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SP2 Predavanje 1 - HTTP

The document provides an overview of HTML and HTTP concepts. It discusses HTML elements like <head>, <body>, <img>, and <a> tags. It also explains the client-server relationship in HTTP and common status codes like 200 OK, 301 Moved Permanently, and 404 Not Found. Key points covered include the structure of HTML documents, adding images and links, and how browsers and servers communicate via requests and responses.

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akomocar
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113 views

SP2 Predavanje 1 - HTTP

The document provides an overview of HTML and HTTP concepts. It discusses HTML elements like <head>, <body>, <img>, and <a> tags. It also explains the client-server relationship in HTTP and common status codes like 200 OK, 301 Moved Permanently, and 404 Not Found. Key points covered include the structure of HTML documents, adding images and links, and how browsers and servers communicate via requests and responses.

Uploaded by

akomocar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HTTP

Predavanje 1
Doc. dr. Biljana Mileva Bokoska

sklop 1:
- HTTP
- JSON
- AJAX
sklop 2:
- Web services intro
- WSDL Web services
- RESTful Web services

HTML 5
HTML5 is a core technology markup language of the Internet used for
structuring and presenting content for theWorld Wide Web. As of
October 2014 this is the final and complete fifth revision of
the HTML standard of theWorld Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The
previous version, HTML 4, was standardised in 1997.
Source: Wikipedia

HTML repeated
(source: codeacademy.com)
Every webpage you look at is written in a language called HTML. You
can think of HTML as the skeleton that gives every webpage
structure.

This is an example of HTML! Like any language, it has its own


special syntax (rules for communicating).
<!DOCTYPE html>

HTML
HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. Hypertext means "text with links in it."
Any time you click on a word that brings you to a new webpage, you've clicked on
hypertext!
A markup language is a programming language used to make text do more than just sit
on a page: it can turn text into images, links, tables, lists, and much more. HTML is the
markup language we'll be learning.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<h1>This is h1</h1>
and this is not
</html>

a. Always put <!DOCTYPE html> on the first line. This tells the browser what language it's
reading (in this case, HTML).
b. Always put <html> on the next line. This starts the HTML document.
c. Always put </html> on the last line. This ends the HTML document.

CSS
What makes webpages pretty? That's CSSCascading Style Sheets.
Think of it like skin and makeup that covers the bones of HTML. We'll
learn HTML first, then worry about CSS in later courses.

Basic terminology
To learn more HTML, we should learn how to talk about HTML. Already you
have seen we use <>s a lot.

Things inside <>s are called tags.


Tags nearly always come in pairs: an opening tag and a closing tag.
Example of opening tag: <html>
Example of closing tag: </html>
You can think of tags as being like parentheses: whenever you open one,
you should close it. Tags also nest, so you should close them in the right
order: the most recently opened tag should be the first one closed, like in
the example below.
<first tag><second tag>Some text!</second tag></first tag>

Make the head


Everything in our HTML file will go between the opening <html> and closing </html> tags.
There are always two parts to an HTML file: the head and the body. Let's start with the head.
The head contains information about your HTML file, like its title. The title is what we see in the
browser's title bar or page tab. For example the title of this page is "HTML Basics | Codecademy".
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>This is the page title</title>
</head>
</html>

Paragraphs in the body


To review, an HTML file has both a head and a body. The head is where you
put information about your HTML file, like its title.
The body is where you put your content, such as text, images, and links.
The content in the body is what will be visible on the actual page.
The body goes inside the <html> tags, right after the <head> tags, like this:
<html>
<head>
<title>My Webpage</title>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>

Hyperlinks
What if you wanted to send the user to another part of your website, or
another website altogether? You use hyperlinks, or links for short!
<a href="http://www.codecademy.com">My Favorite Site!</a>
First, there's an opening <a> tag and that tag has an attribute called href. The
href value tells your link where you want it to go, in this case
http://www.codecademy.com.
Then you have a description of your link between your opening <a> and your
closing </a> tags. This is what you will be able to click on.
Finally, you have your closing </a> tag.

Adding images
You can add images to your websites to make them look fancy.We use an image tag, like so: <img>. This tag is a bit different from
the others. Instead of putting the content between the tags, you tell the tag where to get the picture using src. It's also different
because there is no ending tag. It has / in the tag to close it: <img src="url" />.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<img src="http://s3.amazonaws.com/codecademy-blog/assets/f3a16fb6.jpg" />
<img src="https://ssl.gstatic.com/accounts/ui/logo_2x.png" />
</body>
</html>
See the web address (or URL) after src=? It's "http://s3.amazonaws.com/codecademy-blog/assets/f3a16fb6.jpg". That tells the
<img> tag where to get the picture from! Every image on the web has its own image URL. Simply right-click on an image and
choose "Copy image URL." Paste that URL in quotes after src= to insert with your <img> tag.

Click the image


Now you know how to add links and images to your website. Why not make that image a
link? For example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<img src="http://s3.amazonaws.com/codecademy-blog/assets/f3a16fb6.jpg" />
<a href="http://www.codeacademy.com">
<img src="https://ssl.gstatic.com/accounts/ui/logo_2x.png" />
</a>
</body>
</html>
First we open our <a> tag and point the href to http://www.codecademy.com/ again. But this time,
instead of using text inside the <a> tag, we use an <img> tag. Finally, we have our closing </a> tag.

HTML5 Introduction
What is New in HTML5?
The DOCTYPE declaration for HTML5 is very simple:
<!DOCTYPE html>
The character encoding (charset) declaration is also very simple:
<meta charset="UTF-8">

HTML5 Example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title of the document</title>
</head>
<body>
Content of the document......
</body>
</html>

New HTML5 Elements


The most interesting new elements are:
New semantic elements like <header>, <footer>, <article>, and
<section>.
New form control attributes like number, date, time, calendar, and
range.
New graphic elements: <svg> and <canvas>.
New multimedia elements: <audio> and <video>.

HTTP Protokol
The HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol. HyperText is text
with links in it (like this!) and a transfer protocol is a fancy way of
saying "rules for getting something from one place to another."

In this case, the rules are for transferring web pages to your browser.

The Client/Server Relationship


We can use HTTP to grab information from just about any web page
on the Internet. But where do those web pages come from? They
come from other computers on the Internet called servers.
The Internet is full of clients (like you!) who ask for various resources
(web pages, files, and so on), and servers, who store that information
(or know where to get it). When you make an HTTP request, it zips
through the Internet until it finds the server that knows how to fulfill
that request. Then the server sends a response back to you!

Check out our fancy diagram in the editor. This is how clients and servers interact
on the Internet! One server can handle many requests from several clients at once.
//////////
//Server//
/////////
// //////////
\\
// //////////
\\
//
||
\\
//
// || \\
\\
//////////
// || \\
//////////
//Client// //
||
\\
//Client//
////////// //
||
\\
//////////
////////// ////////// //////////
//Client// //Client//
//Client//
////////// ////////// //////////

HTTP Status Messages


When a browser requests a service from a web server, an error might
occur.
This is a list of HTTP status messages that might be returned:

1xx: Information

Message:

Description:

100 Continue

The server has received the request headers, and


the client should proceed to send the request body

101 Switching Protocols

The requester has asked the server to switch


protocols

103 Checkpoint

Used in the resumable requests proposal to resume


aborted PUT or POST requests

2xx: Successful
Message:

Description:

200 OK

The request is OK (this is the standard response for successful HTTP requests)

201 Created

The request has been fulfilled, and a new resource is created

202 Accepted

The request has been accepted for processing, but the processing has not been
completed

203 Non-Authoritative Information

The request has been successfully processed, but is returning information that may be
from another source

204 No Content

The request has been successfully processed, but is not returning any content

205 Reset Content

The request has been successfully processed, but is not returning any content, and
requires that the requester reset the document view

206 Partial Content

The server is delivering only part of the resource due to a range header sent by the
client

3xx: Redirection
Message:

Description:

300 Multiple Choices

A link list. The user can select a link and go to that location.
Maximum five addresses

301 Moved Permanently

The requested page has moved to a new URL

302 Found

The requested page has moved temporarily to a new URL

303 See Other

The requested page can be found under a different URL

304 Not Modified

Indicates the requested page has not been modified since last
requested

306 Switch Proxy

No longer used

307 Temporary Redirect

The requested page has moved temporarily to a new URL

308 Resume Incomplete

Used in the resumable requests proposal to resume aborted


PUT or POST requests

4xx: Client Error


Message:

Description:

400 Bad Request

The request cannot be fulfilled due to bad syntax

401 Unauthorized

The request was a legal request, but the server is refusing to respond to it. For use when authentication is
possible but has failed or not yet been provided

402 Payment Required

Reserved for future use

403 Forbidden

The request was a legal request, but the server is refusing to respond to it

404 Not Found

The requested page could not be found but may be available again in the future

405 Method Not Allowed

A request was made of a page using a request method not supported by that page

406 Not Acceptable

The server can only generate a response that is not accepted by the client

407 Proxy Authentication Required

The client must first authenticate itself with the proxy

408 Request Timeout

The server timed out waiting for the request

409 Conflict

The request could not be completed because of a conflict in the request

410 Gone

The requested page is no longer available

411 Length Required

The "Content-Length" is not defined. The server will not accept the request without it

412 Precondition Failed

The precondition given in the request evaluated to false by the server

413 Request Entity Too Large

The server will not accept the request, because the request entity is too large

414 Request-URI Too Long

The server will not accept the request, because the URL is too long. Occurs when you convert a POST request
to a GET request with a long query information

415 Unsupported Media Type

The server will not accept the request, because the media type is not supported

416 Requested Range Not Satisfiable

The client has asked for a portion of the file, but the server cannot supply that portion

417 Expectation Failed

The server cannot meet the requirements of the Expect request-header field

5xx: Server Error


Message:

Description:

500 Internal Server Error

A generic error message, given when no more specific


message is suitable

501 Not Implemented

The server either does not recognize the request


method, or it lacks the ability to fulfill the request

502 Bad Gateway

The server was acting as a gateway or proxy and


received an invalid response from the upstream
server

503 Service Unavailable

The server is currently unavailable (overloaded or


down)

504 Gateway Timeout

The server was acting as a gateway or proxy and did


not receive a timely response from the upstream
server

505 HTTP Version Not Supported

The server does not support the HTTP protocol


version used in the request

511 Network Authentication


Required

The client needs to authenticate to gain network


access

What is HTTP?
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is designed to enable
communications between clients and servers.
HTTP works as a request-response protocol between a client and
server.
A web browser may be the client, and an application on a computer
that hosts a web site may be the server.
Example: A client (browser) submits an HTTP request to the server;
then the server returns a response to the client. The response
contains status information about the request and may also contain
the requested content.

HTTP Methods: GET vs. POST


Two HTTP Request Methods: GET and POST
Two commonly used methods for a request-response between a
client and server are: GET and POST.
GET - Requests data from a specified resource
POST - Submits data to be processed to a specified resource

https://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/ehchua/program
ming/webprogramming/HTTP_Basics.html

The WEB

Internet (or The Web) is a massive distributed client/server


information system as depicted in the following diagram.

Many applications are running concurrently over the Web, such as


web browsing/surfing, e-mail, file transfer, audio & video streaming,
and so on. In order for proper communication to take place between
the client and the server, these applications must agree on a specific
application-level protocol such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP, POP, and etc.

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is perhaps the most popular


application protocol used in the Internet (or The WEB).
HTTP is an asymmetric request-response client-server protocol as
illustrated. An HTTP client sends a request message to an HTTP
server. The server, in turn, returns a response message. In other
words, HTTP is a pull protocol, the client pulls information from the
server (instead of server pushes information down to the client).

HTTP is a stateless protocol. In other words, the current request does


not know what has been done in the previous requests.
HTTP permits negotiating of data type and representation, so as to
allow systems to be built independently of the data being transferred.
Quoting from the RFC2616: "The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
is an application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative,
hypermedia information systems. It is a generic, stateless, protocol
which can be used for many tasks beyond its use for hypertext, such
as name servers and distributed object management systems,
through extension of its request methods, error codes and headers."

Browser
Whenever you issue a URL from your browser to get a web resource using
HTTP, e.g.
http://www.test101.com/index.html, the browser turns the URL into
a request message and sends it to the HTTP server. The HTTP server interprets
the request message, and returns you an appropriate response message,
which is either the resource you requested or an error message. This process
is illustrated below:

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)


A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is used to uniquely identify a resource over the
web. URL has the following syntax:
protocol://hostname:port/path-and-file-name
There are 4 parts in a URL:
1.Protocol: The application-level protocol used by the client and server, e.g., HTTP, FTP, and telnet.
2.Hostname: The DNS domain name (e.g., www.test101.com) or IP address (e.g., 192.128.1.2) of the server.
3.Port: The TCP port number that the server is listening for incoming requests from the clients.
4.Path-and-file-name: The name and location of the requested resource, under the server document base directory.
For example, in the URL http://www.test101.com/docs/index.html, the communication protocol is HTTP; the hostname
is www.test101.com. The port number was not specified in the URL, and takes on the default number, which is TCP port 80 for
HTTP. The path and file name for the resource to be located is "/docs/index.html".

Other examples of URL are:


ftp://www.ftp.org/docs/test.txt
mailto:[email protected]
telnet://www.test101.com

HTTP Protocol
As mentioned, whenever you enter a URL in the address box of the browser, the browser translates the URL into
a request message according to the specified protocol; and sends the request message to the server.
For example, the browser translated the URL http://www.test101.com/doc/index.html into the following
request message:

GET /docs/index.html HTTP/1.1


Host: www.test101.com
Accept: image/gif, image/jpeg, */*
Accept-Language: en-us
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)
(blank line)

The server:
When this request message reaches the server, the server can take
either one of these actions:
The server interprets the request received, maps the request into
a file under the server's document directory, and returns the file
requested to the client.
The server interprets the request received, maps the request into
a program kept in the server, executes the program, and returns the
output of the program to the client.
The request cannot be satisfied, the server returns an error message.

An example of the HTTP response message is


as shown:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Sun, 18 Oct 2009 08:56:53 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.14 (Win32)
Last-Modified: Sat, 20 Nov 2004 07:16:26 GMT
ETag: "10000000565a5-2c-3e94b66c2e680"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 44
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html
X-Pad: avoid browser bug
<html><body><h1>It works!</h1></body></html>

The browser:
The browser receives the response message, interprets the message and displays the contents of the
message on the browser's window according to the media type of the response (as in the Content-Type
response header).
Common media type include "text/plain", "text/html", "image/gif", "image/jpeg", "audio/mpeg",
"video/mpeg", "application/msword", and "application/pdf".
In its idling state, an HTTP server does nothing but listening to the IP address(es) and port(s) specified in
the configuration for incoming request. When a request arrives, the server analyzes the message header,
applies rules specified in the configuration, and takes the appropriate action. The webmaster's main
control over the action of web server is via the configuration, which will be dealt with in greater details in
the later sections.

HTTP over TCP/IP


HTTP is a client-server application-level protocol. It typically runs over
a TCP/IP connection, as illustrated. (HTTP needs not run on TCP/IP. It
only presumes a reliable transport. Any transport protocols that
provide such guarantees can be used.)

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a set of


transport and network-layer protocols for machines to communicate with
each other over the network.
IP (Internet Protocol) is a network-layer protocol, deals with network
addressing and routing. In an IP network, each machine is assigned an
unique IP address (e.g., 165.1.2.3), and the IP software is responsible for
routing a message from the source IP to the destination IP.
In IPv4 (IP version 4), the IP address consists of 4 bytes, each ranges from 0
to 255, separated by dots, which is called a quad-dotted form. This
numbering scheme supports up to 4G addresses on the network.
The latest IPv6 (IP version 6) supports more addresses. Since memorizing
number is difficult for most of the people, an english-like domain name,
such as www.test101.com is used instead. The DNS (Domain Name
Service) translates the domain name into the IP address (via distributed
lookup tables).
A special IP address 127.0.0.1 always refers to your own machine. It's
domian name is "localhost" and can be used for local loopback testing

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a transport-layer protocol, responsible for


establish a connection between two machines. TCP consists of 2 protocols: TCP and UDP
(User Datagram Package). TCP is reliable, each packet has a sequence number, and an
acknowledgement is expected. A packet will be re-transmitted if it is not received by the
receiver. Packet delivery is guaranteed in TCP. UDP does not guarantee packet delivery,
and is therefore not reliable. However, UDP has less network overhead and can be used
for applications such as video and audio streaming, where reliability is not critical.
TCP multiplexes applications within an IP machine. For each IP machine, TCP supports
(multiplexes) up to 65536 ports (or sockets), from port number 0 to 65535. An
application, such as HTTP or FTP, runs (or listens) at a particular port number for
incoming requests. Port 0 to 1023 are pre-assigned to popular protocols, e.g., HTTP at
80, FTP at 21, Telnet at 23, SMTP at 25, NNTP at 119, and DNS at 53. Port 1024 and
above are available to the users.
Although TCP port 80 is pre-assigned to HTTP, as the default HTTP port number, this does
not prohibit you from running an HTTP server at other user-assigned port number (102465535) such as 8000, 8080, especially for test server. You could also run multiple HTTP
servers in the same machine on different port numbers. When a client issues a URL
without explicitly stating the port number, e.g.,
http://www.test101.com/docs/index.html, the browser will connect to the default port
number 80 of the host www.test101.com. You need to explicitly specify the port number
in the URL, e.g. http://www.test101.com:8000/docs/index.html if the server is listening
at port 8000 and not the default port 80.
In brief, to communicate over TCP/IP, you need to know (a) IP address or hostname, (b)
Port number.

HTTP Specifications
The HTTP specification is maintained by W3C (World-wide Web
Consortium) and available at
http://www.w3.org/standards/techs/http.
There are currently two versions of HTTP, namely, HTTP/1.0 and
HTTP/1.1. The original version, HTTP/0.9 (1991), written by Tim
Berners-Lee, is a simple protocol for transferring raw data across the
Internet. HTTP/1.0 (1996) (defined in RFC 1945), improved the
protocol by allowing MIME-like messages. HTTP/1.0 does not address
the issues of proxies, caching, persistent connection, virtual hosts,
and range download. These features were provided in HTTP/1.1
(1999) (defined in RFC 2616).

Apache HTTP Server or Apache Tomcat Server


A HTTP server (such as Apache HTTP Server or Apache Tomcat Server) is needed
to study the HTTP protocol.
Apache HTTP server is a popular industrial-strength production server, produced
by Apache Software Foundation (ASF) @ www.apache.org. ASF is an open-source
software foundation. That is to say, Apache HTTP server is free, with source code.
The first HTTP server is written by Tim Berners Lee at CERN (European Center for
Nuclear Research) at Geneva, Switzerland, who also invented HTML. Apache was
built on NCSA (National Center for Supercomputing Applications, USA) "httpd 1.3"
server, in early 1995. Apache probably gets its name from the fact that it consists
of some original code (from an earlier NCSA httpd web server) plus some
patches; or from the name of an American Indian tribe.
Read "Apache How-to" on how to install and configuare Apache HTTP server; or
"Tomcat How-to" to install and get started with Apache Tomcat Server.

HTTP Request and Response Messages

HTTP client and server communicate by sending text messages. The


client sends a request message to the server. The server, in turn,
returns a response message.
An HTTP message consists of a message header and an
optional message body, separated by a blank line, as illustrated
below:

HTTP Request Message


The format of an HTTP request message is as follow

Request Line
The first line of the header is called the request line, followed by optional
request headers.
The request line has the following syntax:
Request-method-name request-URI HTTP-version
request-method-name: HTTP protocol defines a set of request methods, e.g.,
GET, POST, HEAD, and OPTIONS. The client can use one of these methods to
send a request to the server.
request-URI: specifies the resource requested.
HTTP-version: Two versions are currently in use: HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1.

Examples of request line are:


GET /test.html HTTP/1.1
HEAD /query.html HTTP/1.0
POST /index.html HTTP/1.1

Request Headers
The request headers are in the form of name:value pairs. Multiple
values, separated by commas, can be specified.
request-header-name: request-header-value1, request-header-value2,
...
Examples of request headers are:
Host: www.xyz.com
Connection: Keep-Alive
Accept: image/gif, image/jpeg, */*
Accept-Language: us-en, fr, cn

The following shows a sample HTTP request


message:

HTTP Response Message


The format of the HTTP response message is as follows

Status Line
The first line is called the status line, followed by optional response
header(s).
The status line has the following syntax:
HTTP-version status-code reason-phrase
HTTP-version: The HTTP version used in this session. Either HTTP/1.0 and
HTTP/1.1.
status-code: a 3-digit number generated by the server to reflect the
outcome of the request.
reason-phrase: gives a short explanation to the status code.
Common status code and reason phrase are "200 OK", "404 Not Found",
"403 Forbidden", "500 Internal Server Error".

Examples of status line are:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
HTTP/1.0 404 Not Found
HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden

Response Headers
The response headers are in the form name:value pairs:
response-header-name: response-header-value1, response-header-value2,
...
Examples of response headers are:
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 35
Connection: Keep-Alive
Keep-Alive: timeout=15, max=100
The response message body contains the resource data requested.

The following shows a sample response message:

HTTP Request Methods


HTTP protocol defines a set of request methods. A client can use one of these request methods to send a
request message to an HTTP server. The methods are:
GET: A client can use the GET request to get a web resource from the server.
HEAD: A client can use the HEAD request to get the header that a GET request would have obtained. Since
the header contains the last-modified date of the data, this can be used to check against the local cache
copy.
POST: Used to post data up to the web server.
PUT: Ask the server to store the data.
DELETE: Ask the server to delete the data.
TRACE: Ask the server to return a diagnostic trace of the actions it takes.
OPTIONS: Ask the server to return the list of request methods it supports.
CONNECT: Used to tell a proxy to make a connection to another host and simply reply the content, without
attempting to parse or cache it. This is often used to make SSL connection through the proxy.
Other extension methods.

"GET" Request Method


GET is the most common HTTP request method. A client can use the
GET request method to request (or "get") for a piece of resource from
an HTTP server. A GET request message takes the following syntax:
GET request-URI HTTP-version
(optional request headers)
(blank line)
(optional request body)

GET request-URI HTTP-version


(optional request headers)
(blank line)
(optional request body)

The keyword GET is case sensitive and must be in uppercase.


request-URI: specifies the path of resource requested, which must begin from the root
"/" of the document base directory.
HTTP-version: Either HTTP/1.0 or HTTP/1.1. This client negotiates the protocol to be used
for the current session. For example, the client may request to use HTTP/1.1. If the
server does not support HTTP/1.1, it may inform the client in the response to use
HTTP/1.0.
The client uses the optional request headers (such as Accept, Accept-Language, and etc)
to negotiate with the server and ask the server to deliver the preferred contents (e.g., in
the language that the client preferred).
GET request message has an optional request body which contains the query string (to
be explained later).

HTTP/1.0 GET Request

The following shows the response of an HTTP/1.0 GET request (issue via telnet or your
own network program - assuming that you have started your HTTP server):
GET /index.html HTTP/1.0
(enter twice to create a blank line)
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Sun, 18 Oct 2009 08:56:53 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.14 (Win32)
Last-Modified: Sat, 20 Nov 2004 07:16:26 GMT
ETag: "10000000565a5-2c-3e94b66c2e680"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 44
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html
X-Pad: avoid browser bug

<html><body><h1>It works!</h1></body></html>
Connection to host lost.

In this example, the client issues a GET request to ask for a document named "/index.html"; and negotiates to use HTTP/1.0
protocol. A blank line is needed after the request header. This request message does not contain a body.
The server receives the request message, interprets and maps the request-URI to a document under its document directory. If the
requested document is available, the server returns the document with a response status code "200 OK". The response headers
provide the necessary description of the document returned, such as the last-modified date (Last-Modified), the MIME type
(Content-Type), and the length of the document (Content-Length). The response body contains the requested document. The
browser will format and display the document according to its media type (e.g., Plain-text, HTML, JPEG, GIF, and etc.) and other
information obtained from the response headers.

Notes:
The request method name "GET" is case sensitive, and must be in uppercase.
If the request method name was incorrectly spelt, the server would return an error message "501 Method Not Implemented".
If the request method name is not allowed, the server will return an error message "405 Method Not Allowed". E.g., DELETE is a
valid method name, but may not be allowed (or implemented) by the server.
If the request-URI does not exist, the server will return an error message "404 Not Found". You have to issue a proper request-URI,
beginning from the document root "/". Otherwise, the server would return an error message "400 Bad Request".
If the HTTP-version is missing or incorrect, the server will return an error message "400 Bad Request".
In HTTP/1.0, by default, the server closes the TCP connection after the response is delivered. If you use telnet to connect to the
server, the message "Connection to host lost" appears immediately after the response body is received. You could use an optional
request header "Connection: Keep-Alive" to request for a persistent (or keep-alive) connection, so that another request can be
sent through the same TCP connection to achieve better network efficiency. On the other hand, HTTP/1.1 uses keep-alive
connection as default.

Response Status Code


The first line of the response message (i.e., the status line) contains the
response status code, which is generated by the server to indicate the
outcome of the request.
The status code is a 3-digit number:
1xx (Informational): Request received, server is continuing the process.
2xx (Success): The request was successfully received, understood, accepted
and serviced.
3xx (Redirection): Further action must be taken in order to complete the
request.
4xx (Client Error): The request contains bad syntax or cannot be
understood.
5xx (Server Error): The server failed to fulfill an apparently valid request.

Some commonly encountered status codes


are:

100 Continue: The server received the request and in the process of giving the response.

200 OK: The request is fulfilled.

301 Move Permanently: The resource requested for has been permanently moved to a new location. The URL of the new location is given in the response header called Location.
The client should issue a new request to the new location. Application should update all references to this new location.

302 Found & Redirect (or Move Temporarily): Same as 301, but the new location is temporarily in nature. The client should issue a new request, but applications need not update
the references.

304 Not Modified: In response to the If-Modified-Since conditional GET request, the server notifies that the resource requested has not been modified.

400 Bad Request: Server could not interpret or understand the request, probably syntax error in the request message.

401 Authentication Required: The requested resource is protected, and require clients credential (username/password). The client should re-submit the request with his
credential (username/password).

403 Forbidden: Server refuses to supply the resource, regardless of identity of client.

404 Not Found: The requested resource cannot be found in the server.

405 Method Not Allowed: The request method used, e.g., POST, PUT, DELETE, is a valid method. However, the server does not allow that method for the resource requested.

408 Request Timeout:

414 Request URI too Large:

500 Internal Server Error: Server is confused, often caused by an error in the server-side program responding to the request.

501 Method Not Implemented: The request method used is invalid (could be caused by a typing error, e.g., "GET" misspell as "Get").

502 Bad Gateway: Proxy or Gateway indicates that it receives a bad response from the upstream server.

503 Service Unavailable: Server cannot response due to overloading or maintenance. The client can try again later.

504 Gateway Timeout: Proxy or Gateway indicates that it receives a timeout from an upstream server.

References
https://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/ehchua/programming/webprogram
ming/HTTP_Basics.html
http://www.jmarshall.com/easy/http/
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/http/
http://www.codecademy.com/courses/javascript-beginner-enxTAfX/0/1
http://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_httpmethods.asp
http://www.codecademy.com/courses/javascript-beginner-enx9DnD/0/1?curriculum_id=506324b3a7dffd00020bf661

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