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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level

2217/01

GEOGRAPHY
Paper 1

October/November 2008
1 hour 45 minutes

Additional Materials:

Answer Booklet/Paper

*9184355687*

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Answer three questions, one from each section.
Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer.
The Insert contains Photograph A for Question 4 and Fig. 9 and Photographs B, C and D for Question 5.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

This document consists of 15 printed pages, 1 blank page and 1 Insert.

SPA (NF/KN) T71148
UCLES 2008

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2
Section A
Answer one question from this section.
1

(a) Study Fig. 1, population pyramids of Indonesia (an LEDC) and Japan (an MEDC).
Male

Age
75+
70 74
65 69
60 64
55 59
50 54
45 49
40 44
35 39
30 34
25 29
20 24
15 19
10 14
59
04

OLD DEPENDENT

ECONOMICALLY
ACTIVE

YOUNG
DEPENDENT
7

Female

INDONESIA

% of total population

Male

Age
75+
70 74
65 69
60 64
55 59
50 54
45 49
40 44
35 39
30 34
25 29
20 24
15 19
10 14
59
04

OLD DEPENDENT

ECONOMICALLY
ACTIVE

YOUNG DEPENDENT
7

Female

JAPAN

% of total population
Fig. 1
(i)

What is meant by economically active?

(ii)

What evidence in the population pyramids suggests that:

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people in Japan have a longer life expectancy than

people in Indonesia;

Indonesia has a higher birth rate than Japan?

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[1]

[2]

3
(iii)

How is the young dependent population of Indonesia different from that of Japan?
Support your answer with figures from Fig. 1.
[3]

(iv)

Explain why, in some countries, the young dependents make up a larger percentage of
the population than in other countries.
[4]

percentage of total population over 65 years

(b) Study Fig. 2, which shows changes in the percentage of population over the age of 65 in
Indonesia and Japan.
30
JAPAN
25
20
15
10

INDONESIA

5
0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
projected

Fig. 2
(i)

Compare the percentage of the population over the age of 65 in Indonesia and Japan
between 1970 and 2005.
[3]

(ii)

Suggest reasons for the expected increase in the percentage of the population over the
age of 65 in Indonesia and Japan by 2025.
[5]

(c) For a country which you have studied, explain why the government is concerned by an ageing
population.
[7]
[Total: 25 marks]

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4
2

(a) Study Fig. 3, which shows simplified urban land use models for MEDCs and LEDCs.

Model A

Model B

main
road
link
0

main
road
link

5
km

Key for both models

high quality residential

area X

low quality residential

area Y

medium quality residential

squatter settlements

Fig. 3
(i)

Which model represents land use in an LEDC city?

[1]

(ii)

Identify the land uses in areas X and Y.

[2]

(iii)

Identify the similarities and differences between the two land use models.

[4]

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5
(b) Study Fig. 4, which shows the location of squatter settlements around Lima, the capital city of
Peru (an LEDC in South America).

R.

Ch
illo
n

CONO
NORTE
Am
Pan

ig
erican H

hway

CONO
ESTE

San
Juan de
Lurigancho

Comas

Los
Olivos

ima

Tahuantinsuyo

R. R

Cuevas
El Ermitano
San
Cristobal
El Agustino

San Martin
de Porres

City
Centre
Carmen de
la Legua

San Cosme
Mendocita
Matute

Callao

LIMA

San
Isidro

Pa c i f i c
Ocean

Miraflores
Villa Maria
del
Triunfo
San Juan
de Miraflores

highland
Chorrillos

Villa
El Salvador
Pa
n

Lu

rin

built-up area of Lima

Am

eri
ca

R.

squatter settlements

CONO
SUR

nH

igh

wa
y

10
km

Fig. 4
(i)

Using evidence from Fig. 4 only, describe the distribution of the squatter settlements
around Lima.
[3]

(ii)

Suggest reasons for the distribution of squatter settlements around Lima.

[3]

(iii)

Explain why large cities in LEDCs have many people living in squatter settlements.

[5]

(c) Name an urban area in an LEDC where there are squatter settlements. Describe what has
been done to improve the quality of life for the people who live in these settlements.
[7]
[Total: 25 marks]
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6
Section B
Answer one question from this section.
(a) Study Figs 5A and 5B. Fig. 5A shows instruments used at a weather station and Fig. 5B
shows the wooden box in which some of these instruments are kept.
BAROMETER

10
15
20

STORMY

1040

25
30

30
10

05
5

FA
IR

98

0
96

0
975

970

965

SUNSHINE RECORDER

0
5

35
40

25

ANEMOMETER

WIND VANE

003271
kms

W
Fig. 5A
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1035

10

10
15
20

25

15
10

pensated
com

10

1010

0
5

10

N
AI

5
98

35
30
25
20

15

990

40

20

CHANGE

RY
RY D
VE

995

1015

10
00

C
25

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM

THERMOMETER

102

E
S

Fig. 5B
(i)

What is the wooden box shown in Fig. 5B called?

[1]

(ii)

Identify the two instruments shown in Fig. 5A which are kept in the wooden box.

[2]

(iii)

Explain why the wooden box:

(iv)

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is painted white;

has slatted sides;

has legs which raise it above the ground.

[3]

Describe where the wooden box should be sited. Give reasons for your answer.

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[4]

[Turn over

mean wind speed (km/hour)

wind direction (degrees)

(b) Study Fig. 6, which shows the weather recorded at a weather station over a period of
24 hours in October.

360
300
240
180
120
60
0
1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200
THURSDAY 15 OCTOBER
FRIDAY 16 OCTOBER
50
40
30
20
10

rainfall (mm)

0
1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200
THURSDAY 15 OCTOBER
FRIDAY 16 OCTOBER
4
3
2
1

air temperature (C)

0
1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200
THURSDAY 15 OCTOBER
FRIDAY 16 OCTOBER
20
15
10
5
1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200
THURSDAY 15 OCTOBER
FRIDAY 16 OCTOBER

atmospheric pressure (mb)

990

980

970

960
1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200
THURSDAY 15 OCTOBER
FRIDAY 16 OCTOBER

Fig. 6
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9
(i)

Describe how the atmospheric pressure changed over the 24 hour period.

[3]

(ii)

Compare the weather at 16.00 (15 October) and 02.00 hrs (16 October).

[5]

(c) Name an area which you have studied where drought occurs.
Describe the problems experienced by people living in your chosen area.

[7]
[Total: 25 marks]

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10
4

(a) Study Figs 7A, 7B and 7C. These are block diagrams of a river in three parts of its valley.

Fig. 7A

alluvium
Fig. 7B

alluvium
Fig. 7C

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(i)

In which figure, 7A, 7B or 7C, is the volume of the river likely to be the largest?

[1]

(ii)

Describe two differences in the shape of the valley cross sections shown in Figs 7A
and 7B.
[2]

(iii)

Give three processes by which the river is likely to carry out erosion in Fig. 7A.

[3]

(iv)

Describe the processes by which a river is likely to transport eroded materials.

[4]

(b) Study Photograph A (Insert) which shows a waterfall, the Montmorency Falls, near Quebec
City, Canada.
(i)

Describe the natural features of the waterfall shown in the photograph.

[3]

(ii)

Explain how the waterfall may bring both benefits and problems for local people.

[5]

(c) For a named river which you have studied, explain the causes of flooding.

[7]
[Total: 25 marks]

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12
Section C
Answer one question from this section.

(a) Study Fig. 8, which shows numbers of international tourists and their destinations.
1800
Key to destinations
Middle East
1600

Europe
Asia and the Pacific
The Americas

1400

number of international tourists (millions)

Africa

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0
1980

2000

2020
(projected)
Fig. 8

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13
(i)

What was the total number of international tourists in 2000?

(ii)

Identify the part of the world which:

(iii)

[1]

had more than 100 million international tourists in 1980;

increased its number of international tourists from 20 million in

1980 to 100 million in 2000.

[2]

Suggest reasons for the expected increase in international tourism.

[3]

(b) Study Fig. 9 (Insert), which shows Mah Island, which is part of the Seychelles (an LEDC in
the Indian Ocean), along with Photographs B, C and D (Insert).
The location of each photograph is shown on Fig. 9.
(i)

Suggest three different ways in which people who live on Mah Island might benefit from
international tourists visiting the island.
[3]

(ii)

Suggest three different problems which international tourism might cause for people who
live on Mah Island.
[4]

(iii)

Use evidence from Fig. 9 (Insert) and Photographs B, C and D (Insert) only to explain
why Mah Island is attractive to tourists.
[5]

(c) Name an area which you have studied where the tourist industry is important. Describe what
has been done in the area to maintain, improve and conserve the quality of the environment.
[7]
[Total: 25 marks]

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14
6

(a) Study Figs 10A and 10B, which show information about the use of different types of energy.

Europe and
former USSR

Middle
East

North
America

Asia
and
Pacific

South
America
Key
fossil fuels
Africa

nuclear power
HEP

Fig. 10A

Asia and Pacific

10

20

30

North
South
Europe
America America

Africa

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

% of total fuelwood used

Fig. 10B
(i)

What is meant by fossil fuel?

[1]

(ii)

Which two regions, between them, use over 75% of the world`s fuelwood?

[2]

(iii)

Identify three differences in the use of energy between South America and Europe and
former USSR.
[3]

(iv)

Suggest reasons why the importance of different types of energy varies globally.

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[4]

15
(b) Study Fig. 11, part of a webpage about energy in China.

Oil prices rose above US$50 per barrel in September, reaching record-high levels.
The rise in oil prices is likely to affect Chinas economic growth. As a result of rapid
industrialisation, China has become the worlds second largest user of oil and its
imports are increasing rapidly. The rise in oil prices affects the Chinese economy, as
higher oil prices lead to higher costs for Chinese manufacturing firms.
Like many LEDCs, the government of China has encouraged economic development,
even though it has damaged the environment. However, the use of large amounts of
energy also uses up valuable resources and makes industry less competitive, because
of higher costs.
Fig. 11
(i)

Use your own words to suggest three different ways in which high oil prices are likely to
cause problems for the Chinese economy and industry.
[3]

(ii)

Describe the ways by which the transport and use of oil might damage the natural
environment.
[5]

(c) For a country or area which you have studied, describe the ways in which renewable energy
supplies are being developed.
[7]
[Total: 25 marks]

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16
BLANK PAGE

Copyright Acknowledgements:
Question 4 Photograph A
Question 5 Photograph B
Question 5 Photograph C
Question 5 Photograph D
Question 5

S. Sibley UCLES.
S. Sibley UCLES.
S. Sibley UCLES.
S. Sibley UCLES.
Fig. 9 Air Seychelles.

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

UCLES 2008

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