kim (jk36442) Homework 11 yao (58995)

This print-out should have 27 questions.

Multiple-choice questions may continue on
the next column or page find all choices
before answering.
001 10.0 points
If the gas in a container absorbs 275 Joules of
heat, has 125 Joules of work done on it, then
does 50 Joules of work, what is the increase in
the internal energy of the gas?

003 10.0 points

A balloon, originally of volume Vi , inflates
at constant pressure, P , to twice its original
radius.
The amount of work done by the balloon is:
1. 7 P Vi correct
2. 3 P Vi

1. U = 350 J correct

3. 2 P Vi

2. U = 450 J

4. 5 P Vi

3. U = 100 J

5. P Vi
Explanation:
The amount of work done in an isobaric
process is

4. U = 400 J
5. U = 200 J

W = P (Vf Vi ) .

Explanation:

The initial volume of the balloon is

Let : Q = 326 J ,
W1 = 118 J ,
W2 = 25 J .

Vi ri3 ,

and

The total work done by the gas is

W = W2 W1 .
Using the first law of thermodynamics,

and the final volume of the balloon is

Vf rf3 = (2 ri )3 = 8 ri3 ,
so Vf = 8 Vi , and
W = P (8 Vi Vi ) = 7 P Vi .

U = Q W = Q (W2 W1 )
= 326 J (25 J 118 J) = 419 J .

002 10.0 points

Gas in a container increases its pressure from
2.7 atm to 3 atm while keeping its volume
constant.
Find the work done by the gas if the volume
is 5 L.
Correct answer: 0 J.
Explanation:
Since there is no change of volume, the work
is always zero.

004 10.0 points

14 mol of an ideal gas expands isothermally
at 373 K to 11.5 its initial volume.
Find the heat flow into the system. The
universal gas constant is 8.31 J/K mol.
Correct answer: 1.05985 105 J.
Explanation:
Let :

n = 14 mol ,
R = 8.31 J/K mol ,
T = 373 K , and
Vf = 11.5 Vi .

kim (jk36442) Homework 11 yao (58995)

This is an isothermal process, so the internal energy of the ideal gas is constant. Thus
the heat flowing into the system is equal to
the work done to the system:
 
Vf
W = n R T ln
Vi
= (14 mol) (8.31 J/K mol) (373 K)
ln (11.5)
= 1.05985 105 J .

5. It is the same for all three processes.

Explanation:
The work done on the gas is the area under
the P V curve; the work is greatest for process
1.
006 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points
Which of the following is true of the final
temperature of this gas?
1. It is greatest for process 1. correct

005 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points

A certain quantity of an ideal gas initially at
temperature T0 , pressure P0 , and volume V0
is compressed to one-half its initial volume.
As shown, the process may be adiabatic
(process 1), isothermal (process 2), or isobaric
(process 3).
Pressure vs Volume

Pressure (Pacal)

P0

4. It is the same for processes 1 and 2.

5. It is greatest for process 2.

007 (part 1 of 4) 10.0 points

Assume that a molecule has f degrees of
freedom. Consider a gas consisting of such
molecules.
Determine its total thermal energy.

2
3

T3

3. It is greatest for process 3.

Explanation:
The more work done to the gas, the higher
the internal energy, so it has a higher final
temperature, and the final temperature is the
highest for process 1.

T1

T2

2. It is the same for processes 1 and 3.

T4

V0
V0
Volume
(liter)
2
Which of the following is true of the mechanical work done on the gas?

3nRT
2
2nRT
2. U = f
3
nRT
correct
3. U = f
2

1. U = f

4. U = f n R T
1. It is the same for process 2 and 3 and less
for process 1.
2. It is greatest for process 3.
3. It is the same for process 1 and 2 and less
for process 3.
4. It is greatest for process 1. correct

nRT
3
Explanation:
5. U = f



1 dU
CV =
n dT
According to the equipartition theorem, the
amount of energy per each degree of freedom

kim (jk36442) Homework 11 yao (58995)

is

kB T
, so that
2
U =Nf

f +1
f
f +2
2. =
2f
f +2
3. =
correct
f
f +2
4. =
3f
f +3
5. =
f
Explanation:
Taking the magnitudes of CP and CV from
the previous sections, we obtain
1. =

nRT
kB T
=f
.
2
2

008 (part 2 of 4) 10.0 points

Find its molar specific heat at constant volume.
1
fR
3
1
2. CV = f R
4

1. CV =

3. CV = f R
1
f R correct
2
2
5. CV = f R
3
Explanation:
The specific heat is given by


1 dU
1
CV =
= f R.
n dT
2
4. CV =

009 (part 3 of 4) 10.0 points

Find its molar specific heat at constant pressure.
3
1. CP = (f + 2) R
2
1
2. CP = (f + 1) R
2
1
3. CP = (f + 2) R
3
1
4. CP = (f + 2) R correct
2
1
5. CP = (f + 3)R
2
Explanation:
Since CP = CV + R, we have
CP = CV + R =

1
(f + 2) R .
2

010 (part 4 of 4) 10.0 points

CP
Determine the ratio =
CV

CP
f +2
=
.
CV
f

011 10.0 points

One mole of air at 300 K confined in a cylinder
under a heavy piston occupies a volume of
4.5 L.
The heat capacity of air under constant
5
volume is R.
2
Find the new volume of the gas if 4.7 kJ is
transferred to the air.
Correct answer: 6.92262 L.
Explanation:
Given : T = 300 K ,
V = 4.5 L , and
Q = 4.7 kJ .
The piston moves to keep the pressure conW
, where A is the cross
stant and equal
A
section of the piston. For a process with constant pressure the amount of heat transferred
to the gas equals
Q = n CP T

(1)

The change in the internal energy for an ideal

gas can be written as
U = n CV T

(2)

kim (jk36442) Homework 11 yao (58995)

and work done on the gas equals

W = P V .

(3)

From (3) with the help of (1) and

CP = CV + R =

6. 400 J
Explanation:

5
7
R+R = R
2
2

we have
n R T
P

7
n
R T
2
2
=
7
P
2 n CP T
=
7
P
2Q
=
7P
2 QV
=
7 nRT
2 (4.7 kJ 1000 J/kJ) (4.5 L)
=
7 (1) (8.31451 J/K mol) (300 K)
= 2.42262 L

Let : P = 2 atm , =
Vi 10 L ,
Vf = 2 L .

V =

and

Won = P V
= (2 105 Pa)(2 L 10 L)

0.001 m3
1L

= 1600 J

Finally,
Vf = V + V
= 6.92262 L

013 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points

Calculate the heat flow INTO the gas
1. 800 J

012 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points

An ideal gas at temperature T0 is slowly compressed at constant pressure of 2 atm from
a volume of 10 liters to a volume of 2 liters.
Then the volume of the gas is held constant
while heat is added, raising the gas temperature back to T0 .
Calculate the work done ON the gas. 1 atm
= 1.0105 Pascals and 1 liter = 0.001 m3 .

2. 400 J
3. +1600 J
4. +400 J
5. +800 J
6. 1600 J correct

1. +800 J
2. 1600 J
3. +1600 J correct
4. 800 J
5. +400 J

Explanation:

3
U = Q + W = 0 since U = n R T for an
2
ideal gas, so Q = W = 1600 J .

014 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points

A gas is taken through the cyclic process described by the figure.

kim (jk36442) Homework 11 yao (58995)

P (kPa)
14

12
10

015 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points

If the cycle is reversed (that is, the process follows the path ACBA), what is the net energy
transferred by heat per cycle?

Correct answer: 30 kJ.

Explanation:
If the cycle is reversed, then

2
2

8 10 12 14

Qcycle = WACBA = WABCA = 30 kJ .

V (m3 )
Find the net energy transferred to the system by heat during one complete cycle.
Correct answer: 30 kJ.
Explanation:
Let :

P = 10000 Pa and
V = 6 m3 .
The change in internal energy is
Ucycle = Qcycle + Wcycle = 0
Qcycle = WABCA
= area enclosed in P V diagram


1
1 kJ
3
= (6 m )(10000 Pa)
2
1000 J
= 30 kJ .
Alternate Solution: For each step the
work is the negative of the area under the
curve on the PV diagram:
1
WAB = + (13 kPa + 3 kPa)
2


6.5 m3 10.5 m3
= 32 kJ
WBC = 0 kJ


WCA = (3 kPa) 6.5 m3 10.5 m3
= 12 kJ
WABCA = 32 kJ + 0 kJ + 12 kJ
= 20 kJ
Qcycle = WABCA = 20 kJ .

016 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points

A heat engine performs 283 J of work in each
cycle and has an efficiency of 15%.
For each cycle of operation, how much energy is absorbed by heat?
Correct answer: 1886.67 J.
Explanation:

Let :

W = 283 J and
c = 15% = 0.15 .

The carnot efficiency is c =

energy absorbed is
Qh =

W
. so the heat
Qh

283 J
W
=
= 1886.67 J .
c
0.15

017 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points

How much energy is expelled by heat?
Correct answer: 1603.67 J.
Explanation:

W = Qh Qc
Qc = Qh W = 1886.67 J 283 J
= 1603.67 J .

kim (jk36442) Homework 11 yao (58995)

018 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points
The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 45%. The
engine absorbs 1240 J of energy per cycle by
heat from a hot reservoir at 490 K.
Find the energy expelled per cycle.
Correct answer: 682 J.
Explanation:
Let :

is brought up through a large pipe from the

depths, and the expansion associated with its
boiling is used to drive an electrical turbine.
The gas is then pumped back to the depths,
where is condenses back into a liquid and the
whole process repeats.
What is the maximum efficiency with which
OTEC can produce electricity?
1. 93%

c = 45% = 0.45 and

Qh = 1240 J .

2. 7.6%
3. 84%

The Carnot efficiency is

Q Qc
c = h
Qh
c Qh = Qh Qc
Qc = Qh (1 c ) = 1240 J (1 0.45)

4. 7.0% correct
5. 1.3%
Explanation:

= 682 J .
019 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points
Find the temperature of the cold reservoir.
Correct answer: 269.5 K.
Explanation:
Let :

Let : Thot = 25 C = 298 K and

Tcold = 4 C = 277 K .
The theoretical efficiency is
Thot Tcold
298 K 277 K
=
Thot
298 K
= 0.0704698 = 7.04698% .

Th = 490 K .

For a Carnot cycle,

Th Tc
Th
c Th = Th Tc
Tc = Th (1 c ) = 490 K (1 0.45)
c =

= 269.5 K .

Even though the efficiency is low, the

oceans are vast. These generators would produce no emissions.
021 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points
What is the ultimate source of the energy
generated by OTEC?
1. water

020 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points

The Ocean Thermal Electric Conversion system (OTEC) is an example of a high-tech
electric generator. It takes advantage of the
fact that in the tropics, deep ocean water is
at a temperature of 4 C, while the surface
is at a temperature around 25 C. The idea
is to find a material that boils between these
temperatures. The material in the fluid form

2. the Sun correct

3. the Earths internal energy
Explanation:
The Sun is the ultimate source of energy.
The Sun heats the top of the ocean, which
maintains the temperature difference from the
bottom.

kim (jk36442) Homework 11 yao (58995)

The entropy lost by the hot reservoir is

022 10.0 points
467 J of heat is extracted from a massive
object at 0 C while rejecting heat to a hot
reservoir at 26 C.
What minimum amount of work will accomplish this?

Sh =

10996 J
Qh
= 8.76175 J/K .
=
Th
1255 K

024 (part 2 of 3) 10.0 points

Find the entropy change of cooler reservoir.

Correct answer: 44.4762 J.

Correct answer: 13.4425 J/K.

Explanation:
Let :

Qc = 467 J ,
Th = 26 C = 299 K ,
Tc = 0 C = 273 K .

and

The maximum COP for the refrigerator is

C=

Tc
Th Tc

and for a given Qc ,

C=
Tc
=
Th Tc
Wmin =
=
=

Qc
Wmin
Qc
Wmin
Qc (Th Tc )
Tc
(467 J) (299 K 273 K)
273 K
44.4762 J .

023 (part 1 of 3) 10.0 points

One end of a copper rod is in thermal contact with a hot reservoir at 1255 K, and the
other end is in thermal contact with a cooler
reservoir at 818 K.
If 10996 J of energy are transferred from one
end to the other, with no change in the temperature distribution, find the entropy change
of the hot reservoir.
Correct answer: 8.76175 J/K.
Explanation:
Let :

Th = 1255 K ,
Tc = 818 K , and
Qc = Qh = 10996 J .

Explanation:
The entropy gained by the cooler reservoir
is
Sc =

Qc
10996 J
=
= 13.4425 J/K .
Tc
818 K

025 (part 3 of 3) 10.0 points

Find the total entropy change of the Universe.
Correct answer: 4.68079 J/K.
Explanation:
The net entropy change is
Suniverse = Sh + Sc
= 8.76175 J/K + 13.4425 J/K
= 4.68079 J/K .

026 10.0 points

An ideal gas is allowed to undergo a free expansion.
If the initial volume is V1 and its final volume is V2 , what is the change in entropy?
1. 0



V2
2. n k ln
V
 1
V2
3. n R ln
correct
V1
 
V2
4. n R T ln
V
  1
V2
5. n R
V1

kim (jk36442) Homework 11 yao (58995)

Explanation:
Since the two states have the same temperature, we connect them with an isothermal
process:
 
V2
S = n R ln
.
V1
027 10.0 points
When ice freezes, water goes from a state of
larger disorder to one with more order.
Does this violate the second law of thermodynamics?
1. No, the entropy of ice increased even
though its in a state with more order.
2. No, the ice is not a isolated system. correct
3. Yes, the second law does not hold in
several rare cases.
Explanation:
Even though the entropy of the ice decreased, the entropy of the whole universe
increased. The heat leaving the ice generated
entropy in the environment.