24.

The passage supplies information for answering all of the following ques
tions EXCEPT:
(A) Has unusual creative activity been characterized as revolutionary?
(B) Did Beethoven work within a musical tradition that also included Handel and
Bach?
(C) Is Mozarts The Marriage of Figaro an example of a creative work that transcend
ed limits?
(D) Who besides Monteverdi wrote music that the author would consider to embody
new principles of organization and to be of high aesthetic value?
(E) Does anyone claim that the goal of extraordinary creative activity in the ar
ts differs from that of extraordinary creative activity in the sciences?
25.
The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activity t
ranscends limits with
(A) deep skepticism
(B) strong indignation
(C) marked indifference
(D) moderate amusement
(E) sharp derision
26.
The author implies that an innovative scientific contribution is one tha
t
(A) is cited with high frequency in the publications of other scientists
(B) is accepted immediately by the scientific community
(C) does not relegate particulars to the role of data
(D) presents the discovery of a new scientific fact
(E) introduces a new valid generalization24.
The passage supplies information
for answering all of the following questions EXCEPT:
(A) Has unusual creative activity been characterized as revolutionary?
(B) Did Beethoven work within a musical tradition that also included Handel and
Bach?
(C) Is Mozarts The Marriage of Figaro an example of a creative work that transcend
ed limits?
(D) Who besides Monteverdi wrote music that the author would consider to embody
new principles of organization and to be of high aesthetic value?
(E) Does anyone claim that the goal of extraordinary creative activity in the ar
ts differs from that of extraordinary creative activity in the sciences?
25.
The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activity t
ranscends limits with
(A) deep skepticism
(B) strong indignation
(C) marked indifference
(D) moderate amusement
(E) sharp derision
26.
The author implies that an innovative scientific contribution is one tha
t
(A) is cited with high frequency in the publications of other scientists
(B) is accepted immediately by the scientific community
(C) does not relegate particulars to the role of data
(D) presents the discovery of a new scientific fact
(E) introduces a new valid generalization
20.
According to the passage, Fogel, Engerman, Genovese, and Gutman have all
done which of the following?
I.
Discounted the influence of plantation owners on slaves achievements.
II.
Emphasized the achievements of slaves.
III.
Pointed out the prevalence of the two-parent household among slaves.
IV.
Showed the connection between stable monogamy and slaves cultural heritage
.
(A) I and II only
(B) I and IV only
(C) II and III only

(D) I, III, and IV only

(E) II, III, and IV only20.
According to the passage, Fogel, Engerman, Genov
ese, and Gutman have all done which of the following?
I.
Discounted the influence of plantation owners on slaves achievements.
II.
Emphasized the achievements of slaves.
III.
Pointed out the prevalence of the two-parent household among slaves.
IV.
Showed the connection between stable monogamy and slaves cultural heritage
.
(A) I and II only
(B) I and IV only
(C) II and III only
(D) I, III, and IV only
(E) II, III, and IV only
By the time the American colonists took up arms against Great Britain in order t
o secure their independence, the institution of Black slavery was deeply entrenc
hed. But the contradiction inherent in this situation was, for many, a source of
constant embarrassment. It always appeared a most iniquitous scheme to me, Abigail
Adams wrote her husband in 1774, to fight ourselves for what we are daily robbing
and plundering from those who have as good a right to freedom as we have.
Many Americans besides Abigail Adams were struck by the inconsistency of their s
tand during the War of Independence, and they were not averse to making moves to
emancipate the slaves. Quakers and other religious groups organized antislavery
societies, while numerous individuals manumitted their slaves. In fact, within
several years of the end of the War of Independence, most of the Eastern states
had made provisions for the gradual emancipation of slaves.
17.
Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?
(A) The War of Independence produced among many Black Americans a heightened con
sciousness of the inequities in American society.
(B) The War of Independence strengthened the bonds of slavery of many Black Amer
icans while intensifying their desire to be free.
(C) The War of Independence exposed to many Americans the contradiction of slave
ry in a country seeking its freedom and resulted in efforts to resolve that cont
radiction.
(D) The War of Independence provoked strong criticisms by many Americans of the
institution of slavery, but produced little substantive action against it.
(E) The War of Independence renewed the efforts of many American groups toward a
chieving Black emancipation.
18.
The passage contains information that would support which of the followi
ng statements about the colonies before the War of Independence?
(A) They contained organized antislavery societies.
(B) They allowed individuals to own slaves.
(C) They prohibited religious groups from political action.
(D) They were inconsistent in their legal definitions of slave status.
(E) They encouraged abolitionist societies to expand their influence.
19.
According to the passage, the War of Independence was embarrassing to so
me Americans for which of the following reasons?
I.
It involved a struggle for many of the same liberties that Americans wer
e denying to others.
II.
It involved a struggle for independence from the very nation that had fo
unded the colonies.
III.
It involved a struggle based on inconsistencies in the participants concep
tions of freedom.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) I and III only
(E) I, II, and III
20.
Which of the following statements regarding American society in the year
s immediately following the War of Independence is best supported by the passage
?

(A) The unexpected successes of the antislavery societies led to their gradual d
emise in the Eastern states.
(B) Some of the newly independent American states had begun to make progress tow
ard abolishing slavery.
(C) Americans like Abigail Adams became disillusioned with the slow progress of
emancipation and gradually abandoned the cause.
(D) Emancipated slaves gradually were accepted in the Eastern states as equal me
mbers of American society.
(E) The abolition of slavery in many Eastern states was the result of close coop
eration between religious groups and free Blacks.
The evolution of sex ratios has produced, in most plants and animals with separa
te sexes, approximately equal numbers of males and females. Why should this be s
o? Two main kinds of answers have been offered. One is couched in terms of advan
tage to population. It is argued that the sex ratio will evolve so as to maximiz
e the number of meetings between individuals of the opposite sex. This is essent
ially a group selection argument. The other, and in my view correct, type of answer
was first put forward by Fisher in 1930. This genetic argument starts from the assum
ption that genes can influence the relative numbers of male and female offspring
produced by an individual carrying the genes. That sex ratio will be favored wh
ich maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the nu
mber of gene copies transmitted. Suppose that the population consisted mostly of
females: then an individual who produced sons only would have more grandchildre
n. In contrast, if the population consisted mostly of males, it would pay to hav
e daughters. If, however, the population consisted of equal numbers of males and
females, sons and daughters would be equally valuable. Thus a one-to-one sex ra
tio is the only stable ratio; it is an evolutionarily stable strategy. Although Fish
er wrote before the mathematical theory of games had been developed, his theory
incorporates the essential feature of a gamethat the best strategy to adopt depend
s on what others are doing.
Since Fishers time, it has been realized that genes can sometimes influence the ch
romosome or gamete in which they find themselves so that the gamete will be more
likely to participate in fertilization. If such a gene occurs on a sex-determin
ing (X or Y) chromosome, then highly aberrant sex ratios can occur. But more imm
ediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp sp
ecies that have a large excess of females. In these species, fertilized eggs dev
elop into females and unfertilized eggs into males. A female stores sperm and ca
n determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unferti
lized. By Fishers argument, it should still pay a female to produce equal numbers
of sons and daughters. Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their hostthe
larva of another insectand that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately an
d disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis. Since only one female usually
lays eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because t
his one male could fertilize all his sisters on emergence. Like Fisher, Hamilton
looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in rec
ognizing that he was looking for a strategy.
21.
The author suggests that the work of Fisher and Hamilton was similar in
that both scientists
(A) conducted their research at approximately the same time
(B) sought to manipulate the sex ratios of some of the animals they studied
(C) sought an explanation of why certain sex ratios exist and remain stable
(D) studied game theory, thereby providing important groundwork for the later de
velopment of strategy theory
(E) studied reproduction in the same animal species
22.
It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers Fishers work
to be
(A) fallacious and unprofessional
(B) definitive and thorough
(C) inaccurate but popular, compared with Hamiltons work
(D) admirable, but not as up-to-date as Hamiltons work
(E) accurate, but trivial compared with Hamiltons work

23.
The passage contains information that would answer which of the followin
g questions about wasps?
I.
How many eggs does the female wasp usually lay in a single host larva?
II.
Can some species of wasp determine sex ratios among their offspring?
III.
What is the approximate sex ratio among the offspring of parasitic wasps
?
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and II only
(E) II and III only
24.
It can be inferred that the author discusses the genetic theory in great
er detail than the group selection theory primarily because he believes that the
genetic theory is more
(A) complicated
(B) accurate
(C) popular
(D) comprehensive
(E) accessible
25.
According to the passage, successful game strategy depends on
(A) the ability to adjust ones behavior in light of the behavior of others
(B) ones awareness that there is safety in numbers
(C) the degree of stability one can create in ones immediate environment
(D) the accuracy with which one can predict future events
(E) the success one achieves in conserving and storing ones resources
26.
It can be inferred from the passage that the mathematical theory of game
s has been
(A) developed by scientists with an interest in genetics
(B) adopted by Hamilton in his research
(C) helpful in explaining how genes can sometimes influence gametes
(D) based on animals studies conducted prior to 1930
(E) useful in explaining some biological phenomena
27.
Which of the following is NOT true of the species of parasitic wasps dis
cussed in the passage?
(A) Adult female wasps are capable of storing sperm.
(B) Female wasps lay their eggs in the larvae of other insects.
(C) The adult female wasp can be fertilized by a male that was hatched in the sa
me larva as herself.
(D) So few male wasps are produced that extinction is almost certain.
(E) Male wasps do not emerge from their hosts until they reach sexual maturity.