Harold Pinter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Harold Pinter
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Harold Pinter, CH, CBE (/pntr/; 10 October 1930 24 December 2008) was a Nobel Prize-winning
English playwright, screenwriter, director and actor. One of the most influential modern British dramatists,
his writing career spanned more than 50 years. His best-known plays include The Birthday Party (1957),
The Homecoming (1964), and Betrayal (1978), each of which he adapted for the screen. His screenplay
adaptations of others' works include The Servant (1963), The Go-Between (1971), The French Lieutenant's
Woman (1981), The Trial (1993), and Sleuth (2007). He also directed or acted in radio, stage, television,
and film productions of his own and others' works.
Pinter was born and raised in Hackney, east London, and educated at Hackney Downs School. He was a
sprinter and a keen cricket player, acting in school plays and writing poetry. He attended the Royal
Academy of Dramatic Art but did not complete the course. He was fined for refusing National Service as a
conscientious objector. Subsequently, he continued training at the Central School of Speech and Drama
and worked in repertory theatre in Ireland and England. In 1956 he married actress Vivien Merchant and
had a son, Daniel born in 1958. He left Merchant in 1975 and married author Lady Antonia Fraser in
1980.
Pinter's career as a playwright began with a production of The Room in 1957. His second play, The
Birthday Party, closed after eight performances, but was enthusiastically reviewed by critic Harold
Hobson. His early works were described by critics as "comedy of menace". Later plays such as No Man's
Land (1975) and Betrayal (1978) became known as "memory plays". He appeared as an actor in
productions of his own work on radio and film. He also undertook a number of roles in works by other
writers. He directed nearly 50 productions for stage, theatre and screen. Pinter received over 50 awards,
prizes, and other honours, including the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2005 and the French Lgion
d'honneur in 2007.

Harold Pinter

Pinter in December 2005

Born

10 October 1930
Hackney, London, England

Died

24 December 2008 (aged 78)

London, England, United Kingdom

Occupation Playwright, screenwriter, actor,

theatre director, poet
Nationality

British

Period

19472008

Notable
awards

Companion of Honour (2002)

Nobel Prize in Literature
(2005)
Lgion d'honneur (2007)
David Cohen Prize (1995)

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Despite frail health after being diagnosed with oesophageal cancer in December 2001, Pinter continued to
act on stage and screen, last performing the title role of Samuel Beckett's one-act monologue Krapp's Last
Tape, for the 50th anniversary season of the Royal Court Theatre, in October 2006. He died from liver
cancer on 24 December 2008.

Contents
1 Biography
1.1 Early life and education
1.2 Sport and friendship
1.3 Early theatrical training and stage experience
1.4 Marriages and family life
1.5 Civic activities and political activism
2 Career
2.1 As actor
2.2 As director
2.3 As playwright
2.3.1 "Comedies of menace" (19571968)
2.3.1.1 The Room and The Birthday Party (1957)
2.3.1.2 The Hothouse (1958/1980), The Dumb Waiter (1959), The Caretaker
(1959), and other early plays
2.3.2 "Memory plays" (19681982)
2.3.3 Overtly political plays and sketches (19802000)
2.4 As screenwriter
2.5 20012008
3 Posthumous events
3.1 Funeral
3.2 Memorial tributes
3.3 Being Harold Pinter
3.4 The Harold Pinter Theatre, London
4 Honours
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Laurence Olivier Award

(1996)
Spouse

Vivien Merchant (19561980;

divorced)
Lady Antonia Fraser (1980
2008; his death)

Children

One son with Merchant,

six stepchildren with Fraser

Signature
Harold Pinter's voice
from the BBC programme Front Row
Interviews, 26 December 2008.[1]

Website
www.haroldpinter.org (http://www.haroldpinter.org)
Literature portal

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4.1 Nobel Prize and Nobel Lecture

4.2 Lgion d'honneur
5 Scholarly response
6 Pinter research collections
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Notes
8.2 Works cited
8.3 Further reading
9 External links

Biography
Early life and education
Pinter was born on 10 October 1930, in Hackney, east London, the only child of English parents of Jewish Eastern European ancestry: his father, Hyman
"Jack" Pinter (19021997) was a ladies' tailor; his mother, Frances (ne Moskowitz; 19041992), a housewife.[2][3] Pinter believed an aunt's erroneous view
that the family was Sephardic and had fled the Spanish Inquisition; thus, for his early poems, Pinter used the pseudonym Pinta and at other times used
variations such as da Pinto.[4] Later research by Lady Antonia Fraser, Pinter's second wife, revealed the legend to be apocryphal; three of Pinter's
grandparents came from Poland and the fourth from Odessa, so the family was Ashkenazic.[4][5][6]
Pinter's family home in London is described by his official biographer Michael Billington as "a solid, red-brick, three-storey villa just off the noisy, bustling,
traffic-ridden thoroughfare of the Lower Clapton Road".[7] In 1940 and 1941, after the Blitz, Pinter was evacuated from their house in London to Cornwall
and Reading.[7] Billington states that the "life-and-death intensity of daily experience" before and during the Blitz left Pinter with profound memories "of
loneliness, bewilderment, separation and loss: themes that are in all his works."[8]
Pinter discovered his social potential as a student at Hackney Downs School, a London grammar school, between 1944 and 1948. "Partly through the school
and partly through the social life of Hackney Boys' Club ... he formed an almost sacerdotal belief in the power of male friendship. The friends he made in
those daysmost particularly Henry Woolf, Michael (Mick) Goldstein and Morris (Moishe) Wernickhave always been a vital part of the emotional
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texture of his life."[6][9] A major influence on Pinter was his inspirational English teacher Joseph Brearley, who directed him in school plays and with whom
he took long walks, talking about literature.[10] According to Billington, under Brearley's instruction, "Pinter shone at English, wrote for the school magazine
and discovered a gift for acting."[11][12] In 1947 and 1948, he played Romeo and Macbeth in productions directed by Brearley.[13]
At the age of 12, Pinter began writing poetry, and in spring 1947, his poetry was first published in the Hackney Downs School Magazine.[14] In 1950, his
poetry was first published outside of the school magazine in Poetry London, some of it under the pseudonym "Harold Pinta".[15][16]

Sport and friendship

Pinter enjoyed running and broke the Hackney Downs School sprinting record.[17][18] He was a cricket enthusiast, taking his bat with him when evacuated
during the Blitz.[19] In 1971 he told Mel Gussow: "one of my main obsessions in life is the game of cricketI play and watch and read about it all the
time."[20] He was chairman of the Gaieties Cricket Club, a supporter of Yorkshire Cricket Club,[21] and devoted a section of his official website to the
sport.[22] One wall of his study was dominated by a portrait of himself as a young man playing cricket, which was described by Sarah Lyall, writing in The
New York Times: "The painted Mr. Pinter, poised to swing his bat, has a wicked glint in his eye; testosterone all but flies off the canvas."[23][24] Pinter
approved of the "urban and exacting idea of cricket as a bold theatre of aggression."[25] After his death, several of his school contemporaries recalled his
achievements in sports, especially cricket and running.[26] The BBC Radio 4 memorial tribute included an essay on Pinter and cricket.[27]
Other interests that Pinter mentioned to interviewers are family, love and sex, drinking, writing, and reading.[28] According to Billington, "If the notion of
male loyalty, competitive rivalry and fear of betrayal forms a constant thread in Pinter's work from The Dwarfs onwards, its origins can be found in his
teenage Hackney years. Pinter adores women, enjoys flirting with them, worships their resilience and strength. But, in his early work especially, they are
often seen as disruptive influences on some pure and Platonic ideal of male friendship: one of the most crucial of all Pinter's lost Edens."[6][29]

Early theatrical training and stage experience

Beginning in late 1948, Pinter attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art for two terms, but hating the school, missed most of his classes, feigned a
nervous breakdown, and dropped out in 1949.[30] In 1948 he was called up for National Service. He registered as a conscientious objector, was brought to
trial twice, and was ultimately fined for refusing to serve.[31] He had a small part in the Christmas pantomime Dick Whittington and His Cat at the
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Chesterfield Hippodrome in 1949 to 1950.[32] From January to July 1951, he attended the Central School of Speech and Drama.[33]
From 1951 to 1952, he toured Ireland with the Anew McMaster repertory company, playing over a dozen roles.[34] In 1952 he began acting in regional
English repertory productions; from 1953 to 1954, he worked for the Donald Wolfit Company, at the King's Theatre, Hammersmith, performing eight
roles.[35][36] From 1954 until 1959, Pinter acted under the stage name David Baron.[37][38] In all, Pinter played over 20 roles under that name.[38][39] To
supplement his income from acting, Pinter worked as a waiter, a postman, a bouncer, and a snow-clearer, meanwhile, according to Mark Batty, "harbouring
ambitions as a poet and writer."[40] In October 1989 Pinter recalled: "I was in English rep as an actor for about 12 years. My favourite roles were
undoubtedly the sinister ones. They're something to get your teeth into."[41] During that period, he also performed occasional roles in his own and others'
works for radio, TV, and film, as he continued to do throughout his career.[38][42]

Marriages and family life

From 1956 until 1980, Pinter was married to Vivien Merchant, an actress whom he met on tour,[43] perhaps best known for her performance in the 1966 film
Alfie. Their son, Daniel, was born in 1958.[44] Through the early 1970s, Merchant appeared in many of Pinter's works, including The Homecoming on stage
(1965) and screen (1973), but the marriage was turbulent.[45] For seven years, from 1962 to 1969, Pinter was engaged in a clandestine affair with BBC-TV
presenter and journalist Joan Bakewell, which inspired his 1978 play Betrayal,[46] and also throughout that period and beyond he had an affair with an
American socialite, whom he nicknamed "Cleopatra". This relationship was another secret he kept from both his wife and Bakewell.[47] Initially, Betrayal
was thought to be a response to his later affair with historian Antonia Fraser, the wife of Hugh Fraser, and Pinter's "marital crack-up".[48]
Pinter and Merchant had both met Fraser in 1969, when all three worked together on a National Gallery programme about Mary, Queen of Scots; several
years later, on 89 January 1975, Pinter and Fraser became romantically involved.[49] That meeting initiated their five-year extramarital love affair.[50][51]
After hiding the relationship from Merchant for two and a half months, on 21 March 1975, Pinter finally told her "I've met somebody".[52] After that, "Life
in Hanover Terrace gradually became impossible", and Pinter moved out of their house on 28 April 1975, five days after the premire of No Man's
Land.[53][54]

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In mid-August 1977, after Pinter and Fraser had spent two years living in borrowed and rented quarters, they moved
into her former family home in Holland Park,[55] where Pinter began writing Betrayal.[48] He reworked it later, while
on holiday at the Grand Hotel, in Eastbourne, in early January 1978.[56] After the Frasers' divorce had become final
in 1977 and the Pinters' in 1980, Pinter married Fraser on 27 November 1980.[57] Because of a two-week delay in
Merchant's signing the divorce papers, however, the reception had to precede the actual ceremony, originally
scheduled to occur on his 50th birthday.[58] Vivien Merchant died of acute alcoholism in the first week of October
1982, at the age of 53.[59][60] Billington writes that Pinter "did everything possible to support" her and regretted that
he ultimately became estranged from their son, Daniel, after their separation, Pinter's remarriage, and Merchant's
death.[61]
A reclusive gifted musician and writer, Daniel changed his surname from Pinter to Brand, the maiden name of his
maternal grandmother,[62] before Pinter and Fraser became romantically involved; while according to Fraser, his
father couldn't understand it, she says that she could: "Pinter is such a distinctive name that he must have got tired of
being asked, 'Any relation?' "[63] Michael Billington wrote that Pinter saw Daniel's name change as "a largely
pragmatic move on Daniel's part designed to keep the press ... at bay."[64] Fraser told Billington that Daniel "was very
nice to me at a time when it would have been only too easy for him to have turned on me ... simply because he had

Pinter's house in Worthing, 1962-64

been the sole focus of his father's love and now manifestly wasn't."[64] Still unreconciled at the time of his father's death, Daniel Brand did not attend Pinter's
funeral.[65]
Billington observes that "The break-up with Vivien and the new life with Antonia was to have a profound effect on Pinter's personality and his work,"
though he adds that Fraser herself did not claim to have influence over Pinter or his writing.[62] In her own contemporaneous diary entry dated 15 January
1993, Fraser described herself more as Pinter's literary midwife.[66] Indeed, she told Billington that "other people [such as Peggy Ashcroft, among others]
had a shaping influence on [Pinter's] politics" and attributed changes in his writing and political views to a change from "an unhappy, complicated personal
life ... to a happy, uncomplicated personal life", so that "a side of Harold which had always been there was somehow released. I think you can see that in his
work after No Man's Land [1975], which was a very bleak play."[62]

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Pinter was content in his second marriage and enjoyed family life with his six adult stepchildren and 17 step-grandchildren.[67] Even after battling cancer for
several years, he considered himself "a very lucky man in every respect".[68] Sarah Lyall notes in her 2007 interview with Pinter in The New York Times that
his "latest work, a slim pamphlet called "Six Poems for A.," comprises poems written over 32 years, with "A" of course being Lady Antonia. The first of the
poems was written in Paris, where she and Mr. Pinter traveled soon after they met. More than three decades later the two are rarely apart, and Mr. Pinter
turns soft, even cozy, when he talks about his wife."[23] In that interview Pinter "acknowledged that his playsfull of infidelity, cruelty, inhumanity, the lot
seem at odds with his domestic contentment. 'How can you write a happy play?' he said. 'Drama is about conflict and degrees of perturbation, disarray. I've
never been able to write a happy play, but I've been able to enjoy a happy life.' "[23] After his death, Fraser told The Guardian: "He was a great man, and it
was a privilege to live with him for over 33 years. He will never be forgotten."[69][70]

Civic activities and political activism

In 194849, when he was 18, Pinter opposed the politics of the Cold War, leading to his decision to become a conscientious objector and to refuse to comply
with National Service in the British military. However, he told interviewers that, if he had been old enough at the time, he would have fought against the
Nazis in World War II.[71] He seemed to express ambivalence, both indifference and hostility, towards political structures and politicians in his Fall 1966
Paris Review interview conducted by Lawrence M. Bensky.[72] Yet, he had been an early member of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and also had
supported the British Anti-Apartheid Movement (19591994), participating in British artists' refusal to permit professional productions of their work in
South Africa in 1963 and in subsequent related campaigns.[73][74][75] In "A Play and Its Politics", a 1985 interview with Nicholas Hern, Pinter described his
earlier plays retrospectively from the perspective of the politics of power and the dynamics of oppression.[76]
In his last 25 years, Pinter increasingly focused his essays, interviews and public appearances directly on political issues. He was an officer in International
PEN, travelling with American playwright Arthur Miller to Turkey in 1985 on a mission co-sponsored with a Helsinki Watch committee to investigate and
protest against the torture of imprisoned writers. There he met victims of political oppression and their families. Pinter's experiences in Turkey and his
knowledge of the Turkish suppression of the Kurdish language inspired his 1988 play Mountain Language.[77] He was also an active member of the Cuba
Solidarity Campaign, an organisation that "campaigns in the UK against the US blockade of Cuba".[78] In 2001 Pinter joined the International Committee to
Defend Slobodan Miloevi (ICDSM), which appealed for a fair trial and for the freedom of Slobodan Miloevi, signing a related "Artists' Appeal for
Miloevi" in 2004.[79]

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Pinter strongly opposed the 1991 Gulf War, the 1999 NATO bombing campaign in Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War, the United States' 2001 War in
Afghanistan, and the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. Among his provocative political statements, Pinter called Prime Minister Tony Blair a "deluded idiot" and
compared the administration of President George W. Bush to Nazi Germany.[79][80] He stated that the United States "was charging towards world
domination while the American public and Britain's 'mass-murdering' prime minister sat back and watched."[80] He was very active in the antiwar movement
in the United Kingdom, speaking at rallies held by the Stop the War Coalition[81] and frequently criticising American aggression, as when he asked
rhetorically, in his acceptance speech for the Wilfred Owen Award for Poetry on 18 March 2007: "What would Wilfred Owen make of the invasion of Iraq?
A bandit act, an act of blatant state terrorism, demonstrating absolute contempt for the conception of international law."[82][83][84]
Harold Pinter earned a reputation for being notoriously pugnacious, enigmatic, taciturn, terse, prickly, explosive and forbidding.[85] Pinter's blunt political
statements, and the award of the Nobel Prize in Literature, elicited strong criticism and even, at times, provoked ridicule and personal attacks.[86] The
historian Geoffrey Alderman, author of the official history of Hackney Downs School, expressed his own "Jewish View" of Harold Pinter: "Whatever his
merit as a writer, actor and director, on an ethical plane Harold Pinter seems to me to have been intensely flawed, and his moral compass deeply
fractured."[87] David Edgar, writing in The Guardian, defended Pinter against what he termed Pinter's "being berated by the belligerati" like Johann Hari,
who felt that he did not "deserve" to win the Nobel Prize.[88][89] Later Pinter continued to campaign against the Iraq War and on behalf of other political
causes that he supported. As Alderman points out, for example, Pinter signed the mission statement of Jews for Justice for Palestinians in 2005 and its fullpage advertisement, "What Is Israel Doing? A Call by Jews in Britain", published in The Times on 6 July 2006,[87] and he was a patron of the Palestine
Festival of Literature.

Career
As actor
Pinter's acting career spanned over 50 years and, although he often played villains, included a wide range of roles on stage and in radio, film, and
television.[35][90] In addition to roles in radio and television adaptations of his own plays and dramatic sketches, early in his screenwriting career he made
several cameo appearances in films based on his own screenplays; for example, as a society man in The Servant (1963) and as Mr. Bell in Accident (1967),
both directed by Joseph Losey; and as a bookshop customer in his later film Turtle Diary (1985), starring Michael Gambon, Glenda Jackson, and Ben
Kingsley.[35]
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Pinter's notable film and television roles included the corrupt lawyer Saul Abrahams, opposite Peter O'Toole, in BBC TV's Rogue Male (1976), a remake of
the 1941 film noir Man Hunt, released on DVD in 2002; and a drunk Irish journalist in Langrishe, Go Down (starring Judi Dench and Jeremy Irons)
distributed on BBC Two in 1978[90] and released in movie theatres in 2002.[91] Pinter's later film roles included the criminal Sam Ross in Mojo (1997),
written and directed by Jez Butterworth, based on Butterworth's play of the same name; Sir Thomas Bertram (his most substantial feature-film role) in
Mansfield Park (1998), a character that Pinter described as "a very civilised man ... a man of great sensibility but in fact, he's upholding and sustaining a
totally brutal system [the slave trade] from which he derives his money"; and Uncle Benny, opposite Pierce Brosnan and Geoffrey Rush, in The Tailor of
Panama (2001).[35] In television films, he played Mr. Bearing, the father of ovarian cancer patient Vivian Bearing, played by Emma Thompson in Mike
Nichols's HBO film of the Pulitzer Prize-winning play Wit (2001); and the Director opposite John Gielgud (Gielgud's last role) and Rebecca Pidgeon in
Catastrophe, by Samuel Beckett, directed by David Mamet as part of Beckett On Film (2001).[35][90]

As director
Pinter began to direct more frequently during the 1970s, becoming an associate director of the National Theatre (NT) in 1973.[92] He directed almost 50
productions of his own and others' plays for stage, film, and television, including 10 productions of works by Simon Gray: the stage and/or film premires of
Butley (stage, 1971; film, 1974), Otherwise Engaged (1975), The Rear Column (stage, 1978; TV, 1980), Close of Play (NT, 1979), Quartermaine's Terms
(1981), Life Support (1997), The Late Middle Classes (1999), and The Old Masters (2004).[43] Several of those productions starred Alan Bates (19342003),
who originated the stage and screen roles of not only Butley but also Mick in Pinter's first major commercial success, The Caretaker (stage, 1960; film,
1964); and in Pinter's double-bill produced at the Lyric Hammersmith in 1984, he played Nicolas in One for the Road and the cab driver in Victoria
Station.[93] Among over 35 plays that Pinter directed were Next of Kin (1974), by John Hopkins; Blithe Spirit (1976) by Nol Coward;, The Innocents (1976)
by William Archibald; Circe and Bravo (1986), by Donald Freed; Taking Sides (1995), by Ronald Harwood; and Twelve Angry Men (1996), by Reginald
Rose.[92][94]

As playwright
Pinter was the author of 29 plays and 15 dramatic sketches and the co-author of two works for stage and radio.[95] He was considered to have been one of
the most influential modern British dramatists,[96][97] Along with the 1967 Tony Award for Best Play for The Homecoming and several other American
awards and award nominations, he and his plays received many awards in the UK and elsewhere throughout the world.[98] His style has entered the English
language as an adjective, "Pinteresque", although Pinter himself disliked the term and found it meaningless.[99]
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"Comedies of menace" (19571968)

The Room and The Birthday Party (1957)

Pinter's first play, The Room, written and first performed in 1957, was a student production at the University of Bristol, directed by his good friend, actor
Henry Woolf, who also originated the role of Mr. Kidd (which he reprised in 2001 and 2007).[95] After Pinter mentioned that he had an idea for a play,
Woolf asked him to write it so that he could direct it to fulfill a requirement for his postgraduate work. Pinter wrote it in three days.[100] The production was
described by Billington as "a staggeringly confident debut which attracted the attention of a young producer, Michael Codron, who decided to present
Pinter's next play, The Birthday Party, at the Lyric Hammersmith, in 1958."[101]
Written in 1957 and produced in 1958, Pinter's second play, The Birthday Party, one of his best-known works, was initially both a commercial and critical
disaster, despite an enthusiastic review in The Sunday Times by its influential drama critic Harold Hobson,[102] which appeared only after the production had
closed and could not be reprieved.[101][103] Critical accounts often quote Hobson:
I am well aware that Mr Pinter[']s play received extremely bad notices last Tuesday morning. At the moment I write these [words] it is
uncertain even whether the play will still be in the bill by the time they appear, though it is probable it will soon be seen elsewhere.
Deliberately, I am willing to risk whatever reputation I have as a judge of plays by saying that The Birthday Party is not a Fourth, not
even a Second, but a First [as in Class Honours]; and that Pinter, on the evidence of his work, possesses the most original, disturbing and
arresting talent in theatrical London ... Mr Pinter and The Birthday Party, despite their experiences last week, will be heard of again.
Make a note of their names.
Pinter himself and later critics generally credited Hobson as bolstering him and perhaps even rescuing his career.[104]
In a review published in 1958, borrowing from the subtitle of The Lunatic View: A Comedy of Menace, a play by David Campton, critic Irving Wardle called
Pinter's early plays "comedy of menace"a label that people have applied repeatedly to his work.[105] Such plays begin with an apparently innocent
situation that becomes both threatening and "absurd" as Pinter's characters behave in ways often perceived as inexplicable by his audiences and one another.
Pinter acknowledges the influence of Samuel Beckett, particularly on his early work; they became friends, sending each other drafts of their works in
progress for comments.[99][106]
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The Hothouse (1958/1980), The Dumb Waiter (1959), The Caretaker (1959), and other early plays

Pinter wrote The Hothouse in 1958, which he shelved for over 20 years (See "Overtly political plays and sketches" below). Next he wrote The Dumb Waiter
(1959), which premired in Germany and was then produced in a double bill with The Room at the Hampstead Theatre Club, in London, in 1960.[95] It was
then not produced often until the 1980s, and it has been revived more frequently since 2000, including the West End Trafalgar Studios production in 2007.
The first production of The Caretaker, at the Arts Theatre Club, in London, in 1960, established Pinter's theatrical reputation.[107] The play transferred to the
Duchess Theatre in May 1960 and ran for 444 performances,[108] receiving an Evening Standard Award for best play of 1960.[109] Large radio and television
audiences for his one-act play A Night Out, along with the popularity of his revue sketches, propelled him to further critical attention.[110] In 1964, The
Birthday Party was revived both on television (with Pinter himself in the role of Goldberg) and on stage (directed by Pinter at the Aldwych Theatre) and was
well received.[111]
By the time Peter Hall's London production of The Homecoming (1964) reached Broadway in 1967, Pinter had become a celebrity playwright, and the play
garnered four Tony Awards, among other awards.[112] During this period, Pinter also wrote the radio play A Slight Ache, first broadcast on the BBC Third
Programme in 1959 and then adapted to the stage and performed at the Arts Theatre Club in 1961. A Night Out (1960) was broadcast to a large audience on
Associated British Corporation's television show Armchair Theatre, after being transmitted on BBC Radio 3, also in 1960. His play Night School was first
televised in 1960 on Associated Rediffusion. The Collection premired at the Aldwych Theatre in 1962, and The Dwarfs, adapted from Pinter's then
unpublished novel of the same title, was first broadcast on radio in 1960, then adapted for the stage (also at the Arts Theatre Club) in a double bill with The
Lover, which was then televised on Associated Rediffusion in 1963; and Tea Party, a play that Pinter developed from his 1963 short story, first broadcast on
BBC TV in 1965.[95]
Working as both a screenwriter and as a playwright, Pinter composed a script called The Compartment (1966), for a trilogy of films to be contributed by
Samuel Beckett, Eugne Ionesco, and Pinter, of which only Beckett's film, titled Film, was actually produced. Then Pinter turned his unfilmed script into a
television play, which was produced as The Basement, both on BBC 2 and also on stage in 1968.[113]
"Memory plays" (19681982)
From the late 1960s through the early 1980s, Pinter wrote a series of plays and sketches that explore complex ambiguities, elegiac mysteries, comic vagaries,
and other "quicksand-like" characteristics of memory and which critics sometimes classify as Pinter's "memory plays".[114] These include Landscape (1968),
Silence (1969), Night (1969), Old Times (1971), No Man's Land (1975), The Proust Screenplay (1977), Betrayal (1978), Family Voices (1981), Victoria
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Station (1982), and A Kind of Alaska (1982). Some of Pinter's later plays, including Party Time (1991), Moonlight (1993), Ashes to Ashes (1996), and
Celebration (2000) draw upon some features of his "memory" dramaturgy in their focus on the past in the present, but they have personal and political
resonances and other tonal differences from these earlier memory plays.[114][115]
Overtly political plays and sketches (19802000)
Following a three-year period of creative drought in the early 1980s after his marriage to Antonia Fraser and the death of Vivien Merchant,[116] Pinter's plays
tended to become shorter and more overtly political, serving as critiques of oppression, torture, and other abuses of human rights,[117] linked by the apparent
"invulnerability of power."[118] Just before this hiatus, in 1979, Pinter re-discovered his manuscript of The Hothouse, which he had written in 1958 but had
set aside; he revised it and then directed its first production himself at Hampstead Theatre in London, in 1980.[119] Like his plays of the 1980s, The Hothouse
concerns authoritarianism and the abuses of power politics, but it is also a comedy, like his earlier comedies of menace. Pinter played the major role of Roote
in a 1995 revival at the Minerva Theatre, Chichester.[120]
Pinter's brief dramatic sketch Precisely (1983) is a duologue between two bureaucrats exploring the absurd power politics of mutual nuclear annihilation and
deterrence. His first overtly political one-act play is One for the Road (1984). In 1985 Pinter stated that whereas his earlier plays presented metaphors for
power and powerlessness, the later ones present literal realities of power and its abuse.[121] Pinter's "political theater dramatizes the interplay and conflict of
the opposing poles of involvement and disengagement."[122] Mountain Language (1988) is about the Turkish suppression of the Kurdish language.[77] The
dramatic sketch The New World Order (1991) provides what Robert Cushman, writing in The Independent described as "10 nerve wracking minutes" of two
men threatening to torture a third man who is blindfolded, gagged and bound in a chair; Pinter directed the British premire at the Royal Court Theatre
Upstairs, where it opened on 9 July 1991, and the production then transferred to Washington, D.C., where it was revived in 1994.[123] Pinter's longer
political satire Party Time (1991) premired at the Almeida Theatre in London, in a double-bill with Mountain Language. Pinter adapted it as a screenplay
for television in 1992, directing that production, first broadcast in the UK on Channel 4 on 17 November 1992.[124]
Intertwining political and personal concerns, his next full-length plays, Moonlight (1993) and Ashes to Ashes (1996) are set in domestic households and
focus on dying and death; in their personal conversations in Ashes to Ashes, Devlin and Rebecca allude to unspecified atrocities relating to the
Holocaust.[125] After experiencing the deaths of first his mother (1992) and then his father (1997), again merging the personal and the political, Pinter wrote
the poems "Death" (1997) and "The Disappeared" (1998).

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Pinter's last stage play, Celebration (2000), is a social satire set in an opulent restaurant, which lampoons The Ivy, a fashionable venue in London's West End
theatre district, and its patrons who "have just come from performances of either the ballet or the opera. Not that they can remember a darn thing about what
they saw, including the titles. [These] gilded, foul-mouthed souls are just as myopic when it comes to their own table mates (and for that matter, their food),
with conversations that usually connect only on the surface, if there."[126] On its surface the play may appear to have fewer overtly political resonances than
some of the plays from the 1980s and 1990s; but its central male characters, brothers named Lambert and Matt, are members of the elite (like the men in
charge in Party Time), who describe themselves as "peaceful strategy consultants [because] we don't carry guns."[127] At the next table, Russell, a banker,
describes himself as a "totally disordered personality ... a psychopath,"[128] while Lambert "vows to be reincarnated as '[a] more civilised, [a] gentler person,
[a] nicer person'."[129][130] These characters' deceptively smooth exteriors mask their extreme viciousness. Celebration evokes familiar Pinteresque political
contexts: "The ritzy loudmouths in 'Celebration' ... and the quieter working-class mumblers of 'The Room' ... have everything in common beneath the
surface".[126] "Money remains in the service of entrenched power, and the brothers in the play are 'strategy consultants' whose jobs involve force and
violence ... It is tempting but inaccurate to equate the comic power inversions of the social behavior in Celebration with lasting change in larger political
structures", according to Grimes, for whom the play indicates Pinter's pessimism about the possibility of changing the status quo.[131] Yet, as the Waiter's
often comically unbelievable reminiscences about his grandfather demonstrate in Celebration, Pinter's final stage plays also extend some expressionistic
aspects of his earlier "memory plays", while harking back to his "comedies of menace", as illustrated in the characters and in the Waiter's final speech:
My grandfather introduced me to the mystery of life and I'm still in the middle of it. I can't find the door to get out. My grandfather got out of it.
He got right out of it. He left it behind him and he didn't look back. He got that absolutely right. And I'd like to make one further interjection.
He stands still. Slow fade.[132]
During 20002001, there were also simultaneous productions of Remembrance of Things Past, Pinter's stage adaptation of his unpublished Proust
Screenplay, written in collaboration with and directed by Di Trevis, at the Royal National Theatre, and a revival of The Caretaker directed by Patrick Marber
and starring Michael Gambon, Rupert Graves, and Douglas Hodge, at the Comedy Theatre.[95]
Like Celebration, Pinter's penultimate sketch, Press Conference (2002), "invokes both torture and the fragile, circumscribed existence of dissent".[133] In its
premire in the National Theatre's two-part production of Sketches, despite undergoing chemotherapy at the time, Pinter played the ruthless Minister willing
to murder little children for the benefit of "The State".[134]

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As screenwriter
Pinter composed 27 screenplays and film scripts for cinema and television, many of which were filmed, or adapted as stage plays.[135] His fame as a
screenwriter began with his three screenplays written for films directed by Joseph Losey, leading to their close friendship: The Servant (1963), based on the
novel by Robin Maugham; Accident (1967), adapted from the novel by Nicholas Mosley; and The Go-Between (1971), based on the novel by L. P.
Hartley.[136] Films based on Pinter's adaptations of his own stage plays are: The Caretaker (1963), directed by Clive Donner; The Birthday Party (1968),
directed by William Friedkin; The Homecoming (1973), directed by Peter Hall; and Betrayal (1983), directed by David Jones.
Pinter also adapted other writers' novels to screenplays, including The Pumpkin Eater (1964), based on the novel by Penelope Mortimer, directed by Jack
Clayton; The Quiller Memorandum (1966), from the 1965 spy novel The Berlin Memorandum, by Elleston Trevor, directed by Michael Anderson; The Last
Tycoon (1976), from the unfinished novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald, directed by Elia Kazan; The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981), from the novel by John
Fowles, directed by Karel Reisz; Turtle Diary (1985), based on the novel by Russell Hoban; The Heat of the Day (1988), a television film, from the 1949
novel by Elizabeth Bowen; The Comfort of Strangers (1990), from the novel by Ian McEwan, directed by Paul Schrader; and The Trial (1993), from the
novel by Franz Kafka, directed by David Jones.[137]
His commissioned screenplays of others' works for the films The Handmaid's Tale (1990), The Remains of the Day (1990), and Lolita (1997), remain
unpublished and in the case of the latter two films, uncredited, though several scenes from or aspects of his scripts were used in these finished films.[138] His
screenplays The Proust Screenplay (1972), Victory (1982), and The Dreaming Child (1997) and his unpublished screenplay The Tragedy of King Lear (2000)
have not been filmed.[139] A section of Pinter's Proust Screenplay was, however, released as the 1984 film Swann in Love (Un amour de Swann), directed by
Volker Schlndorff, and it was also adapted by Michael Bakewell as a two-hour radio drama broadcast on BBC Radio 3 in 1995,[140] before Pinter and
director Di Trevis collaborated to adapt it for the 2000 National Theatre production.[141]
Pinter's last filmed screenplay was an adaptation of the 1970 Tony Award-winning play Sleuth, by Anthony Shaffer, which was commissioned by Jude Law,
one of the film's producers.[23] It is the basis for the 2007 film Sleuth, directed by Kenneth Branagh.[23][142][143] Pinter's screenplays for The French
Lieutenant's Woman and Betrayal were nominated for Academy Awards in 1981 and 1983, respectively.[144]

20012008

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From 16 to 31 July 2001, a Harold Pinter Festival celebrating his work, curated by Michael Colgan, artistic director
of the Gate Theatre, Dublin, was held as part of the annual Lincoln Center Festival at Lincoln Center in New York
City. Pinter participated both as an actor, as Nicolas in One for the Road, and as a director of a double bill pairing his
last play, Celebration, with his first play, The Room.[145] As part of a two-week "Harold Pinter Homage" at the World
Leaders Festival of Creative Genius, held from 24 September to 30 October 2001, at the Harbourfront Centre, in
Toronto, Canada, Pinter presented a dramatic reading of Celebration (2000) and also participated in a public
interview as part of the International Festival of Authors.[146][147][148]
In December 2001, Pinter was diagnosed with oesophageal cancer, for which, in 2002, he underwent an operation
and chemotherapy.[149] During the course of his treatment, he directed a production of his play No Man's Land, and
wrote and performed in a new sketch, "Press Conference", for a production of his dramatic sketches at the National
Theatre, and from 2002 on he was increasingly active in political causes, writing and presenting politically charged
poetry, essays, speeches, as well as involved in developing his final two screenplay adaptations, The Tragedy of King
Lear and Sleuth, whose drafts are in the British Library's Harold Pinter Archive (Add MS 88880/2).[150]
From 9 to 25 January 2003, the Manitoba Theatre Centre, in Manitoba, Canada, held a nearly month-long PinterFest,
in which over 130 performances of twelve of Pinter's plays were performed by a dozen different theatre
companies.[151]

Productions during the Festival included: The Hothouse, Night School, The Lover, The Dumb Waiter,
The Homecoming, The Birthday Party, Monologue, One for the Road, The Caretaker, Ashes to Ashes, Celebration,

Study of Pinter by Reginald Gray,

2007. (New Statesman, 12 January
2009)

and No Man's Land.[152]

In 2005, Pinter stated that he had stopped writing plays and that he would be devoting his efforts more to his political activism and writing poetry: "I think
I've written 29 plays. I think it's enough for me ... My energies are going in different directionsover the last few years I've made a number of political
speeches at various locations and ceremonies ... I'm using a lot of energy more specifically about political states of affairs, which I think are very, very
worrying as things stand."[153][154] Some of this later poetry included "The 'Special Relationship'", "Laughter", and "The Watcher".
From 2005, Pinter suffered ill health, including a rare skin disease called pemphigus[155] and "a form of septicaemia that afflict[ed] his feet and made it
difficult for him to walk."[156] Yet, he completed his screenplay for the film of Sleuth in 2005.[23][157] His last dramatic work for radio, Voices (2005), a
collaboration with composer James Clarke, adapting selected works by Pinter to music, premired on BBC Radio 3 on his 75th birthday on 10 October
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2005.[158] Three days later, it was announced that he had won the 2005 Nobel Prize in Literature.[159]
In an interview with Pinter in 2006, conducted by critic Michael Billington as part of the cultural programme of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy,
Pinter confirmed that he would continue to write poetry but not plays.[155] In response, the audience shouted No in unison, urging him to keep writing.[160]
Along with the international symposium on Pinter: Passion, Poetry, Politics, curated by Billington, the 2006 Europe Theatre Prize theatrical events
celebrating Pinter included new productions (in French) of Precisely (1983), One for the Road (1984), Mountain Language (1988), The New World Order
(1991), Party Time (1991), and Press Conference (2002) (French versions by Jean Pavans); and Pinter Plays, Poetry & Prose, an evening of dramatic
readings, directed by Alan Stanford, of the Gate Theatre, Dublin.[161] In June 2006, the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) hosted a
celebration of Pinter's films curated by his friend, the playwright David Hare. Hare introduced the selection of film clips by saying: "To jump back into the
world of Pinter's movies ... is to remind yourself of a literate mainstream cinema, focused as much as Bergman's is on the human face, in which tension is
maintained by a carefully crafted mix of image and dialogue."[162]
After returning to London from the Edinburgh International Book Festival, in September 2006, Pinter began rehearsing for his performance of the role of
Krapp in Samuel Beckett's one-act monologue Krapp's Last Tape, which he performed from a motorised wheelchair in a limited run the following month at
the Royal Court Theatre to sold-out audiences and "ecstatic" critical reviews.[163] The production ran for only nine performances, as part of the 50thanniversary celebration season of the Royal Court Theatre; it sold out within minutes of the opening of the box office and tickets commanded large sums
from ticket resellers.[164] One performance was filmed and broadcast on BBC Four on 21 June 2007, and also screened later, as part of the memorial PEN
Tribute to Pinter, in New York, on 2 May 2009.[165]
In October and November 2006, Sheffield Theatres hosted Pinter: A Celebration. It featured productions of seven of Pinter's plays: The Caretaker, Voices,
No Man's Land, Family Voices, Tea Party, The Room, One for the Road, and The Dumb Waiter; and films (most his screenplays; some in which Pinter
appears as an actor).[166]
In February and March 2007, a 50th anniversary of The Dumb Waiter, was produced at the Trafalgar Studios. Later in February 2007, John Crowley's film
version of Pinter's play Celebration (2000) was shown on More4 (Channel 4, UK). On 18 March 2007, BBC Radio 3 broadcast a new radio production of
The Homecoming, directed by Thea Sharrock and produced by Martin J. Smith, with Pinter performing the role of Max (for the first time; he had previously
played Lenny on stage in 1964). A revival of The Hothouse opened at the National Theatre, in London, in July 2007, concurrently with a revival of Betrayal
at the Donmar Warehouse, directed by Roger Michell.[167]

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Revivals in 2008 included the 40th-anniversary production of the American premire of The Homecoming on Broadway, directed by Daniel J. Sullivan.[168]
From 8 to 24 May 2008, the Lyric Hammersmith celebrated the 50th anniversary of The Birthday Party with a revival and related events, including a gala
performance and reception hosted by Harold Pinter on 19 May 2008, exactly 50 years after its London premire there.
The final revival during Pinter's lifetime was a production of No Man's Land, directed by Rupert Goold, opening at
the Gate Theatre, Dublin, in August 2008, and then transferring to the Duke of York's Theatre, London, where it
played until 3 January 2009.[169] On the Monday before Christmas 2008, Pinter was admitted to Hammersmith
Hospital, where he died on Christmas Eve from liver cancer.[170] On 26 December 2008, when No Man's Land
reopened at the Duke of York's, the actors paid tribute to Pinter from the stage, with Michael Gambon reading Hirst's
monologue about his "photograph album" from Act Two that Pinter had asked him to read at his funeral, ending with
a standing ovation from the audience, many of whom were in tears:

I might even show you my photograph album. You might even see a face in it which might
remind you of your own, of what you once were. You might see faces of others, in shadow, or
cheeks of others, turning, or jaws, or backs of necks, or eyes, dark under hats, which might
remind you of others, whom once you knew, whom you thought long dead, but from whom
you will still receive a sidelong glance, if you can face the good ghost. Allow the love of the
good ghost. They possess all that emotion ... trapped. Bow to it. It will assuredly never release
them, but who knows ... what relief ... it may give them ... who knows how they may quicken
... in their chains, in their glass jars. You think it cruel ... to quicken them, when they are
fixed, imprisoned? No ... no. Deeply, deeply, they wish to respond to your touch, to your look,
and when you smile, their joy ... is unbounded. And so I say to you, tender the dead, as you

No Man's Land revival at Duke of

York's Theatre, 30 December 2008

would yourself be tendered, now, in what you would describe as your life.[170][171][172]

Posthumous events
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Funeral
Pinter's funeral was a private, half-hour secular ceremony conducted at the graveside at Kensal Green Cemetery, 31 December 2008. The eight readings
selected in advance by Pinter included passages from seven of his own writings and from the story "The Dead", by James Joyce, which was read by actress
Penelope Wilton. Michael Gambon read the "photo album" speech from No Man's Land and three other readings, including Pinter's poem "Death" (1997).
Other readings honoured Pinter's widow and his love of cricket.[170] The ceremony was attended by many notable theatre people, including Tom Stoppard,
but not by Pinter's son, Daniel Brand. At its end, Pinter's widow, Antonia Fraser, stepped forward to his grave and quoted from Horatio's speech after the
death of Hamlet: "Goodnight, sweet prince, / And flights of angels sing thee to thy rest."[65]

Memorial tributes
The night before Pinter's burial, theatre marquees on Broadway dimmed their lights for a minute in tribute,[173] and on the final night of No Man's Land at
the Duke of York's Theatre on 3 January 2009, all of the Ambassador Theatre Group in the West End dimmed their lights for an hour to honour the
playwright.[174]
Diane Abbott, the Member of Parliament for Hackney North & Stoke Newington proposed an early day motion in the House of Commons to support a
residents' campaign to restore the Clapton Cinematograph Theatre, established in Lower Clapton Road in 1910, and to turn it into a memorial to Pinter "to
honour this Hackney boy turned literary great."[175] On 2 May 2009, a free public memorial tribute was held at The Graduate Center of The City University
of New York. It was part of the 5th Annual PEN World Voices Festival of International Literature, taking place in New York City.[176] Another memorial
celebration, held in the Olivier Theatre, at the Royal National Theatre, in London, on the evening of 7 June 2009, consisted of excerpts and readings from
Pinter's writings by nearly three dozen actors, many of whom were his friends and associates, including: Eileen Atkins, David Bradley, Colin Firth, Henry
Goodman, Sheila Hancock, Alan Rickman, Penelope Wilton, Susan Wooldridge, and Henry Woolf; and a troupe of students from the London Academy of
Music and Dramatic Art, directed by Ian Rickson.[177][178]
On 16 June 2009, Antonia Fraser officially opened a commemorative room at the Hackney Empire. The theatre also established a writer's residency in
Pinter's name.[179] Most of issue number 28 of Craig Raine's Arts Tri-Quarterly Aret was devoted to pieces remembering Pinter, beginning with Pinter's
1987 unpublished love poem dedicated "To Antonia" and his poem "Paris", written in 1975 (the year in which he and Fraser began living together), followed
by brief memoirs by some of Pinter's associates and friends, including Patrick Marber, Nina Raine, Tom Stoppard, Peter Nichols, Susanna Gross, Richard
Eyre, and David Hare.[180]
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A memorial cricket match at Lord's Cricket Ground between the Gaieties Cricket Club and the Lord's Taverners, followed by performances of Pinter's poems
and excerpts from his plays, took place on 27 September 2009.[181]
In 2009, English PEN established the PEN Pinter Prize, which is awarded annually to a British writer or a writer resident in Britain who, in the words of
Pinter's Nobel speech, casts an 'unflinching, unswerving' gaze upon the world, and shows a 'fierce intellectual determination ... to define the real truth of our
lives and our societies'. The prize is shared with an international writer of courage. The inaugural winners of the prize were Tony Harrison and the Burmese
poet and comedian Maung Thura (a.k.a. Zarganar).[182]

Being Harold Pinter

In January 2011 Being Harold Pinter, a theatrical collage of excerpts from Pinter's dramatic works, his Nobel Lecture, and letters of Belarusian prisoners,
created and performed by the Belarus Free Theatre, evoked a great deal of attention in the public media. The Free Theatre's members had to be smuggled out
of Minsk, owing to a government crackdown on dissident artists, to perform their production in a two-week sold-out engagement at La MaMa in New York
as part of the 2011 Under the Radar Festival. In an additional sold-out benefit performance at the Public Theater, co-hosted by playwrights Tony Kushner
and Tom Stoppard, the prisoner's letters were read by ten guest performers: Mandy Patinkin, Kevin Kline, Olympia Dukakis, Lily Rabe, Linda Emond, Josh
Hamilton, Stephen Spinella, Lou Reed, Laurie Anderson, and Philip Seymour Hoffman.[183] In solidarity with the Belarus Free Theatre, collaborations of
actors and theatre companies joined in offering additional benefit readings of Being Harold Pinter across the United States.[184]

The Harold Pinter Theatre, London

In September 2011, British Theatre owners, Ambassador Theatre Group (ATG) announced it was renaming its Comedy Theatre, Panton Street, London to
become The Harold Pinter Theatre. Howard Panter, Joint CEO and Creative Director of ATG told the BBC, "The work of Pinter has become an integral part
of the history of the Comedy Theatre. The re-naming of one of our most successful West End theatres is a fitting tribute to a man who made such a mark on
British theatre who, over his 50 year career, became recognised as one of the most influential modern British dramatists." [185]

Honours

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An Honorary Associate of the National Secular Society, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, and an Honorary Fellow of the Modern Language
Association of America (1970),[186][187] Pinter was appointed CBE in 1966[188] and became a Companion of Honour in 2002, having declined a knighthood
in 1996.[189] In 1995, he accepted the David Cohen Prize, in recognition of a lifetime of literary achievement. In 1996, he received a Laurence Olivier
Special Award for lifetime achievement in the theatre.[190] In 1997 he became a BAFTA Fellow.[191] He received the World Leaders Award for "Creative
Genius" as the subject of a week-long "Homage" in Toronto, in October 2001.[192] In 2004, he received the Wilfred Owen Award for Poetry for his "lifelong
contribution to literature, 'and specifically for his collection of poetry entitled War, published in 2003'".[193] In March 2006, he was awarded the Europe
Theatre Prize in recognition of lifetime achievements pertaining to drama and theatre.[194] In conjunction with that award, the critic Michael Billington
coordinated an international conference on Pinter: Passion, Poetry, Politics, including scholars and critics from Europe and the Americas, held in Turin, Italy,
from 10 to 14 March 2006.[114][161][195]
In October 2008, the Central School of Speech and Drama announced that Pinter had agreed to become its president and awarded him an honorary
fellowship at its graduation ceremony.[196] On his appointment, Pinter commented: "I was a student at Central in 195051. I enjoyed my time there very
much and I am delighted to become president of a remarkable institution."[197] But he had to receive that honorary degree, his 20th, in absentia owing to ill
health.[196] His presidency of the school was brief; he died just two weeks after the graduation ceremony, on 24 December 2008.

Nobel Prize and Nobel Lecture

On 13 October 2005, the Swedish Academy announced that it had decided to award the Nobel Prize in Literature for that year to Pinter, who "in his plays
uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms".[198] Its selection instigated some public controversy and
criticism relating both to characteristics of Pinter's work and to his politics.[86] When interviewed that day about his reaction to the announcement, Pinter
said: "I was told today that one of the Sky channels said this morning that 'Harold Pinter is dead.' Then they changed their mind and said, 'No, he's won the
Nobel prize.' So I've risen from the dead."[199] The Nobel Prize Awards Ceremony and related events throughout Scandinavia took place in December 2005.
After the Academy notified Pinter of his award, he had planned to travel to Stockholm to present his Nobel Lecture in person.[200] In November, however,
his doctor sent him to hospital and barred such travel, after a serious infection was diagnosed. Pinter's publisher, Stephen Page of Faber and Faber, accepted
the Nobel Diploma and Nobel Medal at the Awards Ceremony in his place.[23][201]

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Although still being treated in hospital, Pinter videotaped his Nobel Lecture, "Art, Truth and Politics", at a Channel 4 studio. It was projected on three large
screens at the Swedish Academy on the evening of 7 December 2005,[23][202] and transmitted on More 4 that same evening in the UK.[203] The 46-minute
lecture was introduced on television by David Hare. Later, the text and streaming video formats (without Hare's introduction) were posted on the Nobel Prize
and Swedish Academy official websites. It has since been released as a DVD.[204]
Pinter quoted Father John Metcalf speaking to Raymond Seitz, then Minister at the US Embassy in London, "My parishioners built a school, a health centre,
a cultural centre. We have lived in peace. A few months ago a Contra force attacked the parish. They destroyed everything: the school, the health centre, the
cultural centre. They raped nurses and teachers, slaughtered doctors, in the most brutal manner. They behaved like savages. Please demand that the US
government withdraw its support from this shocking terrorist activity." Seitz responded, "Let me tell you something. In war, innocent people always suffer."
Pinter called the US invasion of Iraq "an arbitrary military action inspired by a series of lies upon lies and gross manipulation of the media and therefore of
the public", and condemned the British government for its cooperation.[205]
Pinter's lecture has been widely distributed by print and online media and has provoked much commentary and debate,[206] with some commentators
accusing Pinter of "anti-Americanism".[207] In his Nobel Lecture, however, Pinter emphasises that he criticises policies and practices of American
administrations (and those who voted for them), not all American citizens, many of whom he recognises as "demonstrably sickened, shamed and angered by
their government's actions".[205]

Lgion d'honneur
On 18 January 2007, French Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin presented Pinter with France's highest civil honour, the Lgion d'honneur, at a ceremony
at the French Embassy in London. De Villepin praised Pinter's poem "American Football" (1991) stating: "With its violence and its cruelty, it is for me one
of the most accurate images of war, one of the most telling metaphors of the temptation of imperialism and violence." In response, Pinter praised France's
opposition to the war in Iraq. M. de Villepin concluded: "The poet stands still and observes what doesn't deserve other men's attention. Poetry teaches us
how to live and you, Harold Pinter, teach us how to live." He said that Pinter received the award particularly "because in seeking to capture all the facets of
the human spirit, [Pinter's] works respond to the aspirations of the French public, and its taste for an understanding of man and of what is truly
universal".[208][209] Lawrence Pollard observed that "the award for the great playwright underlines how much Mr Pinter is admired in countries like France
as a model of the uncompromising radical intellectual".[208]

Scholarly response
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Some scholars and critics challenge the validity of Pinter's critiques of what he terms "the modes of thinking of those in power"[210] or dissent from his
retrospective viewpoints on his own work.[211] In 1985, Pinter recalled that his early act of conscientious objection resulted from being "terribly disturbed as
a young man by the Cold War. And McCarthyism ... A profound hypocrisy. 'They' the monsters, 'we' the good. In 1948, the Russian suppression of Eastern
Europe was an obvious and brutal fact, but I felt very strongly then and feel as strongly now that we have an obligation to subject our own actions and
attitudes to an equivalent critical and moral scrutiny."[212] Scholars agree that Pinter's dramatic rendering of power relations results from this scrutiny.[213]
Pinter's aversion to any censorship by "the authorities" is epitomised in Petey's line at the end of The Birthday Party. As the broken-down and reconstituted
Stanley is being carted off by the figures of authority Goldberg and McCann, Petey calls after him, "Stan, don't let them tell you what to do!" Pinter told
Gussow in 1988, "I've lived that line all my damn life. Never more than now."[214] The example of Pinter's stalwart opposition to what he termed "the modes
of thinking of those in power"the "brick wall" of the "minds" perpetuating the "status quo"[215]infused the "vast political pessimism" that some
academic critics may perceive in his artistic work,[216] its "drowning landscape" of harsh contemporary realities, with some residual "hope for restoring the
dignity of man."[217]
As Pinter's long-time friend David Jones reminded analytically inclined scholars and dramatic critics, Pinter was one of the "great comic writers":[218]
The trap with Harold's work, for performers and audiences, is to approach it too earnestly or portentously. I have always tried to interpret his
plays with as much humor and humanity as possible. There is always mischief lurking in the darkest corners. The world of The Caretaker is a
bleak one, its characters damaged and lonely. But they are all going to survive. And in their dance to that end they show a frenetic vitality and a
wry sense of the ridiculous that balance heartache and laughter. Funny, but not too funny. As Pinter wrote, back in 1960: "As far as I am
concerned The Caretaker IS funny, up to a point. Beyond that point, it ceases to be funny, and it is because of that point that I wrote it."[219]
His dramatic conflicts present serious implications for his characters and his audiences, leading to sustained inquiry about "the point" of his work and
multiple "critical strategies" for developing interpretations and stylistic analyses of it.[220]

Pinter research collections

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Pinter's unpublished manuscripts and letters to and from him are held in the Harold Pinter Archive in the Modern Literary Manuscripts division of the
British Library. Smaller collections of Pinter manuscripts are in the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, the University of Texas at Austin;[15] The
Lilly Library, Indiana University at Bloomington; the Mandeville Special Collections Library, Geisel Library, at the University of California, San Diego; the
British Film Institute, in London; and the Margaret Herrick Library, Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and
Sciences, Beverly Hills, California.[221][222]

See also
International PEN
PEN Pinter Prize
Jewish left
List of Jewish Nobel laureates

References
Notes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

"Michael Caine" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00gy71c). Front Row Interviews. 26 December 2008. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
Harold Pinter, as quoted in Gussow, Conversations with Pinter 103.
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/uthrc/00108/hrc-00108.html
Billington, Harold Pinter 15.
For some accounts of the significance of Pinter's Jewish background, see Billington, Harold Pinter 2, 4041, 5354, 7981, 16364, 177, 286, 390, 429.
Cf. Woolf, Henry (12 July 2007). "My 60 Years in Harold's Gang" (http://www.webcitation.org/5zu6rYC0X). The Guardian (London: GMG). ISSN 0261-3077
(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). OCLC 60623878 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60623878). Archived from the original
(http://www.guardian.co.uk/stage/2007/jul/12/theatre.haroldpinter) on 3 July 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011.; Woolf, as quoted in Merritt, "Talking about Pinter" 14445;
Jacobson, Howard (10 January 2009). "Harold Pinter didn't get my joke, and I didn't get him until it was too late" (http://www.webcitation.org/5zu70UVpG). The
Independent (London: INM). ISSN 0951-9467 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0951-9467). OCLC 185201487 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/185201487). Archived from
the original (http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/howard-jacobson/howard-jacobson-harold-pinter-didnt-get-my-joke-and-i-didnt-get-him-ndash-until-itwas-too-late-1297593.html) on 3 July 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
7. Billington, Harold Pinter 2.
8. Billington, Harold Pinter 510.
9. Billington, Harold Pinter 11.
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9. Billington, Harold Pinter 11.

10. A collection of Pinter's correspondence with Brearley is held in the Harold Pinter Archive in the British Library. Pinter's memorial epistolary poem "Joseph Brearley 1909
1977 (Teacher of English)", published in his collection Various Voices (177), ends with the following stanza: "You're gone. I'm at your side,/Walking with you from Clapton
Pond to Finsbury Park,/And on, and on."
11. Billington, Harold Pinter 1011.
12. See also "Introduction by Harold Pinter, Nobel Laureate", 79 in Watkins, ed., 'Fortune's Fool': The Man Who Taught Harold Pinter: A Life of Joe Brearley.
13. Billington, Harold Pinter 1314.
14. Baker and Ross 127.
15. Staff (2011). "Harold Pinter: An Inventory of His Collection at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center" (http://www.webcitation.org/5zu7AvO6f). Harry Ransom
Humanities Research Center. University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original (http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/uthrc/00108/hrc-00108.html) on 3 July 2011.
Retrieved 26 June 2011.
16. Billington, Harold Pinter 2935.
17. Gussow, Conversations with Pinter 2829.
18. Baker, "Growing Up," chap. 1 of Harold Pinter 223.
19. Billington, Harold Pinter 79 and 410.
20. Gussow, Conversations with Pinter 25.
21. Gussow, Conversations with Pinter 8.
22. Batty, Mark (ed.). "Cricket" (http://www.webcitation.org/5zu7TuAYS). haroldpinter.org. Archived from the original (http://www.haroldpinter.org/cricket/index.shtml) on 3
July 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
23. Lyall, Sarah (7 October 2007). "Harold Pinter Sleuth" (http://www.webcitation.org/5zu7XaJEw). The New York Times (New York: NYTC). ISSN 0362-4331
(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Archived from the original (http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/07/movies/07lyal.html) on 3 July 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
24. Sherwin, Adam (24 March 2009). "Portrait of Harold Pinter playing cricket to be sold at auction" (http://www.webcitation.org/5zu7bv5v3). TimesOnline (London: News
Intl). ISSN 0140-0460 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460). Archived from the original
(http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/stage/article5963091.ece) on 3 July 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
25. Billington, Harold Pinter 410.
26. Supple, T. Baker, and Watkins, in Watkins, ed.
27. Burton, Harry (2009). "Latest News & Charity Fundraising News from The Lord's Taverners"
(http://web.archive.org/web/20090627142610/http://www.lordstaverners.org/news.cfm?fullID=70). Lord's Taverners. Archived from the original
(http://www.lordstaverners.org/news.cfm?fullID=70) on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
28. See, e.g., Gussow, Conversations with Pinter 2530; Billington, Harold Pinter 716; and Merritt, Pinter in Play 194.
29. Billington, Harold Pinter 1012.
30. Billington, Harold Pinter 2025, 3135; and Batty, About Pinter 7.
31. Billington, Harold Pinter 2025.
32. Billington, Harold Pinter 37; and Batty, About Pinter 8.
33. Billington, Harold Pinter 31, 36, and 38; and Batty, About Pinter xiii and 8.
34. Pinter, "Mac", Various Voices 3643.
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34. Pinter, "Mac", Various Voices 3643.

35. Batty, Mark (ed.). "Acting" (http://www.webcitation.org/5zu7zN2H6). haroldpinter.org. Archived from the original (http://www.haroldpinter.org/acting/index.shtml) on 3
July 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
36. Billington, Harold Pinter 2025, 31, 36, and 3741.
37. Billington, Harold Pinter 3 and 4748. Pinter's paternal grandmother's maiden name was Baron. He also used the name for an autobiographical character in the first draft of
his novel The Dwarfs.
38. Batty, Mark (ed.). "The Harold Pinter Acting Career" (http://www.webcitation.org/5zu83jkqV). haroldprinter.org. Archived from the original
(http://www.haroldpinter.org/acting/index.shtml) on 3 July 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2011., Batty, Mark (ed.). "Work in Various Repertory Companies 19541958"
(http://www.webcitation.org/5zu88k0a7). haroldprinter.org. Archived from the original (http://www.haroldpinter.org/acting/acting_otherrepwork.shtml) on 3 July 2011.
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39. Billington, Harold Pinter 4955.
40. Batty, About Pinter 10.
41. Gussow, Conversations with Pinter 83.
42. Billington, Harold Pinter 2025, 31, 36, 38.
43. Staff (25 December 2008). "Harold Pinter: the most original, stylish and enigmatic writer in the post-war revival of British theatre"
(http://www.webcitation.org/5zu8GhTyZ). The Daily Telegraph (London: TMG). ISSN 0307-1235 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235). OCLC 49632006
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44. Billington, Harold Pinter 54 and 75.
45. Billington, Harold Pinter 25256.
46. Billington, Harold Pinter 25767.
47. Fraser, Must You Go? 86.
48. Billington, Harold Pinter 257.
49. Fraser, Chap. 1: "First Night", Must You Go? 319.
50. Fraser, chap. 1: "First Night"; chap. 2: "Pleasure and a Good Deal of Pain"; chap. 8: "It Is Here"; and chap. 13: "Marriage Again", Must You Go? 333, 11324, and 188
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51. Billington, Harold Pinter 25253.
52. Fraser, Must You Go? 13.
53. Billington, Harold Pinter 25355.
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55. Fraser, Must You Go? 29, 6578, and 83.
56. Fraser, Must You Go? 8588.
57. Fraser, "27 November The Diary of Lady Antonia Pinter", Must You Go? 12223.
58. Billington, Harold Pinter 27176.
59. Billington, Harold Pinter 276.
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62. Billington, Harold Pinter 255.
63. Fraser, Must You Go? 44.
64. Billington 25455; cf. 345.
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66. Fraser, Must You Go? 211: "With all my timings [of Moonlight], Harold calls me his editor. Not so. I was the midwife saying, 'Push, Harold, push,' but the act of creation
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67. See Billington, Harold Pinter 388, 42930.
68. Wark, Kirsty (23 June 2006). "Harold Pinter on Newsnight Review" (http://www.webcitation.org/5zu8ZJcEF). Newsnight (BBC). Archived from the original
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181. Smith, Ed (2 October 2009). "Lord's tribute was celebration of Harold Pinter's two great loves: cricket and literature Telegraph" (http://www.webcitation.org/5zuEgP305).
The Daily Telegraph (London: TMG). ISSN 0307-1235 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235). OCLC 49632006 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49632006). Archived
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202. Lyall, Sarah (8 December 2005). "Playwright Takes a Prize and a Jab at US" (http://www.webcitation.org/5zuFv4b8d). The New York Times (New York: NYTC).
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203. Billington, Harold Pinter 424.
204. Pinter, Harold. "Art, Truth & Politics" (http://www.illuminationsmedia.co.uk/filmstobuy/category/6/product/6/harold_pinter_art,_truth__politics.html). Illuminations.
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205. Pinter, Harold (2005). "Nobel Lecture Literature 2005" (http://www.webcitation.org/5zuFyiiDW). nobelprize.org. Archived from the original
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206. Billington, Harold Pinter 42527.
207. Dyer, Gwynne (13 December 2005). "Harold Pinter: the last anti-American" (http://www.lexisnexis.com/uk/nexis/results/docview/docview.do?
docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T12259220115&format=GNBFI&sort=BOOLEAN&startDocNo=601&resultsUrlKey=29_T12259177788&cisb=22_T12259220136&treeMax
=true&treeWidth=0&csi=249784&docNo=612). The Guardian, archived at Lexis-Nexis (Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island: Transcontinental Media Group). Retrieved
29 June 2011. (subscription required (help)).
208. France in the United Kingdom (17 January 2007). "Lgion d'Honneur for Harold Pinter" (http://www.webcitation.org/5zuG2MDaw). French Embassy in the UK. Archived
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209. Staff (18 January 2007). "French PM honours Harold Pinter" (http://www.webcitation.org/5zuG6OuSi). BBC News (London: BBC). Archived from the original
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210. Merritt, Pinter in Play 17189.
211. Begley; Karwowski; and Quigley.
212. Quoted in Merritt, Pinter in Play 178.
213. Cf., e.g., Batty, "Preface" (xviixix) and chap. 69 (55221) in About Pinter; Grimes 19, 3671, 21820, and passim.
214. Quoted in Merritt, Pinter in Play 179.
215. Merritt, Pinter in Play 180.
216. Grimes 220.
217. Pinter, Art, Truth and Politics 9 and 24.
218. Coppa, Francesca (2011). Raby, Peter, ed. Cambridge Collections Online : The sacred joke: Comedy and politics in Pinter's early plays (http://cco.cambridge.org/extract?
id=ccol0521651239_CCOL0521651239A006). The Cambridge Companion to Harold Pinter (Cambridge University Press). p. 45. ISBN 978-0-521-65842-3. Retrieved
30 June 2011. (subscription required (help)).
219. Jones, David (Fall 2003). "Roundabout Theatre Company Front & Center Online" (http://www.webcitation.org/5zuGFjCOZ). roundabouttheatre.org. Archived from the
original (http://roundabouttheatre.org/fc/fall03/jones.htm) on 3 July 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2011.; cf. Woolf, quoted in Merritt, "Talking about Pinter" 14748.
220. Merritt, Pinter in Play (passim).
221. Baker and Ross, "Appendix One" 224.
222. Batty, Mark, ed. (2011). "Links Libraries and Academia" (http://web.archive.org/web/20081228191355/http://www.haroldpinter.org/links/links_academia.shtml).
haroldpinter.org. Archived from the original (http://www.haroldpinter.org/links/links_academia.shtml) on 28 December 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2011.

Works cited
Baker, William (2008). Harold Pinter. Writers' Lives Series. (London and New York: Continuum International Publishing Group). ISBN 0-8264-9970-8.
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Baker, William (2008). Harold Pinter. Writers' Lives Series. (London and New York: Continuum International Publishing Group). ISBN 0-8264-9970-8.
Baker, William; Ross, John C. (2005). Harold Pinter: A Bibliographical History. London: British Library and New Castle, DE. ISBN 1-58456-156-4.
Batty, Mark (2005). About Pinter: The Playwright and the Work. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-22005-3.
Begley, Varun (2005). Harold Pinter and the Twilight of Modernism. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-3887-6.
Billington, Michael (2007). Harold Pinter. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 9780571190652.
Fraser, Antonia (2010). Must You Go? My Life with Harold Pinter. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson (Orion Books). ISBN 978-0-297-85971-0.
Gale, Steven H. (2003). Sharp Cut: Harold Pinter's Screenplays and the Artistic Process. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2244-9.
Gordon, Lois, ed. (2001). Pinter at 70: A Casebook. Casebooks on Modern Dramatists (2 ed.) (New York and London: Routledge). ISBN 978-0-415-93630-9.
Grimes, Charles (2005). Harold Pinter's Politics: A Silence Beyond Echo. Madison & Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0-8386-4050-8.
Gussow, Mel (1994). Conversations with Pinter. London: Nick Hern Books. ISBN 978-1-85459-201-9.
Hern, Nicholas; Pinter, Harold (February 1985). A Play and Its Politics: A Conversation between Harold Pinter and Nicholas Hern. Harold Pinter, 'One for the Road' (New
York: Grove). pp. 523. ISBN 0-394-62363-0.
Hudgins, Christopher C. (2008). Gillen, Francis; Gale, Steven H., ed. "Three Unpublished Harold Pinter Filmscripts". The Pinter Review: Nobel Prize/Europe Theatre Prize
Volume: 20052008 (Tampa: University of Tampa Press): 13239. ISSN 0895-9706 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0895-9706). OCLC 16878624
(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16878624).
Karwowski, Michael (1 November 2003). "Harold Pintera Political Playwright?]" (http://web.archive.org/web/20110629053943/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1111858203.html). The Contemporary Review (Oxford): 29196. ISSN 0010-7565 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0010-7565). OCLC 1564974
(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1564974). Archived from the original (http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-111858203.html) on 2011-06-29. (subscription required (help)).
Merritt, Susan Hollis (1995). Pinter in Play: Critical Strategies and the Plays of Harold Pinter. Durham and London: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-1674-9.
Merritt, Susan Hollis (2000). Gillen, Francis; Gale, Steven H., ed. "Harold Pinter's 'Ashes to Ashes': Political/Personal Echoes of the Holocaust". The Pinter Review:
Collected Essays 1999 and 2000 (Tampa: University of Tampa Press): 7384. ISSN 0895-9706 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0895-9706). OCLC 16878624
(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16878624).
Merritt, Susan Hollis (2002). Gillen, Francis; Gale, Steven H., ed. "Talking about Pinter: Collected Essays 2001 and 2002". The Pinter Review: Collected Essays: 2003 and
2004 (Tampa: University of Tampa Press): 144467. ISSN 0895-9706 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0895-9706). OCLC 16878624
(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16878624).
Merritt, Susan Hollis (2004). Gillen, Francis; Gale, Steven H., ed. "Staging Pinter: From Pregnant Pauses to Political Cause". The Pinter Review: Collected Essays: 2003
and 2004 (Tampa: University of Tampa Press): 12343. ISSN 0895-9706 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0895-9706). OCLC 16878624
(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16878624).
Mnder, Peter (2008). Gillen, Francis; Gale, Steven H., ed. "Endgame with Spools: Harold Pinter in 'Krapp's Last Tape' ". The Pinter Review: Nobel Prize/Europe Theatre
Prize Volume: 2005 008 (Tampa: University of Tampa Press): 22022. ISSN 0895-9706 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0895-9706). OCLC 16878624
(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16878624).
Pinter, Harold (2000). 'Celebration' and 'The Room': Two Plays by Harold Pinter. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-20497-7.
Pinter, Harold (2005). Art, Truth and Politics: The Nobel Lecture. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-23396-0.
Pinter, Harold (2008). "Introduction by Harold Pinter, Nobel Laureate". In Watkins, G. L. Fortune's Fool: The Man Who Taught Harold Pinter: A Life of Joe Brearley.
Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, UK: TwigBooks in association with The Clove Club. pp. 79. ISBN 978-0954723682.
Pinter, Harold (2009). Various Voices: Sixty Years of Prose, Poetry, Politics 19482008 (3 ed.). London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-24480-5.
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Quigley, Austin E. (2001). "Pinter, Politics and Postmodernmism (I)". In Raby, Peter. The Cambridge Companion to Harold Pinter (http://cco.cambridge.org/extract?
id=ccol0521651239_CCOL0521651239_root). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 727. ISBN 978-0-521-65842-3. (subscription required (help)).
Watkins, G. L., ed. (March 2009). "The Clove's Lines: The Newsletter of The Clove Club: The Old Boys of Hackney Downs School" 3 (2). pp. 136.

Further reading

External links
HaroldPinter.org (http://www.haroldpinter.org/home/index.shtml) The Official Website for the International
Wikiquote has quotations
Playwright Harold Pinter (home and index page)
related to: Harold Pinter
Works by Harold Pinter at Open Library
Works by or about Harold Pinter (http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-125182) in libraries (WorldCat
Wikimedia Commons has
catalog)
media related to Harold
Harold Pinter (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0056217/) at the Internet Movie Database
Pinter.
Harold Pinter (http://ibdb.com/person.php?id=6084) at the Internet Broadway Database
International Harold Pinter Society (http://www.pintersociety.org/) (Allied Organization of the Modern
Language Association, co-publisher of The Pinter Review)
"Harold Pinter" (http://www.granta.com/Online-Only/Harold-Pinter-tribute) at Granta (collection of useful links)
"Harold Pinter" (http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/pinter) at guardian.co.uk ("The best of the Guardian's coverage, including tributes, reviews and
articles from the archive," periodically updated)
"Harold Pinter" (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/p/harold_pinter/index.html) in "Times Topics" at nytimes.com
(periodically updated collection of news articles, reviews, commentaries, photographs, and Web resources from The New York Times )
"Harold Pinter" (http://www.theatrevoice.com/listen_now/player/?audioID=463) on The Mark Shenton Show, TheatreVoice, recorded on 21 February
2007 (critics Michael Billington and Alastair Macaulay review Pinter's People and The Dumb Waiter; director and actor Harry Burton talks about his
experiences with Pinter)
"Reputations: Harold Pinter" (http://www.theatrevoice.com/listen_now/player/?audioID=352) on TheatreVoice, recorded on 14 October 2005 (critical
assessments by Michael Billington, Dan Rebellato, Charles Spencer and Ian Smith)
Working with Pinter, 2007 film by Harry Burton (http://www.illuminationsmedia.co.uk/filmstobuy/category/6/product/280/working_with_pinter.html)
"Harold Pinter Interview" (http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/whatson/downloads/index.html), British Library Online Gallery: What's On, British
Library, 8 September 2008 (Pinter discusses his memories of postwar British theatre with Harry Burton)

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