NetworkingInterviewQuestions

100NetworkingQuestions

Q1.Whatare10Base2,10Base5and10BaseTEthernetLANs?
Ans.10Base2AnEthernettermmeaningamaximumtransferrateof10Megabitspersecondthat
usesbasebandsignaling,withacontiguouscablesegmentlengthof100metersandamaximumof2
segments.
10Base5AnEthernettermmeaningamaximumtransferrateof10Megabitspersecondthatuses
basebandsignaling,with5continuoussegmentsnotexceeding100meterspersegment.
10BaseTAnEthernettermmeaningamaximumtransferrateof10Megabitspersecondthatuses
basebandsignalingandtwistedpaircabling.

Q2.Whatisthedifferencebetweenanunspecifiedpassiveopenandafullyspecifiedpassive
open?
Ans.Anunspecifiedpassiveopenhastheserverwaitingforaconnectionrequestfromaclient.Afully
specifiedpassiveopenhastheserverwaitingforaconnectionfromaspecificclient.

Q3.ExplainthefunctionofTransmissionControlBlock.
Ans.ATCBisacomplexdatastructurethatcontainsaconsiderableamountofinformationabouteach
connection.

Q4.WhatisaManagementInformationBase(MIB)?
Ans.AManagementInformationBaseispartofeverySNMPmanageddevice.EachSNMPagenthas
theMIBdatabasethatcontainsinformationaboutthedevicesstatus,itsperformance,connections,and
configuration.TheMIBisqueriedbySNMP.

Q5.WhatisanonymousFTPandwhywouldyouuseit?

Ans.AnonymousFTPenablesuserstoconnecttoahostwithoutusingavalidloginandpassword.
Usually,anonymousFTPusesalogincalledanonymousorguest,withthepasswordusuallyrequesting
theusersIDfortrackingpurposesonly.AnonymousFTPisusedtoenablealargenumberofusersto
accessfilesonthehostwithouthavingtogotothetroubleofsettinguploginsforthemall.Anonymous
FTPsystemsusuallyhavestrictcontrolsovertheareasananonymoususercanaccess.

Q6.Whatisapseudotty?
Ans.ApseudottyorfalseterminalenablesexternalmachinestoconnectthroughTelnetorrlogin.
Withoutapseudotty,noconnectioncantakeplace.

Q7.Whichlayerofthe7layermodelprovidesservicestotheApplicationlayerovertheSession
layerconnection?
Ans.Presentation.

Q8.WhatdoestheMountprotocoldo?
Ans.TheMountprotocolreturnsafilehandleandthenameofthefilesysteminwhicharequestedfile
resides.Themessageissenttotheclientfromtheserverafterreceptionofaclientsrequest.

Q9.WhatisExternalDataRepresentation?
Ans.ExternalDataRepresentationisamethodofencodingdatawithinanRPCmessage,usedto
ensurethatthedataisnotsystemdependent.

Q10.WhichOSIReferenceLayercontrolsapplicationtoapplicationcommunication?
Ans.Session

Q11.BOOTPhelpsadisklessworkstationboot.Howdoesitgetamessagetothenetworklooking
foritsIPaddressandthelocationofitsoperatingsystembootfiles?
Ans.BOOTPsendsaUDPmessagewithasubnetworkbroadcastaddressandwaitsforareplyfroma
serverthatgivesittheIPaddress.Thesamemessagemightcontainthenameofthemachinethathas
thebootfilesonit.Ifthebootimagelocationisnotspecified,theworkstationsendsanotherUDP
messagetoquerytheserver.

Q12.WhatisaDNSresourcerecord?
Ans.Aresourcerecordisanentryinanameserversdatabase.Thereareseveraltypesofresource
recordsused,includingnametoaddressresolutioninformation.Resourcerecordsaremaintainedas
ASCIIfiles.

Q13.WhatprotocolisusedbyDNSnameservers?
Ans.DNSusesUDPforcommunicationbetweenservers.ItisabetterchoicethanTCPbecauseofthe
improvedspeedaconnectionlessprotocoloffers.Ofcourse,transmissionreliabilitysufferswithUDP.

Q14.Whatisthedifferencebetweeninteriorandexteriorneighborgateways?
Ans.InteriorgatewaysconnectLANsofoneorganization,whereasexteriorgatewaysconnectthe
organizationtotheoutsideworld.

Q15.WhatistheHELLOprotocolusedfor?
Ans.TheHELLOprotocolusestimeinsteadofdistancetodetermineoptimalrouting.Itisan
alternativetotheRoutingInformationProtocol.

Q16.Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthethreetypesofroutingtables?

Ans.Thethreetypesofroutingtablesarefixed,dynamic,andfixedcentral.Thefixedtablemustbe
manuallymodifiedeverytimethereisachange.Adynamictablechangesitsinformationbasedon
networktraffic,reducingtheamountofmanualmaintenance.Afixedcentraltableletsamanager
modifyonlyonetable,whichisthenreadbyotherdevices.Thefixedcentraltablereducestheneedto
updateeachmachinestable,aswiththefixedtable.Usuallyadynamictablecausesthefewest
problemsforanetworkadministrator,althoughthetablescontentscanchangewithoutthe
administratorbeingawareofthechange.

Q17.WhatisacharacteristicofStoreandForwardswitches?
Ans.TheyreadtheentireframeandcheckCRCbeforeforwarding.

Q18.Whatissourceroute?
Ans.ItisasequenceofIPaddressesidentifyingtherouteadatagrammustfollow.Asourceroutemay
optionallybeincludedinanIPdatagramheader.

Q19.WhatisRIP(RoutingInformationProtocol)?
Ans.Itisasimpleprotocolusedtoexchangeinformationbetweentherouters.

Q20.WhatisSLIP(SerialLineInterfaceProtocol)?
Ans.ItisaverysimpleprotocolusedfortransmissionofIPdatagramsacrossaserialline.

Q21.WhatisProxyARP?
Ans.ItisusingaroutertoanswerARPrequests.Thiswillbedonewhentheoriginatinghostbelieves
thatadestinationislocal,wheninfactisliesbeyondrouter.

Q22.WhatisOSPF?
Ans.ItisanInternetroutingprotocolthatscaleswell,canroutetrafficalongmultiplepaths,anduses
knowledgeofanInternetstopologytomakeaccurateroutingdecisions.

Q23.WhatisKerberos?
Ans.ItisanauthenticationservicedevelopedattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.Kerberos
usesencryptiontopreventintrudersfromdiscoveringpasswordsandgainingunauthorizedaccessto
files.

Q24.WhatisaMultihomedHost?
Ans.ItisahostthathasamultiplenetworkinterfacesandthatrequiresmultipleIPaddressesiscalled
asaMultihomedHost.

Q25.WhatisNVT(NetworkVirtualTerminal)?
Ans.Itisasetofrulesdefiningaverysimplevirtualterminalinteraction.TheNVTisusedinthestart
ofaTelnetsession.

Q26.WhatisGatewaytoGatewayprotocol?
Ans.Itisaprotocolformerly
usedtoexchangeroutinginformationbetweenInternetcorerouters.

Q27.WhatisBGP(BorderGatewayProtocol)?
Ans.Itisaprotocolusedtoadvertisethesetofnetworksthatcanbereachedwithinanautonomous
system.BGPenablesthisinformationtobesharedwiththeautonomoussystem.Thisisnewerthan
EGP(ExteriorGatewayProtocol).

Q28.Whatisautonomoussystem?
Ans.Itisacollectionofroutersunderthecontrolofasingleadministrativeauthorityandthatusesa
commonInteriorGatewayProtocol.

Q29.WhatisEGP(ExteriorGatewayProtocol)?
Ans.Itistheprotocoltheroutersinneighboringautonomoussystemsusetoidentifythesetof
networksthatcanbereachedwithinorviaeachautonomoussystem.

Q30.WhatisIGP(InteriorGatewayProtocol)?
Ans.Itisanyroutingprotocolusedwithinanautonomoussystem.

Q31.WhatisMailGateway?
Ans.Itisasystemthatperformsaprotocoltranslationbetweendifferentelectronicmaildelivery
protocols.

Q32.Whatiswidemouthfrog?
Ans.Widemouthfrogisthesimplestknownkeydistributioncenter(KDC)authenticationprotocol.

Q33.WhatareDigramsandTrigrams?
Ans.Themostcommontwolettercombinationsarecalledasdigrams.e.g.th,in,er,reandan.The
mostcommonthreelettercombinationsarecalledastrigrams.e.g.the,ing,and,andion.

Q34.Whatissillywindowsyndrome?
Ans.ItisaproblemthatcanruinTCPperformance.Thisproblemoccurswhendataarepassedtothe
sendingTCPentityinlargeblocks,butaninteractiveapplicationonthereceivingsidereads1byteata
time.

Q35.Whatisregion?
Ans.Whenhierarchicalroutingisused,theroutersaredividedintowhatwecallregions,witheach
routerknowingallthedetailsabouthowtoroutepacketstodestinationswithinitsownregion,but
knowingnothingabouttheinternalstructureofotherregions.

Q36.Whatismulticastrouting?
Ans.Sendingamessagetoagroupiscalledmulticasting,anditsroutingalgorithmiscalledmulticast
routing.

Q37.Whatistrafficshaping?
Ans.Oneofthemaincausesofcongestionisthattrafficisoftenbusy.Ifhostscouldbemadeto
transmitatauniformrate,congestionwouldbelesscommon.Anotheropenloopmethodtohelp
managecongestionisforcingthepackettobetransmittedatamorepredictablerate.Thisiscalled
trafficshaping.

Q38.Whatispacketfilter?
Ans.Packetfilterisastandardrouterequippedwithsomeextrafunctionality.Theextrafunctionality
allowseveryincomingoroutgoingpackettobeinspected.Packetsmeetingsomecriterionare
forwardednormally.Thosethatfailthetestaredropped.

Q39.Whatisvirtualpath?
Ans.Alonganytransmissionpathfromagivensourcetoagivendestination,agroupofvirtualcircuits
canbegroupedtogetherintowhatiscalledpath.

Q40.Whatisvirtualchannel?
Ans.Virtualchannelisnormallyaconnectionfromonesourcetoonedestination,althoughmulticast
connectionsarealsopermitted.Theothernameforvirtualchannelisvirtualcircuit.

Q41.Whatislogicallinkcontrol?
Ans.OneoftwosublayersofthedatalinklayerofOSIreferencemodel,asdefinedbytheIEEE802
standard.Thissublayerisresponsibleformaintainingthelinkbetweencomputerswhentheyare
sendingdataacrossthephysicalnetworkconnection.

Q42.WhyshouldyoucareabouttheOSIReferenceModel?
Ans.Itprovidesaframeworkfordiscussingnetworkoperationsanddesign.

Q43.Whatisthedifferencebetweenroutableandnonroutableprotocols?
Ans.Routableprotocolscanworkwitharouterandcanbeusedtobuildlargenetworks.NonRoutable
protocolsaredesignedtoworkonsmall,localnetworksandcannotbeusedwitharouter.

Q44.WhatisMAU?
Ans.IntokenRing,hubiscalledMultistationAccessUnit(MAU).

Q45.Explain543rule?
Ans.InaEthernetnetwork,betweenanytwopointsonthenetwork,therecanbenomorethanfive
networksegmentsorfourrepeaters,andofthosefivesegmentsonlythreeofsegmentscanbe
populated.

Q46.WhatisthedifferencebetweenTFTPandFTPapplicationlayerprotocols?
Ans.TheTrivialFileTransferProtocol(TFTP)allowsalocalhosttoobtainfilesfromaremotehost
butdoesnotprovidereliabilityorsecurity.Itusesthefundamentalpacketdeliveryservicesofferedby
UDP.TheFileTransferProtocol(FTP)isthestandardmechanismprovidedbyTCP/IPforcopyinga
filefromonehosttoanother.ItusestheservicesofferedbyTCPandsoisreliableandsecure.It
establishestwoconnections(virtualcircuits)betweenthehosts,onefordatatransferandanotherfor
controlinformation.

Q47.Whatistherangeofaddressesintheclassesofinternetaddresses?
Ans.ClassA0.0.0.0127.255.255.255
ClassB128.0.0.0191.255.255.255
ClassC192.0.0.0223.255.255.255
ClassD224.0.0.0239.255.255.255
ClassE240.0.0.0247.255.255.255

Q48.WhatistheminimumandmaximumlengthoftheheaderintheTCPsegmentandIP
datagram?
Ans.Theheadershouldhaveaminimumlengthof20bytesandcanhaveamaximumlengthof60
bytes.
Q49.WhatisdifferencebetweenARPandRARP?
Ans.Theaddressresolutionprotocol(ARP)isusedtoassociatethe32bitIPaddresswiththe48bit
physicaladdress,usedbyahostoraroutertofindthephysicaladdressofanotherhostonitsnetwork
bysendingaARPquerypacketthatincludestheIPaddressofthereceiver.Thereverseaddress
resolutionprotocol(RARP)allowsahosttodiscoveritsInternetaddresswhenitknowsonlyits
physicaladdress.

Q50.WhatisICMP?
Ans.ICMPisInternetControlMessageProtocol,anetworklayerprotocoloftheTCP/IPsuiteusedby
hostsandgatewaystosendnotificationofdatagramproblemsbacktothesender.Itusestheechotest/
replytotestwhetheradestinationisreachableandresponding.Italsohandlesbothcontrolanderror
messages.

Q51.WhatarethedataunitsatdifferentlayersoftheTCP/IPprotocolsuite?
Ans.Thedataunitcreatedattheapplicationlayeriscalledamessage,atthetransportlayerthedata
unitcreatediscalledeitherasegmentoranuserdatagram,atthenetworklayerthedataunitcreatedis
calledthedatagram,atthedatalinklayerthedatagramisencapsulatedintoaframeandfinally
transmittedassignalsalongthetransmissionmedia.

Q52.WhatisProject802?
Ans.ItisaprojectstartedbyIEEEtosetstandardsthatenableintercommunicationbetweenequipment
fromavarietyofmanufacturers.Itisawayforspecifyingfunctionsofthephysicallayer,thedatalink
layerandtosomeextentthenetworklayertoallowforinterconnectivityofmajorLANprotocols.
Itconsistsofthefollowing:

802.1isaninternetworkingstandardforcompatibilityofdifferentLANsandMANsacross
protocols.
802.2Logicallinkcontrol(LLC)istheuppersublayerofthedatalinklayerwhichisnon
architecturespecific,thatisremainsthesameforallIEEEdefinedLANs.
Mediaaccesscontrol(MAC)isthelowersublayerofthedatalinklayerthatcontainssome
distinctmoduleseachcarryingproprietaryinformationspecifictotheLANproductbeingused.
ThemodulesareEthernetLAN(802.3),TokenringLAN(802.4),TokenbusLAN(802.5).
802.6isdistributedqueuedualbus(DQDB)designedtobeusedinMANs.

Q53.WhatisBandwidth?
Ans.Everylinehasanupperlimitandalowerlimitonthefrequencyofsignalsitcancarry.This
limitedrangeiscalledthebandwidth.

Q54.Differencebetweenbitrateandbaudrate.
Ans.Bitrateisthenumberofbitstransmittedduringonesecondwhereasbaudratereferstothe
numberofsignalunitspersecondthatarerequiredtorepresentthosebits.
baudrate=bitrate/NwhereNisnoofbitsrepresentedbyeachsignalshift.

Q55.WhatisMACaddress?
Ans.TheaddressforadeviceasitisidentifiedattheMediaAccessControl(MAC)layerinthe
networkarchitecture.MACaddressisusuallystoredinROMonthenetworkadaptercardandis
unique.

Q56.Whatisattenuation?
Ans.Thedegenerationofasignaloverdistanceonanetworkcableiscalledattenuation.

Q57.Whatiscladding?
Ans.Alayerofaglasssurroundingthecenterfiberofglassinsideafiberopticcable.

Q58.WhatisRAID?
Ans.Amethodforprovidingfaulttolerancebyusingmultipleharddiskdrives.

Q59.WhatisNETBIOSandNETBEUI?
Ans.NETBIOSisaprogramminginterfacethatallowsI/Orequeststobesenttoandreceivedfroma
remotecomputerandithidesthenetworkinghardwarefromapplications.
NETBEUIisNetBIOSextendeduserinterface.AtransportprotocoldesignedbymicrosoftandIBM
fortheuseonsmallsubnets.

Q60.Whatisredirector?
Ans.RedirectorissoftwarethatinterceptsfileorprintsI/Orequestsandtranslatesthemintonetwork
requests.Thiscomesunderpresentationlayer.

Q61.WhatisBeaconing?
Ans.Theprocessthatallowsanetworktoselfrepairnetworksproblems.Thestationsonthenetwork
notifytheotherstationsontheringwhentheyarenotreceivingthetransmissions.Beaconingisusedin
TokenringandFDDInetworks.

Q62.Whatisterminalemulation,inwhichlayeritcomes?
Ans.Telnetisalsocalledasterminalemulation.Itbelongstoapplicationlayer.

Q63.Whatisframerelay,inwhichlayeritcomes?
Ans.Framerelayisapacketswitchingtechnology.Itwilloperateinthedatalinklayer.

Q64.WhatdoyoumeantbytripleXinNetworks?
Ans.ThefunctionofPAD(PacketAssemblerDisassembler)isdescribedinadocumentknownasX.3.
ThestandardprotocolhasbeendefinedbetweentheterminalandthePAD,calledX.28;another
standardprotocolexistsbetweenhtePADandthenetwork,calledX.29.Together,thesethree
recommendationsareoftencalledtripleX

Q65.WhatisSAP?
Ans.Seriesofinterfacepointsthatallowothercomputerstocommunicatewiththeotherlayersof
networkprotocolstack.

Q66.Whatissubnet?
Ans.Agenerictermforsectionofalargenetworksusuallyseparatedbyabridgeorrouter.

Q67.WhatisBrouter?
Ans.Hybriddevicesthatcombinethefeaturesofbothbridgesandrouters.

Q68.HowGatewayisdifferentfromRouters?
Ans.AgatewayoperatesattheupperlevelsoftheOSImodelandtranslatesinformationbetweentwo
completelydifferentnetworkarchitecturesordataformats.

Q69.Whatarethedifferenttypeofnetworking/internetworkingdevices?
Ans.Repeater:
Alsocalledaregenerator,itisanelectronicdevicethatoperatesonlyatphysicallayer.Itreceivesthe
signalinthenetworkbeforeitbecomesweak,regeneratestheoriginalbitpatternandputstherefreshed
copybackintothelink.
Bridges:
TheseoperatebothinthephysicalanddatalinklayersofLANsofsametype.Theydividealarger
networkintosmallersegments.Theycontainlogicthatallowthemtokeepthetrafficforeachsegment
separateandthusarerepeatersthatrelayaframeonlythesideofthesegmentcontainingtheintended
recipentandcontrolcongestion.
Routers:
Theyrelaypacketsamongmultipleinterconnectednetworks(i.e.LANsofdifferenttype).Theyoperate
inthephysical,datalinkandnetworklayers.Theycontainsoftwarethatenablethemtodetermine
whichoftheseveralpossiblepathsisthebestforaparticulartransmission.
Gateways:
Theyrelaypacketsamongnetworksthathavedifferentprotocols(e.g.betweenaLANandaWAN).
Theyacceptapacketformattedforoneprotocolandconvertittoapacketformattedforanother
protocolbeforeforwardingit.TheyoperateinallsevenlayersoftheOSImodel.

Q70.Whatismeshnetwork?
Ans.Anetworkinwhichtherearemultiplenetworklinksbetweencomputerstoprovidemultiplepaths
fordatatotravel.

Q71.Whatispassivetopology?
Ans.Whenthecomputersonthenetworksimplylistenandreceivethesignal,theyarereferredtoas
passivebecausetheydontamplifythesignalinanyway.Exampleforpassivetopologylinearbus.

Q72.Whataretheimportanttopologiesfornetworks?
Ans.BUStopology:
Inthiseachcomputerisdirectlyconnectedtoprimarynetworkcableinasingleline.
Advantages:
Inexpensive,easytoinstall,simpletounderstand,easytoextend.
STARtopology:
Inthisallcomputersareconnectedusingacentralhub.
Adva
ntages:
Canbeinexpensive,easytoinstallandreconfigureandeasytotroubleshootphysicalproblems.
RINGtopology:
Inthisallcomputersareconnectedinloop.
Advantages:
Allcomputershaveequalaccesstonetworkmedia,installationcanbesimple,andsignaldoesnot
degradeasmuchasinothertopologiesbecauseeachcomputerregeneratesit.

Q73.Whataremajortypesofnetworksandexplain
Serverbasednetwork
Peertopeernetwork.
Ans.Peertopeernetwork,computerscanactasbothserverssharingresourcesandasclientsusingthe
resources.
Serverbasednetworksprovidecentralizedcontrolofnetworkresourcesandrelyonservercomputers
toprovidesecurityandnetworkadministration

Q74.WhatisProtocolDataUnit?
Ans.ThedataunitintheLLCleveliscalledtheprotocoldataunit(PDU).ThePDUcontainsoffour
fieldsadestinationserviceaccesspoint(DSAP),asourceserviceaccesspoint(SSAP),acontrolfield
andaninformationfield.DSAP,SSAPareaddressesusedbytheLLCtoidentifytheprotocolstackson
thereceivingandsendingmachinesthataregeneratingandusingthedata.Thecontrolfieldspecifies
whetherthePDUframeisainformationframe(Iframe)orasupervisoryframe(Sframe)ora
unnumberedframe(Uframe).

Q75.Whatisdifferencebetweenbasebandandbroadbandtransmission?
Ans.Inabasebandtransmission,theentirebandwidthofthecableisconsumedbyasinglesignal.In
broadbandtransmission,signalsaresentonmultiplefrequencies,allowingmultiplesignalstobesent
simultaneously.

Q76.Whatarethepossiblewaysofdataexchange?
Ans.(i)Simplex(ii)Halfduplex(iii)Fullduplex.

Q77.WhatarethetypesofTransmissionmedia?
Ans.Signalsareusuallytransmittedoversometransmissionmediathatarebroadlyclassifiedintotwo
categories.
GuidedMedia:
Thesearethosethatprovideaconduitfromonedevicetoanotherthatincludetwistedpair,coaxial
cableandfiberopticcable.Asignaltravelingalonganyofthesemediaisdirectedandiscontainedby
thephysicallimitsofthemedium.Twistedpairandcoaxialcableusemetallicthatacceptandtransport
signalsintheformofelectricalcurrent.Opticalfiberisaglassorplasticcablethatacceptsand
transportssignalsintheformoflight.
UnguidedMedia:
Thisisthewirelessmediathattransportelectromagneticwaveswithoutusingaphysicalconductor.
Signalsarebroadcasteitherthroughair.Thisisdonethroughradiocommunication,satellite
communicationandcellulartelephony.

Q78.Differencebetweenthecommunicationandtransmission.
Ans.Transmissionisaphysicalmovementofinformationandconcernissueslikebitpolarity,
synchronization,clocketc.
Communicationmeansthemeaningfullexchangeofinformationbetweentwocommunicationmedia.

Q79.TheInternetControlMessageProtocoloccursatwhatlayerofthesevenlayermodel?
Ans.Network

Q80.WhichprotocolresolvesanIPaddresstoaMACaddress?
Ans.ARP

Q81.MIDIandMPEGareexamplesofwhatlayeroftheOSIsevenlayermodel?
Ans.Presentation

Q82.WhatistheprotocolnumberforUDP?
Ans.17

Q83.Whichprotocolisusedforbootingdisklessworkstations?
Ans.RARP

Q84.Whichlayerisresponsibleforputting1sand0sintoalogicalgroup?
Ans.Physical

Q85.WhatdoesPmeanwhenrunningaTrace?
Ans.Protocolunreachable

Q86.UDPworksatwhichlayeroftheDODmodel?
Ans.HosttoHost

Q87.WhatisthedefaultencapsulationofNetware3.12?
Ans.802.2

Q88.PinguseswhichInternetlayerprotocol?
Ans.ICMP

Q89.Whichswitchingtechnologycanreducethesizeofabroadcastdomain?
Ans.VLAN

Q90.Whatisthefirststepindataencapsulation?
Ans.Userinformationisconvertedintodata.

Q91.WhatistheprotocolnumberforTCP?
Ans.6

Q92.WhatdoyouusetheAuxportfor?
Ans.Modem

Q93.RepeatersworkatwhichlayeroftheOSImodel?
Ans.Physical

Q94.WANstandsforwhichofthefollowing?
Ans.WideAreaNetwork

Q95.WhatISDNprotocolspecifiesconcepts,terminology,andservices?
Ans.I

Q96.LANstandsforwhichofthefollowing?
Ans.LocalAreNetwork

Q97.DHCPstandsfor
Ans.DynamicHostConfigurationProtocol

Q98.WhatdoestheacronymARPstandfor?

Ans.AddressResolutionProtocol

Q99.Whichlayerisresponsibleforidentifyingandestablishingtheavailabilityoftheintended
communicationpartner?
Ans.Application.

Q100.WhichOSIlayerprovidesmechanical,electrical,proceduralforactivating,maintaining
physicallink?
Ans.Physical.