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Class 30: Outline: Hour 1: Traveling & Standing Waves

This document outlines a class on traveling and standing waves, as well as electromagnetic (EM) waves. The first hour covers traveling and standing waves, including the properties of traveling sine waves and how standing waves form from the interference of two waves traveling in opposite directions. The second hour covers EM waves, including how Maxwell's equations lead to the derivation of the wave equation and the properties of plane EM waves, such as their transverse nature and speed of propagation in a vacuum. Students are assigned group work problems on standing waves and EM standing waves.

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60 views29 pages

Class 30: Outline: Hour 1: Traveling & Standing Waves

This document outlines a class on traveling and standing waves, as well as electromagnetic (EM) waves. The first hour covers traveling and standing waves, including the properties of traveling sine waves and how standing waves form from the interference of two waves traveling in opposite directions. The second hour covers EM waves, including how Maxwell's equations lead to the derivation of the wave equation and the properties of plane EM waves, such as their transverse nature and speed of propagation in a vacuum. Students are assigned group work problems on standing waves and EM standing waves.

Uploaded by

skc123z
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

Class 30: Outline

Hour 1:
Traveling & Standing Waves
Hour 2:
Electromagnetic (EM) Waves

P30- 1

Last Time:
Traveling Waves

P30- 2

Traveling Sine Wave


Now consider f(x) = y = y0sin(kx):
Amplitude (y0)

2
Wavelength ( ) =
wavenumber (k )

x
What is g(x,t) = f(x+vt)? Travels to left at velocity v
y = y0sin(k(x+vt)) = y0sin(kx+kvt)
P30- 3

Traveling Sine Wave


y = y0 sin ( kx + kvt )

At x=0, just a function of time: y = y0 sin( kvt ) y0 sin( t )

Amplitude (y0)

1
Period (T ) =
frequency (f )
2
=
angular frequency ( )

P30- 4

Traveling Sine Wave


i Wavelength:
i Frequency : f
i Wave Number: k =

y = y0 sin(kx t )
2

i Angular Frequency: = 2 f
1 2
i Period: T = =

i Speed of Propagation: v =

=f

k
i Direction of Propagation: + x

P30- 5

This Time:
Standing Waves

P30- 6

Standing Waves
What happens if two waves headed in opposite
directions are allowed to interfere?

E1 = E0 sin(kx t )

E2 = E0 sin(kx + t )

Superposition: E = E1 + E2 = 2 E0 sin( kx) cos( t )

P30- 7

Standing Waves: Who Cares?


Most commonly seen in resonating systems:
Musical Instruments, Microwave Ovens

E = 2 E0 sin(kx) cos( t )

P30- 8

Standing Waves: Bridge

Tacoma Narrows Bridge Oscillation:


http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bridge/tacoma3.html

P30- 9

Group Work: Standing Waves


Do Problem 2

E1 = E0 sin(kx t )

E2 = E0 sin(kx + t )

Superposition: E = E1 + E2 = 2 E0 sin( kx) cos( t )

P30- 10

Last Time:
Maxwells Equations

P30- 11

Maxwells Equations
Qin

E dA =
S

(Gauss's Law)

dB
C E d s = dt

(Faraday's Law)

B dA = 0

(Magnetic Gauss's Law)

dE
C B d s = 0 I enc + 0 0 dt

(Ampere-Maxwell Law)

F = q (E + v B)

(Lorentz force Law)

P30- 12

Which Leads To
EM Waves

P30- 13

Electromagnetic Radiation:
Plane Waves

http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/light/07-EBlight/07-EB_Light_320.html
P30- 14

Traveling E & B Waves


i Wavelength:
i Frequency : f

E sin( kx t )
E=E
0

i Wave Number: k =

i Angular Frequency: = 2 f
1 2
i Period: T = =

i Speed of Propagation: v =

=f

k
i Direction of Propagation: + x

P30- 15

Properties of EM Waves
Travel (through vacuum) with
speed of light

v=c=

m
= 3 10
s
0 0
8

At every point in the wave and any instant of time,


E and B are in phase with one another, with

E E0
=
=c
B B0
E and B fields perpendicular to one another, and to
the direction of propagation (they are transverse):

Direction of propagation = Direction of E B

P30- 16

PRS Questions:
Direction of Propagation

P30- 17

How Do Maxwells Equations


Lead to EM Waves?
Derive Wave Equation

P30- 18

Wave Equation
d
E dA
Start with Ampere-Maxwell Eq: B d s = 0 0

dt
C

P30- 19

Wave Equation
d
E dA
Start with Ampere-Maxwell Eq: B d s = 0 0

dt
C
Apply it to red rectangle:

B d s = B ( x, t )l B ( x + dx, t )l
z

E y

d
0 0 E dA = 0 0 l dx

dt
t

E y
Bz ( x + dx, t ) Bz ( x, t )

= 0 0
t
dx
So in the limit that dx is very small:

E y
Bz

= 0 0
x
t
P30- 20

Wave Equation
Now go to Faradays Law

d
C E d s = dt B dA

P30- 21

Wave Equation
d
C E d s = dt B dA

Faradays Law:
Apply it to red rectangle:

E d s = E ( x + dx, t )l E ( x, t )l
y

Bz
d
B dA = ldx
t
dt
E y ( x + dx, t ) E y ( x, t )
dx

Bz
=
t

So in the limit that dx is very small:

E y

Bz
=
x
t
P30- 22

1D Wave Equation for E


E y

Bz
=
x
t

E y
Bz

= 0 0
x
t

Take x-derivative of 1st and use the 2nd equation

E y

x x

2 Ey

Bz
=
=
2
x t
x

Ey

Bz

=
t x

2 Ey

= 0 0
2
t

Ey
2

= 0 0

2
P30- 23

1D Wave Equation for E

Ey
2

Ey
2

= 0 0

This is an equation for a wave. Let:

Ey
2

x
2 Ey
2

= f '' ( x vt )
= v f '' ( x vt )

E y = f ( x vt )

v =
2

0 0
P30- 24

1D Wave Equation for B


E y
Bz
=
t
x

E y
Bz
= 0 0
x
t

Take x-derivative of 1st and use the 2nd equation

Bz Bz E y

= 2 =
t t t
t x
2

E y
=
x t

1 Bz
=
2

0 0

Bz
Bz
=

0 0
2
2
x
t
2

P30- 25

Electromagnetic Radiation
Both E & B travel like waves:

Ey
2

Ey
2

= 0 0

Bz
Bz

=
0
0
2
2
x
t
2

But there are strict relations between them:

E y
Bz
=
t
x

E y
Bz
= 0 0
x
t

Here, Ey and Bz are the same, traveling along x axis


P30- 26

Amplitudes of E & B
Let E y = E0 f ( x vt ) ; Bz = B0 f ( x vt )
E y
Bz
=
vB0 f ' ( x vt ) = E0 f ' ( x vt )
t
x

vB0 = E0
Ey and Bz are the same, just different amplitudes
P30- 27

Group Problem:
EM Standing Waves
Consider EM Wave approaching a perfect conductor:

0 cos(kz t )
Eincident = xE

If the conductor fills the XY plane at Z=0 then the


wave will reflect and add to the incident wave
1. What must the total E field (Einc+Eref) at Z=0 be?
2. What is Ereflected for this to be the case?
3. What are the accompanying B fields? (Binc & Bref)
4. What are Etotal and Btotal? What is B(Z=0)?
5. What current must exist at Z=0 to reflect the
wave? Give magnitude and direction.

Recall: cos ( A + B ) = cos ( A ) cos ( B ) sin ( A ) sin ( B )

P30- 28

Next Time: How Do We


Generate Plane Waves?

http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/light/09-planewaveapp/09planewaveapp320.html
P30- 29

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