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Electric Circuit Variables and Elements

This document provides an overview of key concepts in electric circuits for a course. It defines electric circuit variables such as charge, current, voltage, power and energy. It explains that an electric circuit is a closed path that allows electric current to flow continuously. It also defines different types of circuit elements, including sources, linear/non-linear elements, and switches. Key circuit concepts like open/closed circuits and the relationships between voltage, current, resistance, and power are also summarized.

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jessdoria
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670 views

Electric Circuit Variables and Elements

This document provides an overview of key concepts in electric circuits for a course. It defines electric circuit variables such as charge, current, voltage, power and energy. It explains that an electric circuit is a closed path that allows electric current to flow continuously. It also defines different types of circuit elements, including sources, linear/non-linear elements, and switches. Key circuit concepts like open/closed circuits and the relationships between voltage, current, resistance, and power are also summarized.

Uploaded by

jessdoria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE101 EE CIRCUITS 1

1T SY 2014-2015

MCBLOYOLA

Electric Circuit Variables and


Elements
WEEK 1

MCBLOYOLA

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Discuss the electric circuit variables such as the

quantities electric charge, current, voltage, power


and energy including their definition,
characteristics and properties, symbol, unit, and
formula.
Discuss the different types of electric circuit
elements such as, linear and non-linear, passive
and active, independent and independent sources
and switches.
Differentiate an open and close circuit.
MCBLOYOLA

What is an electric circuit?


Electric circuit or electric network
is an interconnection of electrical elements linked together in a
closed path so that an electric current may flow
continuously.

Can you give real example of an electric circuit?

MCBLOYOLA

A simple electric circuit


MCBLOYOLA

ELECTRIC Charge
Charge is an electrical (and intrinsic) property of

the atomic particles of which matter consists,


measured in coulombs (C).

The charge of an electron is negative and equal in

magnitude to 1.602 10-19 C which is called as


electronic charge.
= -1.602 10-19 C
-1 C of charge = 6.24 x 1018 electrons

Q for constant charge, q for a charge that varies with time

ELECTRIC CHARGE
A unique feature of electric charge is the fact that it is

mobile;

it can be transferred from one place to another


it can be converted to another form of energy

MCBLOYOLA

ELECTRIC CURRENT
When a conducting wire (consisting of several

atoms) is connected to a battery (a source of


electromagnetic force), the charges are compelled to
move.
This motion of charges create electric current.

MCBLOYOLA

ELECTRIC CURRENT
Electric current is the time rate of change of charge,

measured in amperes (A). (Alexander & Sadiku, 2011)


Electric current is the time rate of flow of electric charge

past a given point (Dorf & Svoboda, 2011)

MCBLOYOLA

ELECTRIC CURRENT

Conventional current flow: (a)


positive current flow, (b)
negative current flow

Conventional: take the current


flow as the movement of
positive charges, that is,
opposite to the flow of negative
charges

Keep in mind that electric current is


always through an element.
MCBLOYOLA

ELECTRIC CURRENT
DIRECT CURRENT

ALTERNATING CURRENT

A direct current (dc)

An alternating current

is a current that
remains constant
with time.

(ac) is a current that


varies sinusoidally with
time (time-varying
current)

MCBLOYOLA

ELECTRIC CURRENT

(a) direct current

(c) exponential

(b) ramp

(d) sinusoidal
MCBLOYOLA

ELECTRIC CURRENT AND CHARGE


Mathematically,

Q
I=
A
t
Q = It C

I for constant current, i for a time-varying current

MCBLOYOLA

VOLTAGE
To move electron in a conductor in a particular

direction requires some work or energy transfer

This work is performed by an external

electromotive force (emf)

Also known as voltage or potential difference

MCBLOYOLA

VOLTAGE
Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to

move a unit charge through an element, measured in volts


(V). (Alexander & Sadiku, 2011)

Voltage across an element is the work (energy) required to

move a unit positive charge from the negative () terminal


to the positive (+) terminal. (Dorf & Svoboda, 2010)

Defining the voltage between two points.

MCBLOYOLA

VOLTAGE

vab > 0 means the potential of a is


higher than potential of b.
vab < 0 means the potential of a is
lower than potential of b.
Keep in mind that voltage is always across
the element or between two points.

MCBLOYOLA

VOLTAGE
Mathematically,

dw
v
dq
Where:
w, W = energy in joules (J)
q, Q = charge in coulombs
(C)

W
V=
Q

v, V = voltage in volts (V);


usually written with
subscripts (i.e , V =
voltage across points a and
b)

V for constant voltage (dc voltage), v for a time-varying voltage


(ac voltage)

MCBLOYOLA

POWER AND ENERGY


Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing

energy, measured in watts (W).

Mathematical expression:

dw dw dq
p

vi
dt
dq dt

Passive sign convention: when current enters through the


positive terminal of an element, p = +vi

MCBLOYOLA

POWER AND ENERGY


The law of conservation of energy

p0
Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in

joules (J).
Mathematical expression:
t

t0

t0

w pdt vidt
MCBLOYOLA

POWER AND ENERGY

W
P=
t
P = VI

=
t

t0

t0

W = Pt = VIt

w pdt vidt

Units for w, W
joules, J
kilowatthours, kWh

P for power which is constant, p for a time-varying power

MCBLOYOLA

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
Active Elements: capable of
generating/supplying energy

Passive Elements:
absorb energy

Dependent sources
Independent sources
An active element that provides a specified
voltage or current that is completely
independent of other circuit variables.

A dependent source is an active element in


which the source quantity is controlled by
another voltage or current.
They have four different types: VCVS,
CCVS, VCCS, CCCS. Keep in mind the signs
of dependent sources.

MCBLOYOLA

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
Linear element: satisfies both the
homogeneity and additivity properties

Non-linear element

MCBLOYOLA

LINEARITY
Homogeneity:

Requires that if the input


is multiplied by a
constant, then the output
is multiplied by the same
constant

Additivity

Requires that the response


to a sum of inputs is the
sum of the responses to
each input applied
separately

MCBLOYOLA

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
Resistor: a good example

of a linear element

MCBLOYOLA

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
Diode: a good example of

a non-linear element

MCBLOYOLA

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
SWITCHES
Used in circuits to connect and disconnect elements and
circuits
Have two distinct states
Open
Closed

Ideally, a switch acts


A short circuit when it is closed
An open circuit when it is open

MCBLOYOLA

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
SPST (Single-pole, single-throw)

MCBLOYOLA

Short circuit and open circuit as ideal meters


An ideal ammeter

measures the current


flowing through its
terminals and has zero
voltage across it; acts like
short circuits

An ideal voltmeter

measures the voltage


across its terminals and
has terminal current
equal to zero; acts like
open circuits

MCBLOYOLA

Short circuit and open circuit as special cases of resistance


29

An element with

resistance approaching
zero or R = 0 (G = ) is a
short circuit.

An element with

resistance approaching
infinity or R = (G = 0)
is an open circuit.

MCBLOYOLA
9/22/2013

REFERENCES
Please refer to course syllabus.

MCBLOYOLA

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