STD VIII

SOCIAL STUDIES COURSE FOR FIRST CLASS TEST 2015 -16

LESSON 1 ARRIVAL OF EUROPEANS IN INDIA
LESSON 2 WHAT IS AROUND US?
LESSON 3 INDIAN CONSTITUTION
STYLE OF PAPER
MCQ questions
4
Blanks
2
True or false
2
Match
2
Sentence answers
3
Brief answers
4
Detail answers
3
Q.1. CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION LESSON 1
1. Columbus was a native of _________________ .
A) England
B) Portugal
C) Italy
D) Spain
2. Which land did Columbus reach accidently when he started out to discover a new
sea-route to India?
A) America
B) Australia
C) Africa
D) New Zealand
3. Vasco-da-gama was a inhabitant of _______________.
A) Italy
B) Spain
C) France
D) Portugal
4. On which day did the ship of Vasco-da-gama reach Calicut port?
A) 22nd May, 1500
B) 12th March, 1492
nd
C) 22 May, 1498
D) 10th November, 1480
5. Where did the Portuguese first establish a fort in year 1502 C.E.?
A) Calicut
B) Surat
C) Marmagoa
D) Mangalore
6. In which year did the Portuguese get victory over Goa?
A) 1498 C.E.
B) 1506 C.E. C) 1510 C.E. D) 1500 C.E.
7. Which Mughal Emperor ruled over Delhi when Portuguese established fort on
banks of river Hugli in Bengal?
A) Aurangzeb
B) Akbar
C) Jahangir
D) Shahjahan
8. Which country did the Dutch people belong to?
A) Norway
B) Denmark C) Sweden
D) Holland ( The
Netherlands )
9. Against whom could the Dutch people not withstand competition?
A) Portuguese B) Spanish
C) British
D) French
10. When was the ( British East India Company ) established?
A) 1600 C.E.
B) 1608 C.E.
C) 1613 C.E.
D) 1602 C.E.
11. When did the first ship of Britishers reach in Inadia?
A) 1610 C.E.
B) 1600 C.E.
C) 1608 C.E.
D) 1611 C.E.
12. Which Mughal Emperor gave permission to the Britishers to undertake trade in
Surat?
A) Aurangzeb
B) Jahangir
C) Shahjahan
D) Akbar
13. Which Mughal Emperor gave permission to the Britishers to undertake trade in
Bengal?
A) Aurangzeb
B) Akbar
C) Jahangir
D) Shahjahan
14. When was the ( French East India Company ) established?

A]1664 C.E.
B) 1668 C.E.
C) 1646 C.E.
D) 1675 C.E.
15. From where did the British start undertake trade?
A) On the banks of river Padma
B) On the banks of river Hugli
C) Calicut port
D) On the banks of river Meghana
16. From which Mughal Emperor did the Britishers get permission to not
to give tax and undertake trade?
A) From Jahangir
B) From Shahjahan C) From Akbar D) From
Aurangzeb
17. When the Battle of Plassey fought?
A) 1764 C.E.
B) 1775 C.E.
C) 1757 C.E.
D) 1764 C.E.
18. Who became the Nawab of Bengal in the year 1756 C.E.
A) Siraj-ud-daulah
B) Alivardi Khan
C) Suja-ud-dualah
D) Murshid Ali Khan
19. When was the Battle of Buxar fought?
A) 1757 C.E.
B) 1765 C.E.
C) 1761 C.E.
D) 1764 C.E.
20. Whom did the British appoint the Nawab of the Bengal after the Battle
A) Shah Alam
B) Mir Jafar
C) Mir Hasim
D) Mir Qasim
LESSON 2

WHAT IS AROUND US?

1. CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION

1. How many spheres does the earth have?
A] two
B] Four
C] Three
D] Five
2. How much area of the surface does the lithosphere occupy?
A] 98%
B] 97%
C] 71%
D] 29%
3. The crust of the earth is not broken because
A] The balance between heat and water is maintained
B] The balance between heat and pressure is maintained
C] The balance between magma and pressure is maintained
D] The balance between heat and magma is maintained
4. How much area of the surface does hydrosphere cover?
A] 71%
B] 97%
C] 68%
D] 29%
5. How deep are the ocean drenches?
A] 8 to 9 km
B] 10 to 11 km
C] 5 to 6 km
D] 14 to 15 km
6. How much of the earths total water is on the oceans?
A] 71%
B] 78%
C] 80%
D] 97%
7. Up to how many kilometers above the surface does the atmosphere extend?
A] 1600 km B] 2100 km C] 1200 km D] 1400 km
8. What is the proportion of nitrogen in the atmosphere?
A71%
B] 48%
C] 78%
D] 21%
9. What is the proportion of Oxygen in the atmosphere?
A] 21%
B] 71%
C] 78%
D] 21%
10. The earth is protected from the excessive heat of the sun because
A] nitrogen gas absorbs the ultraviolet rays of the sun
B] oxygen gas absorbs the ultraviolet rays of the sun
C] ozone gas absorbs the ultraviolet rays of the sun

D] hydrogen gas absorbs the ultraviolet rays of the sun

11. Which atmospheric gas dilutes the intensity of oxygen?
A] ozone
B]carbon di oxide
C] nitrogen
D] hydrogen
12. Which gas, causes the global warming when increased in volume?
A] O2
B] H2
C] N2
D] CO2
L-3 INDIAN CONSTITUTION
1 With what does the Indian constitution start?
A Fundamental rights
B Fundamental duties
C Premable
D Documents of Swarajya
2 When did the constitution committee start its work?
A 9th December, 1946
B 9th November, 1945
th
C 20 January, 1946
D 1st March, 1946
3 Who was elected the president of constitution committee?
A Dr Radhakrishnan
B Dr Rajendra Prasad
C Dr Kaniyalal Munshi
D Dr B. R. Ambedkar
4 Under whose chairmanship was the drafting committee formed?
A Dr B. R. Ambedkar
B Dr Rajendra Prasad
C Dr Kaniyalal Munshi
D Dr Radhakrishnan
5 Who from the following was the female member of the constitution committee ?
A Mrs Anee Besant
B Mrs Indira Gandhi
C Mrs Kamaladevi
D Sarojini Naidu
6 When did the constitution committee pass the constitution of India?
A 26th January 1950
B 15th August 1947
th
C 26 November 1949
D 9th November 1949
7 When was our constitution enforced?
A 26th November 1949
B 26th January 1950
C 15th August 1950
D 26th August 1950
8 Which day was declared as a Republic Day ?
A 26th January
B 15th August
th
C 26 November
D 2nd January
9 After every how many years are the general elections held in our country ?
A seven
B Six
C four
D five
10 At what age does an Indian citizen gain universal adult franchise?
A 18 years
B 17 years
C 20 years
D 21 years
11 By what name is the upper house of Parliament Known ?
A Lok Sabha
B Rajya Sabha
C Formal committee
D Constitution committee
12 By what name is the lower house of Parliament Known ?
A Vidhan Sabha
B Vidhan Parishad
C Lok Sabha
D Rajya Sabha
Q.2.FILL IN THE BLANKSa
1. The Italian who grabbed the responsibility to find out the sea route to India was
Columbus.

2. Columbus discovered the continent of America.

3. Today the native inhabitants of America are called Red Indians and the group of islands
on its bank are known as the West Indies.
4. Vasco-da-Gama discovered a new sea route from Europe to India.
5. Vasco-da-Gama first reached at Calicut port of Calicut.
6. In the year 1498,King Zamorin was ruling in Calicut.
7. In Calicut, Portuguese built a wall on all the sides of fort appointed a commander in
chief namely Albuquerque to safeguard the fort.
8. In the year 1663 C.E, Dutch people established fort in Pulicut and Madras.
9. Hawkins was the captain of the British ship which first came to India.
10. The head of the French East India Company, situated in India was Dupleix.
11. The British captain Sir Thomas Roe obtained permission from the Mughal Emperor
Jahangir to set up trade in Surat.
12. Robert Clive conspired to murder Siraj-ud-daulah .
13. Indian history changed with the battle of Plassey.
14. Mir Jafar became the Nawab of Bengal after the battle of Plassey.
15. The British company dismissed Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal and appointed Mir
Qasim as the Nawab.
16. After the death of Mir Jafar, Mir Qasim became the Nawab of Bengal.
LESSON 2
1. In the solar system, only earth has the favourable temperature, water and air to sustain
life.
2. The earth was in fireball form at the time of the origin.
3. Lithosphere is composed of soil and rocks.
4. Lithosphere covers approximately 295 of the earths surface.
5. Mountains, plateaus and plains have developed on lithosphere.
6. Rocks which are in molten state in the interior of the earth are known as magma.
7. Drinking water is a part of hydrosphere.
8. Valuable chemicals and minerals are available in big amount in the water of the sea and
on the sea floor.
9. The atmosphere contains approximately 78 % of nitrogen and 21% of oxygen.
10. Ozone gas absorbs ultraviolet rays of the Sun.
11. Oxygen and nitrogen gases sustain life on the earth.
12. Nitrogen gas in the atmosphere reduces the intensity of oxygen.
13. Because of dust particles seen in the atmosphere, it does not suddenly turn dark after
sunset and it does not suddenly turn bright after sunrise.
14. Atmosphere is necessary for radio broadcasts and television.
15. Biosphere is divided into two divisions: biotic and abiotic.
16.The areas having more of vehicles show increased amount of carbon monoxide gas in the
air.
LESSON 3.
1. Our constitution starts with __preamble_.
2. The constitution committee started forming the constitution from 9 th December _1946_
3 .Dr. Rajendraprasad was the president of constitution committee.
4. _Dr. B.R. Ambedkar_ was the chairman of the drafting committee.
5. The Indian constitution was passed on __26th November, 1949. .

6. The Constitution of India was enforced from 26 th January , 1950.

7. Many _objectives_have been achieved through constitution.
8. India has adopted ___parliamentary_ system of government.
9. The elections are held in our country every _five years.
10. The Indian citizens of age _18_ years or above cast their vote in general election of
country.
11. India is a _secular, federal, democratic _and republic nation.
Q.3 True or false. Lesson 1
1. Christopher Columbus found the sea route to India. FALSE
2. Vasco da Gama was the inhabitant of Portugal. TRUE
3. The British fort at Hugli was demolished on the orders of Mughal emperor Jahangir.
FALSE
4. The Mughal emperor, Shahjahan, permitted the British to start trade in Bengal. TRUE.
TRUE
5. The battle of Buxar was the first battle fought by the of British East India company in
India. FALSE
6. The British company appointed Mir Qasim as the Nawab of Bengal after the battle of
Plassey FALSE
7. The British defeated in the battle of Buxar. FALSE
LESSON 2
8. Lithosphere occupies 71% of the surface of the earth. FALSE
9. When the balance between the heat and the pressure is not maintained in the interiors of
the earth the crust of the earth breaks and water streams erupts TRUE
10. Rain is the main source of water. TRUE
11. Oceans are useful as our water ways. TRUE
12.There are various gases in the biosphere. TRUE
13. As we go higher from the surface of the earth, volume of most of the gases is reduced.
TRUE
14. Carbon dioxide is in abundance in the lower strata of the atmosphere. TRUE
15. Solid liquid and gaseous elements are included in atmosphere. TRUE
16. Biosphere is colourless, tasteless and odourless. TRUE
17. We are unable to listen sounds due to the medium of biosphere. FALSE
18. Dust particles reflect sun rays. TRUE
19. Only the earth in the solar system has biosphere. TRUE
20. Various types of living beings are included in biosphere. TRUE
21. The amount of co2 decreases due to the cutting of trees. FALSE
22. Oxygen reduces the intensity of nitrogen. FALSE
Lesson 3
1 The constitution of our country starts with the fundamental rights. TRUE
2 Dr B. R. Ambedkar was the elected president of constitution committee. FALSE
3 The work of the formation of the constitution was completed in 166 meetings. TRUE
4 One cannot imagine the administration of the country without constitution. TRUE
5 India has adopted democratic system of government. FALSE
6 The Judiciary works to implement the laws made by Parliament FALSE
7 The whole country follows the rules made by central government. FALSE

Q. 4. Match
1498 AD - Vasco-da-Gama came to India
1600 AD- British East India Company was established
1608 AD- British ship reached Surat port
1664 AD- French East India Company was established
1502 AD- Portuguese established fort in Calicut
1663 AD- Dutch people established fort in Agra
1757 AD-Battle of Plassey was fought
1764 AD -Battle of Buxar was fought
Lithosphere - residence of all living organisms including human beings
Hydrosphere - sphere of water
Atmosphere - sphere of various gases
Biosphere - combination of four spheres
Q. 5. Answer in a sentence lesson 1
Q.1. Which Indian commodities were great demand in European countries?
A.1. Indian commodities which were in great demand in European countries were silk,
cotton clothes, muslin, black pepper, spices, etc.
Q.2. Who made the first effort to discover new sea-route to India?
A.2. The first effort to discover new sea-route to India was Columbus, the brave sailor of
Italy.
Q.3. By what name are the root inhabitants of America and the group of islands on its bank
known as today?
A.3. The root inhabitants of America are known as Red Indians and the islands on its bank
are known as West Indies.
Q.4. Who discovered the new sea- route to India?
A.4. Vasco-da-gama discovered the new sea route to India.
Q.5. When did Vasco-da-gamas ship reach India? How?
A.5. The ship of Vasco-da-gama started from Lisbon and reached India [Calicut port] on
22nd May, 1498 through Indian Ocean after completing a circular route from Cape of Good
Hope in South Africa.
Q.6. Where did Portuguese establish their forts in India?
A.6. Portuguese established their forts in Calicut, Goa, Mangalore, Cochin, Diu, Daman,
coasts of Mumbai and island of Sri Lanka in India.
Q.7. To which country did the Dutch inhabitants belong to? Where did they establish forts in
India?
A.7. Dutch people were the inhabitants of Holland [Netherlands]. They established their
forts in Pulicat and Madras.

Q.8. Where, when and why was British East India Company established?
A.8. British East India Company was established in the year 1600 A.D. in England by some
merchants who wanted to undertake trade with India.
Q.9. When and where did the first ship land?
A.9. The first ship landed India in the year 1608 A.D.
Q.10. Where in India did the French East India Company establish their forts ?
A.10. French East India Company established their forts in India in Surat, Machlipatnam,
Pondicherry etc.
Q.11. From where did British first start trade in India?
A.11. Britishers first started trade in India from the bank of river Hugli
Q.12.Who were the first and the last Europeans to come to India?
A.12 The Portuguese were the first and the French were the last European people to come
to India.
Q.13. Between whom was the battle of Plassey was fought? What were its result?
A.13. The Battle of Plassey was fought between Siraj-ud daula 1757 A.D. The British got
victory in the Battle and it marked the beginning of British rule in India.
Lesson 2
Q.1. What is the characteristics of the earth as the member of the solar system?
A.1. The characteristics of the earth as the member of the solar system is that, only earth
has got favourable temperature, water and air. All necessary things for sustaining life are
found only on the earth.
Q.2. Which are the major spheres on the earth?
A.2. The major spheres on the earth are lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and
biosphere.
Q.3. What is magma?
A.3. The liquid which is formed due to the melting of rock strata because of the external
heat in the interior of the earth is called magma.
Q.4. Why is the crust of the earth not broken?
A.4. There are many gases in the interior of the earth which on being heated tries to come
out with pressure in upward directions. But the pressure of rocks present on the surface of
the earth is equally same. Thus, the balance between opposite forces like heat and pressure
is maintained. That is why the crust of the earth does not break.
Q.5. Which are the oceans of the earth?
The oceans of the earth are the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Indian and the Arctic.
Q.6. Which elements make up the Atmosphere?

A.6. Atmosphere is a mixture of solid, liquid and gaseous elements.

Q.7. Which gases make up atmosphere?
A.7. The atmosphere is a composition various gases like water vapour, carbon di oxide,
hydrogen, ozone, argon, etc.
Q.8 How does the ozone gas work?
A.8. Ozone gas absorbs the ultra-violet sunrays in large quantity and saves the biosphere
on the earth from their harmful elements.
Q.9. Where and when is the ozone gas found in large quantity?
A.9. The ozone gas is found in large quantity in the morning near the open ground and in
the air near the sea shore.
Q.10. What is meant by condensation?
A.10. Condensation is a process of cooling of moisture. Various forms like rains, dew, snow,
hailstone, etc, are formed due to condensation.
Q.11. Why are the radio and the television transmission possible?
A.11. The radio and the television transmissions are possible due to the medium of
atmosphere.
Q.12. Who are included in the living world?
A.12. Human beings, vegetation, animals and minute insects are included in the living
world.
Q13. What is harmful for biosphere?
A.13. The equilibrium among various spheres of the earth is disturbed due to certain
activities carried out by men for the development. This is harmful for biosphere.
Lesson 3.
1. Of which national objectives is the constitution of India a pioneer?
ANS-1. The constitution of India is a pioneer of the national objectives like public
administration, secularism, socialism and integrity.
2. When did constitution committee start its work?
ANS-2. The constitution committee started its work on 9th December, 1946.
3. Which national leaders were included in constitution committee?
ANS-3. National leaders who were included in constitution committee were Jawaharlal
Nehru, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Maulana Azad
4. Which constitutional scholars were included in constitution committee?
ANS-4.Constitutional scholars leaders who were included in constitution committee were
Alladi Krishnaswami Iyer, Dr.B.R.Ambedkar, K.N.Munshi, etc.
5. Who where the chief female members in constitution committee?

ANS-5. The chief female members in constitution committee were Sarojini Naidu and
Vijayalakshmi Pandit.
6. Who was elected as the president of constitution committee?
ANS-6. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the president of constitution committee.
7. Under whose presidency, the drafting committee was formed?
ANS-7.The bill committee was formed under the presidency of Dr.B.R.Ambedkar.
8. When did the constitution committee pass the constitution?
A.8. The constitution committee passed the constitution on 26th November, 1949.
9. What is Indias point of view as far as religion is concerned?
ANS-9. India is secular as far as religion is concerned.
10. At what age can an Indian Indian citizen get franchise?
ANS-10. The Indian citizen gets franchise at the age of 18 or above.
11. Which are the organs of central government?
ANS-11. The organs of central government are Legislative, Executive and Judiciary.
12.What are the functions of the organs of Central Government ?
Ans.12. Legislative makes laws, Executive implements laws and Judiciary makes people
follow the law and does the work of giving justice.
13. What guarantee do the fundamental rights give to the citizens?

14. When was the constitution enforced?

ANS-14. The constitution was enforced on 26th January, 1950.
15. Which are the salient features of our constitution?
ANS-15. The salient features of our constitution are: India is a democratic, secular, republic
and federal nation.
Q.6. ANSWER IN SHORT [2 MARKS ANSWERS] LESSON 1
Q.1. Write few lines on the arrival of the French people in India.
A.1. After the British rule, the French people established the French East India Company
in 1664 A.D. They established their forts in Surat, Macchlipattnam and Pondicherry.
Dupley was the head of the French army. He had the desire to expand the European rule in
India. However, at that time, the British stood in competition against each other for
establishing their rule over India. This resulted in innumerable disputes and quarrels
between the Britishers and the French. However, at the end, the British won and they were
successful in establishing their power over India.
Q.2. How did the Portugal rule come to an end?

A.2 In the beginning of 17 the century, Portuguese entered Bengal for trading. The Subedar
of Bengal complained about the behaviour of Portuguese to Mughal Emperor Shahjahan.
The Emperor gave orders and following them the Hugli fort was demolished and the ships
of the Dutch were burnt. In this way the Portugal rule got limited up to Diu, Daman and
Goa only.
Lesson 2
Q.3. What do you know about the earth? [Brief ans]
A.1. The earth is one of the members of the solar system. Among the entire solar system,
only earth has the temperature, water and air required to sustain life. There is no proof of
their existence on other planets of the solar system. Thus, the most important
characteristics of the earth is its ability to support living organisms.
Q.4. How did the four spheres come into existence on the earth? [brief ans]
A.2. The earth was in the form of a fireball initially. The fireball gradually cooled down and
some of its elements turned into liquid and solid matter. During this process, the material
which condensed into solid state formed the lithosphere and the material which condensed
into liquid formed the hydrosphere. Those elements which turned in gaseous state formed
the atmosphere. Biosphere is that sphere which flourished over all these spheres. Thus, the
four spheres came into existence on the earth.
Q.5. Which human activities affect the hydrosphere?
1. Industrial waste and other impurities from the cities and villages are dumped into the
rivers, streams, ponds, lakes and sea continuously. So all these water masses have turned
into general dunghills [heap of rubbishes]
2. Polar ice melts due to the increase in temperature through continuous industrial
pollution.
3. Due to the oil sleek from the ships and dumping of poisonous and chemically polluted
water into the oceans, marine life is also getting destroyed.
Q.6. How are dust particles useful to us?
A.4. Dust particles are useful to us in many ways.
1. Sunlight spreads on the earth due to these particles only.
2. It is due to these particles that it does not turn dark after sunset and it does not turn
bright suddenly after sunrise.
3. The sunrays are reflected back with the help of these dust particles on the surface of the
earth and we receive the light of the sun.
Lesson 3
Q.7. India is a secular nation. Explain
A.1. The rule of India does not run on the basis of any religion or sect. No partiality or
discrimination are kept among the citizens on the basis of religion or sect. Every citizen of
the country has freedom to follow his own religion and its propagation. Indian government
is neutral in the religious matter. Thus it is called that India is a secular nation.
Q.8. Why it is said that India is a federal state?
A.2. India is called a federal state because the law making subjects are fixed for the central
and the state government. The concurrent list of subjects is also decided. The laws made by
the central government are for the whole nation.
Q.7. DETAIL ANSWERS [3 marks]

Q.1. Why did the Europeans feel the need to discover a new sea-route to India?
A.1. From ancient time, the merchants from outside the country came to India from northwestern boundaries by land route and after buying the Indian commodities, sold them in
European countries. Turkeys got victory over city called Constantinople which was known
as the main trading centre of European and Asian countries. Consequently, the trade route
between Europe and India was stopped. Demand of Indian commodities like silk, cotton
clothes, muslin, black pepper, spices etc, was increased in European countries. Europeans
could not stay without Indian black-pepper and spices. So, a need arose to find out searoute by European people.
Q.2. What is the importance of the Battle of Plassey?
A.2. After the Battle of Plassey, Mir Jafar was made the Nawab of Bengal. He was supposed
to dance to the tunes of the British. The Battle of Plassey was the first war of the British in
India. It marked the beginning of the rule of the British in India.
The English influence in the rich kingdom of Bengal increased as a result of this battle.
Now the company was in a position to maintain a powerful army and with the help of this
force, the company succeeded in ending the French power in India.
Thus the battle proved to be very important for the English from historical point of view.
The English became the real masters of Bengal and it became easy for them to expand their
power in India. The Battle of Plassey is considered to be the most important event in the
history of India because there was a drastic change in the history of India after this event.
Q.3. Why was the Battle of Buxar fought? What was its result?
A.3. Britishers dismissed Mir Jafar and replaced him by making his son-in-law as the
Nawab of Bengal. After becoming the Nawab, Mir Kasim started troubling the Britishers.
So, the Britishers decided to dismiss him too. Hence Mir Qasim got angry. To fight against
the Britishers, Mir Qasim took the help of the army of Nawab of Ayodhya and Mughal
Emperor Shah Aalam. In the year 1764 A.D. there was a battle fought against the Britishers
and the combined forces of Mir Qasim. In this battle the Britishers got victory. After the
end of the battle, the Britishers dismissed Mir Qasim and again made Mir Jafar the Nawab
of Bengal. Mir Jafar died in 1765 A.D. So, Clive was sent to India to take control of the
situation. In this way, after the battle of Buxar, British became very powerful and emerged
as a political power in the sub-continent of India.
Lesson 2
Q.4. State the utility of lithosphere. [detail]
A.1. Utility of lithosphere is follows
1. Lithosphere is the home of man.
2. Man gets water from various water sources of lithosphere.
3. Man grows various crops on the land and also develops industries and various economic
activities.
4. It is also home for vegetation and animals.
5. Minerals obtained from the lithosphere are used in industries and in many other ways.
6. Human civilization owes its progress mainly to lithosphere.
Q.5. State the utility of hydrosphere. [detail]
A.2. The utility of hydrosphere is as follows.
1. Hydrosphere provides us the fresh water.
2. Most of the rain water comes from hydrosphere. The rain is created only due to the
moisture, which comes from the evaporation taking place in the water of the ocean.

3. Chemicals are obtained from the sea water and mineral oil from the sea floor.
4. Man gets fish and other food from sea water.
5. Salt is produced from the sea water.
6. Electricity is produced from the tidal energy.
7. Oceans are used as waterways.
8. We feel less heat on the earth because of hydrosphere.
Q6. State the utility of atmosphere.
A.3. The utility of atmosphere is as follows.
1. Oxygen in the atmosphere is essential to all living organisms on the earth.
2. Nitrogen is necessary for the growth of vegetation.
3. Carbon dioxide is the food for green vegetation.
4. Nitrogen dilutes the intensity of oxygen.
5. Ozone gas absorbs the ultra-violet sunrays and thus protects the life on the earth fro
intense heat of the sun.
6. The dust particles in the atmosphere help to spread the sunrays in all directions, So,
there is never a sudden light before the sunrise or darkness after the sunset.
7. We can hear sound only due to the atmosphere.
Q.7. How does a volcano erupt?
A.4. The interior of the lithosphere contains many gases. When these gases are heated due
to high temperature inside the interior of the lithosphere try to come out in the upward
direction with a lot of pressure. On the other hand, the rocks present on the surface of the
earth also pressurize the interior of the lithosphere. Hence, two opposite forces, pressure of
heat and pressure of rocks act upon each other. Since the balance between the heat and the
pressure is not maintained in the interior of the earth, the crust of the earth breaks and
volcano erupts.
Q.8. How do human activities affect our sphere? [5 points only]
A.5.Human activities affect our sphere in the following ways.
1.The atomic research in the interior of the earth, too much drilling of the earth to find
minerals, mineral oil and making tube wells affect the lithosphere and it faces danger.
2. The impurities of the villages and cities are dumped
3. Due to increased heat, the snow at the Polar Regions has started to melt.
4. Aquatic creatures are destroyed due to the waste oil from the ships and deposition of
industrial and chemical mixed impurities in water.
5. The areas having higher mobility of vehicles show increased rate f carbon monoxide in
the air.
6. The amount of CO2 in the air increases due to the cutting of trees.
7. Heat on the earth increases due to the increase of CO2 in air.
Lesson 3
9. What do you mean by constitution? Why is constitution needed for any nation?
A.1. A collection of systematic set of rules for running the government of the country is
known as constitution of the country. Constitution can be in written or unwritten form. It is
formed on the basis of principles, goals and ideals. It should be formed by the elected
representatives of the people.
Constitution is needed for any nation because no rule of country can work without
constitution. The kind of government of the country and its administration are decided by
the constitution. Many objectives have been achieved through constitution. It is such a

document which weaves our ideals. The representatives elected by the people run the
country in accordance with the constitution. Our Constitution contains such provisions and
rules so that the rulers do not misuse their powers.
10. What is Democracy? Write few lines on Democracy.
Democracy means government of the people, by the people and for the people. The main
feature of Indian constitution is democratic rule. General elections are held in our country
every five years. The voters of age 18 years or above cast their vote and elect their
representatives. Any voter of the country can fight on election without any discrimination
of religion, caste, class, male or female. Representatives elected by the people rule the
country by taking responsibility of the people.IN a democracy, a citizen has the freedom to
follow any religion according to his speech, thought, desire and presentation.
11.Why is India known as a republic?
A.3. In India, the government obtains powers from people directly or indirectly. So India is
known as Republic Democracy. The rule of our country is not in the hands of particular
class of people. All the posts of state administration are open for the citizens without any
discrimination of religion, caste, sex, etc. The Indian government can dismiss any
government by election and they have supreme power to form a new government. Thus
India is known as Republic.

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