing well data from data set

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Model Upscaling
Lesson: Upscaling Course Grid
Solution: QC with Cross Sections
Upscaled 13 and 23 Layers vs. Geomodel (47 Layers)

13 Layers
23 Layers

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47 Layers

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Porosity Model Uncertainty

Lesson: Missing Uncertainty Steps
Solution: Scenario Embedded Workflow
Log Porosity (316 wells)
(reconciled to OB corrected core porosity)

Scenario Based
Uncertainty

Scale-up porosity to 3D Model

SGS with Collocated

Co-Krigging to Porosity
Map

Krigging versus SGS

Porosity Model by Krigging

Porosity Model by SGS

Krigging Model
as 2D Trend

Krigging Model
without trend

Krigging Model
with modified
trend

SGS with Data

Range Variogram

SGS with 5
Km range

SGS with
30 Km range

Krigging with Data

Range Variogram

Krigging with 5
km Variogram

Krigging with 30
km Variogram

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Trend

Correlation
coefficient

Variogram

Seed
23 number

Porosity Model Uncertainty

Lesson: Missing Uncertainty Steps
Solution: Scenario Embedded Workflow
Final porosity model will be obtained by history match process
Uncertainty cases are generated on following parameters
Modeling algorithm: SGS versus Krigging
Trend
Variogram
Seed number
Bulk shift due to core porosity log porosity difference

29 April 2015

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Permeability Modeling Uncertainty

Lesson: Missing Uncertainty Steps
Solution: Scenario Embedded Workflow
Permeability (10 wells)
(Distribution on Phie-K Cross Plot per sub-zone)
Scenario Based
Uncertainty

Scale-up permeability to 3D Model

Cloud
Transformation
GRFS with 2D
Porosity Map
Trend

GRFS without any

Trend

GRFS with Porosity

Model Trend

Data range Variogram

29 April 2015

Cloud definition

5 and 30 Km
range variogram

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Trend

Variogram
Seed
number
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Permeability Model Uncertainty

Lesson: History Match with Multipliers
Solution: Scenario with Cloud Transformation

Density of the points

Extended limits

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Upper Reservoir (R1) Porous 1.2 Sub-zone

Extended Cloud Case
Permeability

Reduced Cloud Case

Permeability

Data Points
Model Points

Extended Cloud Case

Permeability

Reduced Cloud Case

Permeability

Permeability Modeling Uncertainty

Lesson: Missing Uncertainty Steps
Solution: Scenario Embedded Workflow
Final permeability model will be decided after history match
Uncertainty cases are generated on following parameters
Modeling algorithm: SGS with various trends
Cloud definition
Variogram
Seed number
Bulk shift due to uncertainty in measurements

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CONCLUSION
Data oriented workflow
Correction and calibration in early stage
Consistent data set
Comprehensive QC steps
Scenario based uncertainty analysis
Flexible workflow to use for data integration

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