Scribd
Upload
224 views12 pages

Signal and System Lecture 23

This document summarizes key topics from a lecture on signals and systems, including: 1. Geometric evaluation of z-transforms and discrete-time frequency responses, focusing on first- and second-order systems. 2. Algebraic operations for system functions and block diagrams, including feedback systems. 3. Properties and uses of unilateral z-transforms for solving difference equations with initial conditions, where the output has a zero-state response due to input and a zero-input response due to initial conditions.

Uploaded by

ali_rehman87
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
224 views12 pages

Signal and System Lecture 23

This document summarizes key topics from a lecture on signals and systems, including: 1. Geometric evaluation of z-transforms and discrete-time frequency responses, focusing on first- and second-order systems. 2. Algebraic operations for system functions and block diagrams, including feedback systems. 3. Properties and uses of unilateral z-transforms for solving difference equations with initial conditions, where the output has a zero-state response due to input and a zero-input response due to initial conditions.

Uploaded by

ali_rehman87
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

Signals and Systems

Fall 2003
Lecture #23
4 December 2003

1. Geometric Evaluation of z-Transforms and DT Frequency


Responses
2. First- and Second-Order Systems
3. System Function Algebra and Block Diagrams
4. Unilateral z-Transforms
Geometric Evaluation of a Rational z-Transform

Example #1:

Example #2:

Example #3:

All same as
in s-plane
Geometric Evaluation of DT Frequency Responses

First-Order System
— one real pole
Second-Order System
Two poles that are a complex conjugate pair (z1= rejθ =z2*)

Clearly, |H| peaks near ω = ±θ


Demo: DT pole-zero diagrams, frequency response, vector
diagrams, and impulse- & step-responses
DT LTI Systems Described by LCCDEs

Use the time-shift property

— Rational

ROC: Depends on Boundary Conditions, left-, right-, or two-sided.

For Causal Systems ⇒ ROC is outside the outermost pole


System Function Algebra and Block Diagrams

Feedback System
(causal systems)

negative feedback
configuration

Example #1:

z-1 ⇔ D
Delay
Example #2:

— Cascade of
two systems
Unilateral z-Transform

Note:

(1) If x[n] = 0 for n < 0, then

(2) UZT of x[n] = BZT of x[n]u[n] ⇒ ROC always outside a circle


and includes z = ∞

(3) For causal LTI systems,


Properties of Unilateral z-Transform
Many properties are analogous to properties of the BZT e.g.

• Convolution property (for x1[n<0] = x2[n<0] = 0)

• But there are important differences. For example, time-shift

Derivation:
Initial condition
Use of UZTs in Solving Difference Equations
with Initial Conditions

UZT of Difference Equation

ZIR — Output purely due to the initial conditions,


ZSR — Output purely due to the input.
Example (continued)

β = 0 ⇒ System is initially at rest:

ZSR

α = 0 ⇒ Get response to initial conditions

ZIR

You might also like