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Signal and System Lecture 12

1. The document discusses linear and nonlinear phase in continuous-time (CT) and discrete-time (DT) systems. Linear phase results in a time shift without distortion, while nonlinear phase results in both a time shift and distortion. 2. Ideal lowpass filters have a sharp cutoff frequency, but are noncausal and result in overshoot. Nonideal lowpass filters have a gradual cutoff and involve tradeoffs between time and frequency domain specifications. 3. For systems described by linear constant coefficient differential/difference equations, their frequency responses can be rational functions. Examples of prototypical systems include first-order and second-order CT/DT systems.

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125 views13 pages

Signal and System Lecture 12

1. The document discusses linear and nonlinear phase in continuous-time (CT) and discrete-time (DT) systems. Linear phase results in a time shift without distortion, while nonlinear phase results in both a time shift and distortion. 2. Ideal lowpass filters have a sharp cutoff frequency, but are noncausal and result in overshoot. Nonideal lowpass filters have a gradual cutoff and involve tradeoffs between time and frequency domain specifications. 3. For systems described by linear constant coefficient differential/difference equations, their frequency responses can be rational functions. Examples of prototypical systems include first-order and second-order CT/DT systems.

Uploaded by

ali_rehman87
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Signals and Systems

Fall 2003
Lecture #12
16 October 2003

1. Linear and Nonlinear Phase


2. Ideal and Nonideal Frequency-Selective
Filters
3. CT & DT Rational Frequency Responses
4. DT First- and Second-Order Systems
Linear Phase

CT

Result: Linear phase ⇔ simply a rigid shift in time, no distortion


Nonlinear phase ⇔ distortion as well as shift

DT

Question:
All-Pass Systems

CT

DT
Demo: Impulse response and output of an all-pass
system with nonlinear phase
How do we think about signal delay when the phase is nonlinear?
Group Delay

φ
Ideal Lowpass Filter

CT

←
⎯→

• Noncausal h(t <0) ≠ 0


• Oscillatory Response — e.g. step response Overshoot by 9%,
Gibbs phenomenon
Nonideal Lowpass Filter

• Sometimes we don’t want a sharp cutoff, e.g.

• Often have specifications in time and frequency domain ⇒ Trade-offs

Step response
Freq. Response
CT Rational Frequency Responses
CT: If the system is described by LCCDEs, then

Prototypical
Systems — First-order system, has only one
energy storing element, e.g. L or C

— Second-order system, has two


energy storing elements, e.g. L and C
DT Rational Frequency Responses

If the system is described by LCCDE’s (Linear-Constant-Coefficient


Difference Equations), then
DT First-Order Systems
Demo: Unit-sample, unit-step, and frequency response
of DT first-order systems
DT Second-Order System

decaying

oscillations
Demo: Unit-sample, unit-step, and frequency response of
DT second-order systems

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