Scilab Textbook Companion for

Elements of Power System

by J. B. Gupta1
Created by
Haseen Ahmed
B.Tech
Electrical Engineering
Uttarakhand Technical University
College Teacher
Vinesh Saini
Cross-Checked by
Chaitanya Potti
May 8, 2014

1 Funded

by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
section at the website http://scilab.in

Book Description
Title: Elements of Power System
Author: J. B. Gupta
Publisher: S. K. Kataria & Sons
Edition: 1
Year: 2011
ISBN: 978-93-5014-043-7

Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.

Contents
List of Scilab Codes

1 Power System Components

2 Supply System

11

3 Transmission Lines

16

4 Inductance and Capacitance of Transmission Lines

23

5 Representation and Performance of short and medium Transmission Lines

41
6 Representation and Performance of long Transmission Lines

66

7 Corona

73

8 Electrostatic and Electromagnetic Interference with Communication Lines

81
9 Overhead Line Insulators

84

10 Mechanical Design of Transmission Lines

93

11 Insulated Cables

105

12 Neutral Grounding

119

List of Scilab Codes

Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10

Base Impedence . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Per unit resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leakage Reactance per unit . . . . . . . .
Per unit impedence . . . . . . . . . . . .
Per unit Reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saving in feeder . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compare amount of material . . . . . . .
Percentage additional load . . . . . . . . .
Find extra power . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percentage additional load . . . . . . . . .
Weight of copper reqiured . . . . . . . . .
Weight of material required . . . . . . . .
Most Economical Cross section Area . . .
Best Current Density . . . . . . . . . . .
Economical current density and diameter
Most economical current density . . . . .
Most Economical current density . . . . .
Most economical size . . . . . . . . . . . .
Loop inductance and reactance . . . . . .
Calculate Inductance . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate Loop inductance . . . . . . . .
Calculate GMR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determine total inductance . . . . . . . .
Determine total inductance . . . . . . . .
Inductance per km . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inductance per km . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inductance per km . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Spacing between adjacent conductors . . .
4

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8
8
9
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10
11
11
12
13
13
14
16
17
17
18
19
20
21
23
23
24
24
25
26
27
27
27
28

Exa
Exa
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Exa
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Exa
Exa
Exa
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Exa
Exa
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Exa
Exa

4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19
5.20
5.21
5.22

Inductance per phase per km . . . . . . . .

Inductance per phase per km . . . . . . . .
GMD GMR and Overall Inductance . . . .
Inductance per km . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find inductive reactance . . . . . . . . . . .
Find out Capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate Capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . .
Capacitance per conductor per km . . . . .
Capacitance and Charging current . . . . .
Capacitance to neutral and charging per km
Capacitance to neutral and charging current
Capacitance per phase . . . . . . . . . . . .
Capacitance and charging current . . . . . .
Inductive and Capacitive reactances . . . .
Capacitance per km . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determine the capacitance . . . . . . . . .
Voltage Regulation and Efficiency . . . . .
Voltage Regulation and Efficiency . . . . .
Sending end Voltage and Regulation . . . .
Voltage PF Efficiency and Regulation . . .
Resistance and Inductance of line . . . . . .
Voltage and Efficiency of Transmission . . .
Power output and Power factor . . . . . . .
Current Voltage Regulation Efficiency . . .
Voltage Efficiency Regulation . . . . . . . .
Voltage Regulation Current Efficiency . . .
Voltage Current PF . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sending End Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Voltage Current and PF . . . . . . . . . . .
Sending End Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Voltage Efficiency and PF . . . . . . . . . .
Voltage at mid point . . . . . . . . . . . . .
kVA supplied and Power supplied . . . . . .
Rise in Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find A B C D parameters . . . . . . . . . .
ABCD constant Voltage and Efficiency . . .
Voltage Current Power and efficiency . . . .
ABCD constant power and voltage . . . . .
5

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29
29
30
31
32
33
33
34
34
35
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
42
43
44
45
46
46
47
49
50
51
52
53
53
54
55
56
57
57
59
60

Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa

5.23
5.24
5.25
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8.1
8.2
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6

Voltage current power and egulation . . . . . . . .

Sending end voltage and current . . . . . . . . . .
ABCD constant and power factor . . . . . . . . . .
Determine Auxiliary constant . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sending end voltage and current . . . . . . . . . .
A0 B0 C0 and D0 constant . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A0 B0 C0 and D0 constant . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A0 B0 C0 and D0 constant . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Equivalent T and Pi network . . . . . . . . . . . .
Line Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Disruptive Critical Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Spacing between Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . .
Minimum diameter of conductor . . . . . . . . . .
Presence of Corona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Critical Disruptive Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Corona Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Disruptive voltage and corona loss . . . . . . . . .
Corona Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Voltage induced per km . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Induced Voltage at fundamental frequency . . . . .
String Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Voltage Distribution and String efficiency . . . . .
String Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Voltage Distribution and String Efficiency . . . . .
Maximum Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
String Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum line voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Voltage between conductors and string efficiency .
Capacitance of remaining five units . . . . . . . . .
Line to pin capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
String efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Line voltage and capacitance required . . . . . . .
Maximum sag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Height above ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Horizontal component of tension and maximum sag
Calculate maximum sag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate the sag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate the maximum sag . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6

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61
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Exa
Exa
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Exa
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Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
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Exa
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Exa
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Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa

10.7
10.8
10.9
10.10
10.11
10.12
10.13
10.14
10.15
10.16
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10
11.11
11.12
11.13
11.14
11.15
11.16
11.17
11.18
11.19
11.20
11.21
12.1
12.2

Calculate the maximum sag . . . . . . . . . . .

Calculate the maximum sag . . . . . . . . . . .
Sag in inclined and vertical direction . . . . . .
Lowest point of catenary curve . . . . . . . . .
Sag at lower support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determine the vertical sag . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stringing Tension in the conductor . . . . . . .
Find the clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sag and tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insulation Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insulation Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate the Resistivity . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find Charging current . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum Stress and Charging KVAR . . . . .
Determine D and d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Most Economical value of diameter . . . . . . .
Maximum safe working voltage . . . . . . . . .
Thickness and working voltage . . . . . . . . .
Working Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate Potential gradient . . . . . . . . . . .
Determine the maximum stress . . . . . . . . .
Minimum Internal Diameter . . . . . . . . . . .
Diameter of intersheath . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum stress and voltage . . . . . . . . . .
capacitance and charging current . . . . . . . .
Calculate the KVA taken . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum Stress and total Charging KVAR . .
Capacitance Charging Current Loss Resistance
Loss angle and No load current . . . . . . . . .
Reactance of coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inductance and kVA rating . . . . . . . . . . .

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119
119

Chapter 1
Power System Components

Scilab code Exa 1.1 Base Impedence

1 // Exa 1 . 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a :
6 BaseVoltage =1100; // i n V o l t s
7 BasekVA =10^6; //kVA
8 BasekV = BaseVoltage /1000; //kV
9 IB = BasekVA / BasekV ; // i n Ampere
10 ZB = BasekV *1000/ IB ; // i n ohm
11 disp ( ZB , Base I m p e d e n c e ( i n ohm ) : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.2 Per unit resistance

1 // Exa 1 . 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;

5 // Given d a t a :
6 R =5; // i n ohm
7 kVA_B =10; //kVA
8 kV_B =11; //kV
9 RB = kV_B ^2*1000/ kVA_B ; // i n ohm
10 Rpu = R / RB ; // i n ohm
11 disp ( Rpu , Per u n i t r e s i s t a n c e ( pu ) : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.3 Leakage Reactance per unit

1 // Exa 1 . 3
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a :
6 kVA_B =2.5; //kVA
7 kV_B =0.4; //kV
8 reactance =0.96; // i n ohm
9 Z_BLV = kV_B ^2*1000/ kVA_B ; // i n ohm
10 Zpu = reactance / Z_BLV ; // i n ohm
11 disp ( Zpu , L e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e Per u n i t ( pu ) : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.4 Per unit impedence

1 // Exa 1 . 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,6) ;
6 // Given d a t a :
7 Z =30+ %i *110; // i n ohm
8 kVA_B =100*1000; //kVA
9 kV_B =132; //kV

10 Z_BLV = kV_B ^2*1000/ kVA_B ; // i n ohm

11 Zpu = Z * kVA_B / kV_B ^2/1000; // pu
12 disp ( Zpu , L e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e Per u n i t ( pu ) : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.5 Per unit Reactance

1 // Exa 1 . 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,6) ;
6 // Given d a t a :
7 oldkVA_B =30000; //kVA
8 oldkV_B =11; //kV
9 oldZpu =0.2; // pu
10 newkVA_B =50000; //kVA
11 newkV_B =33; //kV
12 newZpu = oldZpu * newkVA_B / oldkVA_B *( oldkV_B / newkV_B ) ^2;
13

// pu
disp ( newZpu , New Per u n i t i m p e d e n c e ( pu ) : ) ;

10

Chapter 2
Supply System

Scilab code Exa 2.1 Saving in feeder

1 // Exa 2 . 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a :
6 VL1 =220; // V o l t s
7 VL2 =400; // V o l t s
8 disp ( We know , W=I 2 2 R=(P/VL) 2 2 r h o l / a ) ;
9 disp ( a=(P/VL) 2 2 r h o l / ( I 2 2 R) ) ;
10 disp ( v =2(P/VL) 2 2 r h o l / ( I 1 2 2 ) l ) ;
11 saving =(2/( VL1 ) ^2 -2/( VL2 ) ^2) /(2/( VL1 ) ^2) *100; //%
12 disp ( saving , % s a v i n g i n c o p p e r : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.2 Compare amount of material

1 // Exa 2 . 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;

11

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

close ;
disp ( Two w i r e dc s y s t e m : ) ;
disp ( I 1=P/V & W=2 I 1 2 R1=2P2 r h o l /V2/ a1 ) ;
disp ( T h e r e f o r e , Volume r e q u i r e d , v1 i s 2 a1 l =4P
2 r h o l 2/V2/W ) ;
disp ( Three p h a s e f o u r w i r e s y s t e m : ) ;
disp ( I 2=P/3/ Vas Power by e a c h p h a s e i s P/3 & W=3 I 1
2 R2=P2 r h o l /3/V2/ a2 ) ;
disp ( T h e r e f o r e , Volume r e q u i r e d , v2 i s 3 . 5 a2 l
=3.5P2 r h o l 2 / 3 /V2/W ) ;
v2BYv1 =3.5/3/4; //
disp ( For 3 p h a s e f o u r w i r e s y s t e m m a t e r i a l r e q u i r e d
i s + string ( v2BYv1 ) + t i m e s t h e m a t e r i a l
r e q u i r e d i n two w i r e s y s t e m . ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.3 Percentage additional load

1 // Exa 2 . 3
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5
6 disp ( For s i n g l e
7
8
9
10
11
12
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p h a s e a c system , P1=V I 1 c o s d ( f i )
w a t t s & W1=2 I 1 2R w a t t s ) ;
disp ( L i n e l o s s e s =W1/P1 100=2 I 1 2R 1 0 0 /V/ I 1 / c o s d (
f i ) );
disp ( For t h r e e p h a s e a c system , P2=s q r t ( 3 ) V I 2
c o s d ( f i ) w a t t s & W2=3 I 2 2R w a t t s ) ;
disp ( L i n e l o s s e s =W2/P2 100=3 I 2 2R 1 0 0 / s q r t ( 3 ) /V/
I2 / cosd ( f i ) );
// on e q u a t i n g W1/P1100=W2/P2 100
I2BYI1 =2* sqrt (3) /3;
P1 = poly (0 , P1 ) ;
// P2=s q r t ( 3 ) V I 1 I2BYI1 c o s d ( f i ) =2P1
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15 Add_load = P2 - P1 ;
16 Percent_add_load = coeff ( numer ( Add_load / P1 *100) ) ; //%
17 disp ( Percent_add_load , A d d i t i o n a l l o a d t h a t can be

t r a n m i t t e d by c o n v e r t i n g s i g l e t o 3 p h a s e l i n e i n
% ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.4 Find extra power

1 // Exa 2 . 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
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6 disp ( For t h r e e w i r e dc system ,
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l i n e c u r r e n t I 1 =(VS
VL) /R & P1=2VL I 1 =2VL ( VSVL) /R ) ;
disp ( For f o u r w i r e t h r e e p h a s e a c system , l i n e
c u r r e n t I 2 =(VSVL) /R & P2=3VL I 2 p f =3VL ( VSVL)
/R ) ;
// P2 =3/22VL ( VSVL) /R/ / / / I t i m p l i e s t h a t P2=3/2P1
P1 = poly (0 , P1 ) ;
P2 =3/2* P1 ;
Diff = P2 - P1 ;
Percent_Diff = coeff ( numer ( Diff / P1 *100) ) ; //%
disp ( Percent_Diff , E x t r a power t h a t can be s u p p l i e d
i n % ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.5 Percentage additional load

1 // Exa 2 . 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;

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6 pf =0.9; // power f a c t o r
7 disp ( Three w i r e dc s y s t e m : ) ;
8 disp ( P1=2 I 1 V & % P 1 l o s s =2 I 1 2R/ ( 2 I 1 V) 100=100
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I 1 R/V ) ;
disp ( Three p h a s e 4 w i r e a c s y s t e m : ) ;
disp ( P2=3 I 1 2V p f & % P 2 l o s s =3 I 2 2R/ ( 3 I 2 V p f )
100=100 I 1 2 R/ p f /V ) ;
// on e q u a t i n g P 1 l o s s=P 2 l o s s ;
I2BYI1 =100* pf /100; // r a t i o
// P2=3 I 2 V p f
P2BYI1V =3* pf * I2BYI1 ;
P2BYP1 = P2BYI1V /2;
// L o a d I n c r e a s e =(P2P1 ) 1 0 0 / P1 ;
LoadIncrease =( P2BYP1 -1) *100; //%
disp ( LoadIncrease , % A d d i t i o n a l l o a d : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.6 Weight of copper reqiured

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// Exa 2 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
Pin =100; //MW
VL =380; //kV
d =100; //km
R =0.045; //ohm/cm2/km
w =0.01; // kg /cm3
Eta =90; // e f f i c i e n c y %
cosfi =1;
IL = Pin *10^6/ sqrt (3) / VL /10^3/ cosfi ; // Ampere
W = Pin *(1 - Eta /100) ; //MW
LineLoss = W *10^6/3; // Watts / c o n d u c t o r
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R1 = LineLoss / IL ^2; // i n ohm

R2 = R1 / d ; // r e s i s t a n c e p e r c o n d u c t o r p e r km
a = R / R2 ; // i n cm2
volume = a * d *1000; //cm3 p e r km run
weight = w * volume ; // kg p e r km run
w3 =3* d * weight ; // kg ( w e i g h t o f c o p p e r r e q u i r e d f o r 3
c o n d u c t o r s f o r 100 km)
23 disp ( w3 , Weight o f c o p p e r r e q u i r e d f o r 3 c o n d u c t o r s
o f 100 km l e n g t h ( i n kg ) : ) ;
24 // Answer i n t h e book i s n o t a c c u r a t e .

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Chapter 3
Transmission Lines

Scilab code Exa 3.1 Weight of material required

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// Exa 3 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
P =30*10^6; //W
pf =0.8; // l a g g i n g power f a c t o r
VL =132*1000; //V
l =120*1000; //m
Eta =90/100; // E f f i c i e n c y
rho_Cu =1.78*10^ -8; //ohmm
D_Cu =8.9*10^3; // kg /m3
rho_Al =2.6*10^ -8; //ohmm
D_Al =2*10^3; // kg /m3
IL = P /( sqrt (3) * VL * pf ) ; //A
//W=3 IL 2 r h o l / a=(1Eta ) P
a_Cu =(3* IL ^2* rho_Cu * l ) /(1 - Eta ) / P ; //m2
V_Cu =3* a_Cu * l ; //m3
Wt_Cu = V_Cu * D_Cu ; // kg
disp ( Wt_Cu , Weight o f c o p p e r r e q u i r e d ( kg ) ) ;
a_Al =(3* IL ^2* rho_Al * l ) /(1 - Eta ) / P ; //m2
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V_Al =3* a_Al * l ; //m3

Wt_Al = V_Al * D_Al ; // kg
disp ( Wt_Al , Weight o f Alluminium r e q u i r e d ( kg ) ) ;
// Answer i n t h e t e x t b o o k i s n o t a c c u r a t e .

Scilab code Exa 3.2 Most Economical Cross section Area

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// Exa 3 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
a = poly (0 , a ) ;
cost =90* a +20; // Rs . /m
i =10; //%( i n t e r e s t and d e p r e c i a t i o n )
l =2; //km
cost_E =4; // p a i s e / u n i t
Im =250; //A
a =1; //cm2
rho_c =0.173; //ohm/km/cm2
l2 =1*1000; //km
R = rho_c * l / a ; //ohm
W =2* Im ^2* R ; //W
Eloss = W /1000*365*24/2; // p e r annum (kWh)
P3BYa = cost_E /100* Eloss ; // Rs
Cc =90* a * l *1000; // Rs ( c a p i t a l c o s t o f f e e d e r c a b l e )
P2a = Cc * i /100; // Rs
// P2a=P3BYa ; / / For most e c o n o m i c a l c r o s s s e c t i o n
a = sqrt ( P3BYa * a /( P2a / a ) ) ; //cm2
disp (a , Most e c o n o m i c a l c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a i n cm2
: );

Scilab code Exa 3.3 Best Current Density

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// Exa 3 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
t =2600; // h o u r
Con_Cost =3; // Rs / kg ( c o n d u c t o r c o s t )
R =1.78*10^ -8; //ohmm
D =6200; // kg /m3
E_Cost =10/100; // Rs / u n i t ( e n e r g y c o s t )
i =12; //%( i n t e r e s t and d e p r e c i a t i o n )
a = poly (0 , a ) ; //mm2
//// c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a
W = a *1000* D /1000/1000; // kg /km( Weight o f c o n d u c t o r o f
1km l e n g t h )
cost = Con_Cost * W ; // Rs . / km( c o s t o f c o n d u c t o r o f 1km
length )
In_Dep = cost * i /100; // Rs ( Annual i n t e r e s t and
d e p r e c i a t i o n p e r c o n d u c t o r p e r km)
In_DepBYa = In_Dep / a ;
I = poly (0 , I ) ; //A
E_lost_aBY_Isqr = R *1000/10^ -6* t /1000; // Energy l o s t /
annum/km/ c o n d u c t o r
E_lost_cost_aBY_Isqr = E_Cost * E_lost_aBY_Isqr ; // Rs /
annum
// I n D e p= E l o s t c o s t ; / / For most e c o n o m i c a l c r o s s
section
IBYa = sqrt ( coeff ( numer ( In_DepBYa ) / numer (
E_lost_cost_aBY_Isqr ) ) ) ; //cm2
disp ( IBYa , B e s t c u r r e n t d e n s i t y i n A/mm2 : ) ;
// Answer i n t h e t e x t b o o k i s n o t a c c u r a t e .

Scilab code Exa 3.4 Economical current density and diameter

1 // Exa 3 . 4
2 clc ;

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clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
V =11; //kV
P =1500; //kW
pf =0.8; // l a g g i n g power f a c t o r
t =300*8; // h o u r s
a = poly (0 , a ) ; // c r o s s s e c t i o n a r e a
Cc =8000+20000* a // Rs /km
R =0.173/ a ; //ohm/km
E_lost_cost =2/100; // Rs / u n i t
i =12; //%( i n t e r e s t and d e p r e c i a t i o n )
Cc_var =20000* a // Rs /km( v a r i a b l e c o s t )
P2a = Cc_var * i /100; // Rs /km
P2 = P2a / a ;
I = P / sqrt (3) / V / pf ; //A
W =3* I ^2* R ; //W
E_loss = W /1000* t ; //kWh
P3BYa = E_lost_cost * E_loss ; // Rs
// P2a=P3BYa ; / / For most e c o n o m i c a l c r o s s s e c t i o n
a = sqrt ( coeff (( numer ( P3BYa ) ) / coeff ( numer ( P2 ) ) ) ) ; //cm
2
d = sqrt (4* a / %pi ) ; //cm
del = I / a ; //A/cm2
disp (d , D i a m e t e r o f c o n d u c t o r i n cm : ) ;
disp ( del , Most e c o n o m i c a l c u r r e n t d e n s i t y i n A/cm2
: );

Scilab code Exa 3.5 Most economical current density

1 // Exa 3 . 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a :

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a = poly (0 , a ) ; // c r o s s s e c t i o n a r e a
I = poly (0 , I ) ; // C u r r e n t
Cc =500+2000* a // Rs /km
i =12; //%( i n t e r e s t and d e p r e c i a t i o n )
E_lost_cost =5/100; // Rs /kWh
rho =1.78*10^ -8; //ohmcm
load_factor =0.12;
Cc_var =2000* a // Rs /km( v a r i a b l e c o s t )
P2a = Cc_var * i /100; // Rs /km
P2 = P2a / a ;
R_into_a = rho *1000/(10^ -4) ; //ohm
W_into_a = I ^2* R_into_a ; //W
E_loss_into_a = W_into_a * load_factor /1000*8760; //kWh
P3BYIsqr = E_lost_cost * E_loss_into_a / I ^2; // Rs
// P2a=P3BYa ; / / For most e c o n o m i c a l c r o s s s e c t i o n
IBYa = sqrt ( coeff (( numer ( P2 ) ) / coeff ( numer ( P3BYIsqr ) ) ) )
; //cm2
22 disp ( IBYa , Most e c o n o m i c a l c u r r e n t d e n s i t y i n A/cm2
: );

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Scilab code Exa 3.6 Most Economical current density

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// Exa 3 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
A = poly (0 , A ) ; // c r o s s s e c t i o n a r e a
I = poly (0 , I ) ; // C u r r e n t
Cc =500+2000* A // Rs /km
load_factor =0.12;
i =12; //%( d e p r e c i a t i o n )
E_lost_cost =0.05; // Rs /kWh
R =0.17/ A ; //ohm/km

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14 Cc_var =2000* A // Rs /km( v a r i a b l e c o s t )

15 P2A = Cc_var * i /100; // Rs /km
16 P2 = P2A / A ;
17 R_into_A = R * A ; //ohm
18 W_into_A_BY_Isqr = R_into_A ; //W
19 E_loss_into_A_BY_Isqr = W_into_A_BY_Isqr * load_factor

/1000*8760; //kWh
P3BYIsqr = E_lost_cost * E_loss_into_A_BY_Isqr ; // Rs
// P2a=P3BYa ; / / For most e c o n o m i c a l c r o s s s e c t i o n
IBYa = sqrt ( coeff (( numer ( P2 ) ) / coeff ( numer ( P3BYIsqr ) ) ) )
; //cm2
23 disp ( IBYa , Most e c o n o m i c a l c u r r e n t d e n s i t y i n A/cm2
: );
24 // Answer i n t h e t e x t b o o k i s wrong .
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Scilab code Exa 3.7 Most economical size

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// Exa 3 . 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
P1 =1000; //kW
pf1 =0.8; //
t1 =10; // h o u r s
P2 =500; //kW
pf2 =0.9; //
t2 =8; // h o u r s
P3 =100; //kW
pf3 =1; //
t3 =6; // h o u r s
a = poly (0 , a ) ; // c r o s s s e c t i o n a r e a
I = poly (0 , I ) ; // C u r r e n t
L = poly (0 , L ) ; // l e n g t h i n km
CcBYL =(8000* a +1500) // Rs /km( v a r i a b l e c o s t )
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i =10; //%( d e p r e c i a t i o n )
E_lost_cost =80/100; // Rs /kWh
rho =1.72*10^ -6; //ohmcm
Cc_varBYL =8000* a * i /100 // Rs /km( v a r i a b l e c o s t )
I1 = P1 *1000/ sqrt (3) /10000/ pf1 ; //A
I2 = P2 *1000/ sqrt (3) /10000/ pf2 ; //A
I3 = P3 *1000/ sqrt (3) /10000/ pf3 ; //A
R_into_a_BY_L = rho *1000*100; //ohm
W_into_A_BY_Isqr = R_into_a_BY_L ; //W
E_loss_into_A_BY_L =3* R_into_a_BY_L *[ I1 ^2* t1 + I2 ^2* t2 +
I3 ^2* t3 ]*365/1000; //kWh
E_loss_cost_into_A_BY_L = E_loss_into_A_BY_L *
E_lost_cost ; // Rs
// C c v a r= E l o s s c o s t ; / / For most e c o n o m i c a l c r o s s
section
a = sqrt ( coeff (( numer ( E_loss_cost_into_A_BY_L ) ) / coeff (
numer ( Cc_varBYL / a ) ) ) ) ; //cm2
disp (a , Most e c o n o m i c a l c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a i n cm2
: );

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Chapter 4
Inductance and Capacitance of
Transmission Lines

Scilab code Exa 4.1 Loop inductance and reactance

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// Exa 4 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
f =50; // Hz
d =1*100; //cm
r =1.25/2; //cm
r_dash = r *0.7788; //cm
L =0.4* log ( d / r_dash ) ; //mH
disp (L , Loop i n d u c t a n c e p e r km(mH) ) ;
XL =2* %pi * f * L *10^ -3; //ohm/Km
disp ( XL , R e a c t a n c e o f t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e ( ohm/km) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.2 Calculate Inductance

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// Exa 4 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
f =50; // Hz
a =10; //cm2
l =500/1000; //km
r = sqrt ( a / %pi ) ; //cm
d =5*100; //cm
r_dash = r *0.7788; //cm
L =0.4* log ( d / r_dash ) * l ; //mH
disp (L , Loop i n d u c t a n c e p e r km(mH) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.3 Calculate Loop inductance

// Exa 4 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
r =1/2; //cm
d =1*100; //cm
mu =50; // r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y
r_dash = r *0.7788; //cm
L_cu =.1+0.4* log ( d / r ) ; //mH
disp ( L_cu , Loop i n d u c t a n c e p e r km o f c o p p e r
c o n d u c t o r l i n e (mH) ) ;
12 L_steel =( mu +4* log ( d / r ) ) *10^ -7*10^3; //mH
13 disp ( L_steel *10^3 , Loop i n d u c t a n c e p e r km o f c o p p e r
c o n d u c t o r l i n e (mH) ) ;

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Scilab code Exa 4.4 Calculate GMR

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// Exa 4 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
r =3; //mm
d11 = r ; //mm
d12 =2* r ; //mm
d34 =2* r ; //mm
d16 =2* r ; //mm
d17 =2* r ; //mm
d14 =4* r ; //mm
d13 = sqrt ( d14 ^2 - d34 ^2) ; //mm
d15 = d13 ; //mm
Ds1 =(0.7788* d11 * d12 * d13 * d14 * d15 * d16 * d17 ) ^(1/7) ; //mm
Ds2 = Ds1 ; //mm
Ds3 = Ds1 ; //mm
Ds4 = Ds1 ; //mm
Ds5 = Ds1 ; //mm
Ds6 = Ds1 ; //mm
Ds7 =(2* r *0.7788* d11 * d12 * d13 *2* r *2* r ) ^(1/7) ; //mm
Ds =( Ds1 * Ds2 * Ds3 * Ds4 * Ds5 * Ds6 * Ds7 ) ^(1/7) ; //mm
disp ( Ds , G e o m e t r i c mean r a d i u s (mm) ) ;
// Answer i n t h e book i s wrong

Scilab code Exa 4.5 Determine total inductance

1 // Exa 4 . 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a :
6 r =1.2; //cm
7 rdash =0.7788* r ; //cm
8 d12 =0.12*100; //cm

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d11dash =(0.2+1.2) *100; //cm

d22dash =(0.2+1.2) *100; //cm
d12dash =(0.2+1.2+0.2) *100; //cm
d21dash =(1.2) *100; //cm
Dm =( d11dash * d12dash * d21dash * d22dash ) ^(1/4) ; //cm
d11 =0.93456; //cm
d22 =0.93456; //cm
d12 =20; //cm
d21 =20; //cm
Ds =( d11 * d12 * d21 * d22 ) ^(1/4) ; //cm
L =0.4* log ( Dm / Ds ) ; //mH/km
disp (L , Loop i n d u c t a n c e o f l i n e (mH/km) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.6 Determine total inductance

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// Exa 4 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
r =2/2; //cm
rdash =0.7788* r ; //cm
d12 =0.12*100; //cm
d11dash =300; //cm
d12dash = sqrt (300^2+100^2) ; //cm
d21dash = d12dash ; //cm
d22dash = d11dash ; //cm
d11 = rdash ; //cm
d22 = rdash ; //cm
d12 =100; //cm
d21 =100; //cm
Dm =( d11dash * d12dash * d21dash * d22dash ) ^(1/4) ; //cm
Ds =( d11 * d12 * d21 * d22 ) ^(1/4) ; //cm
L =0.4* log ( Dm / Ds ) ; //mH/km
disp (L , Loop i n d u c t a n c e o f l i n e (mH/km) ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 4.7 Inductance per km

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// Exa 4 . 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
r =1.24/2; //cm
rdash =0.7788* r ; //cm
d =2*100; //cm
L =0.2* log ( d / rdash ) ; //mH
disp (L , I n d u c t a n c e p e r p h a s e p e r km(mH) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.8 Inductance per km

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// Exa 4 . 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
r =(20/2) /10; //cm
d1 =4*100; //cm
d2 =5*100; //cm
d3 =6*100; //cm
rdash =0.7788* r ; //cm
L =0.2* log (( d1 * d2 * d3 ) ^(1/3) / rdash ) ; //mH
disp (L , I n d u c t a n c e p e r p h a s e (mH) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.9 Inductance per km

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// Exa 4 . 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
r =4/2; //cm
rdash =0.7788* r ; //cm
d =300; //cm
d3 =6*100; //cm
LA =0.2*[ log ( d / rdash ) +1/2* log (2) - %i *0.866* log (2) ]; //
mH
disp ( LA , I n d u c t a n c e p e r km o f p h a s e 1 (mH) ) ;
LB =0.2* log ( d / rdash ) ; //mH
disp ( LB , I n d u c t a n c e p e r km o f p h a s e 2 (mH) ) ;
LC =0.2*[ log ( d / rdash ) +1/2* log (2) + %i *0.866* log (2) ]; //
mH
disp ( LC , I n d u c t a n c e p e r km o f p h a s e 3 (mH) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.10 Spacing between adjacent conductors

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// Exa 4 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
r =1.2/2*10; //mm
rdash =0.7788* r ; //mm
d =3.5*1000; //mm
L =2*10^ -7* log ( d / rdash ) ; //H/m
Lav =1/3*( L + L + L ) ; //H/m
d = rdash * exp ( Lav /(2*10^ -7) -1/3* log (2) ) ; //mm
disp ( d /1000 , S p a c i n g b e t w e e n a d j a c e n t c o n d u c t o r s (m)
);

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Scilab code Exa 4.11 Inductance per phase per km

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// Exa 4 . 1 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
r =20; //mm
rdash =0.7788* r ; //mm
d =7*1000; //mm
L =10^ -7* log ( sqrt (3) /2* d / rdash ) ; //H/m
disp ( L *10^3/10^ -3 , S p a c i n g b e t w e e n a d j a c e n t
c o n d u c t o r s (mH) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.12 Inductance per phase per km

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// Exa 4 . 1 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
r =0.9; //cm
rdash =0.7788* r *10^ -2; //m
daa_dash = sqrt (6^2+6^2) ; //m
dbb_dash =7; //m
dcc_dash = daa_dash ; //m
daa = rdash ; //m
d_adash_adash = rdash ; //m
d_adash_a = daa_dash ; //m
Dsa =( daa * daa_dash * d_adash_adash * d_adash_a ) ^(1/4) ; //m
Dsb =( daa *7) ^(1/2) ; //m
Dsc =( daa * daa_dash ) ^(1/2) ; //m
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Ds =( Dsa * Dsb * Dsc ) ^(1/3) ; //m

dab = sqrt (3^2+0.5^2) ; //m
dab_dash = sqrt (3^2+6.5^2) ; //m
d_adash_b = sqrt (3^2+6.5^2) ; //m
d_adash_bdash = sqrt (3^2+0.5^2) ; //m
Dab =( dab * dab_dash * d_adash_b * d_adash_bdash ) ^(1/4) ; //m
Dbc =(( dab * dab_dash ) ^2) ^(1/4) ; //m
Dca =((6*6) ^2) ^(1/4) ; //m
Dm =( Dab * Dbc * Dca ) ^(1/3) ; //m
L =0.2* log ( Dm / Ds ) ; //mH/km
disp (L , I n d u c t a n c e p e r p h a s e (mH/km) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.13 GMD GMR and Overall Inductance

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// Exa 4 . 1 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a :
r =5/2; //mm
rdash =2.176* r *10^ -3; //m
daa_dash = sqrt (6^2+16^2) ; //m
dbb_dash =6; //m
dcc_dash = daa_dash ; //m
dab =8; //m
dab_dash = sqrt (6^2+8^2) ; //m
dbc =8; //m
dbc_dash = sqrt (6^2+8^2) ; //m
dca =16; //m
dca_dash =6; //m
Dsa = sqrt ( rdash * daa_dash ) ; //m
Dsb = sqrt ( rdash * dbb_dash ) ; //m
Dsc = sqrt ( rdash * dcc_dash ) ; //m
Ds =( Dsa * Dsb * Dsc ) ^(1/3) ; //m
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disp ( Ds , GMD(m) : ) ;
Dab =( dab * dab_dash ) ^(1/2) ; //m
Dbc =( dbc * dbc_dash ) ^(1/2) ; //m
Dca =( dca * dca_dash ) ^(1/2) ; //m
Dm =( Dab * Dbc * Dca ) ^(1/3) ; //m
disp ( Dm , Deq o r Dm(m) : ) ;
L =0.2* log ( Dm / Ds ) ; //mH/km
L = L *10^ -3*100; //H( f o r 100 km l i n e )
disp (L , I n d u c t a n c e o f 100 km l i n e (H) ) ;
// / A l t e r n a t e method i s g i v e n b e l o w
d1 = dab ; //m
d2 = dca_dash ; //m
L =0.2* log (2^(1/6) ) * sqrt ( d1 / rdash ) *(( d1 ^2+ d2 ^2) /(4* d1
^2+ d2 ^2) ) ^(1/6) ; //mH
35 L = L *10^ -3*100; //H( f o r 100 km l i n e )
36 disp (L , U s i n g A l t e r n a t e method , I n d u c t a n c e o f 100 km
l i n e (H) ) ;

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Scilab code Exa 4.14 Inductance per km

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// Exa 4 . 1 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
r =5/2; //cm
rdash =0.7788* r *10^ -2; //m
d =6.5; //m
s =0.4; //m
Ds = sqrt ( rdash * s ) ; //m
dab =6.5; //m
dab_dash =6.9; //m
d_adash_b =6.1; //m
d_adash_bdash =6.5; //m
Dab =( dab * dab_dash * d_adash_b * d_adash_bdash ) ^(1/4) ; //m
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Dbc = Dab ; //m

dca =13; //m
dca_dash =12.6; //m
d_cdash_a =13.4; //m
d_cdash_adash =13; //m
Dca =( dca * dca_dash * d_cdash_a * d_cdash_adash ) ^(1/4) ; //m
Dm =( Dab * Dbc * Dca ) ^(1/3) ; //m
L =0.2* log ( Dm / Ds ) ; //mH/km
disp (L , I n d u c t a n c e p e r p h a s e (mH/km) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.15 Find inductive reactance

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// Exa 4 . 1 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
f =50; // Hz
r =3.5/2; //cm
rdash =0.7788* r *10^ -2; //m
d =7; //m
s =40/100; //m
Ds = sqrt ( rdash * s ) ; //m
dab =7; //m
dab_dash =7.4; //m
d_adash_b =6.6; //m
d_adash_bdash =7; //m
Dab =( dab * dab_dash * d_adash_b * d_adash_bdash ) ^(1/4) ; //m
Dbc = Dab ; //m
dca =14; //m
dca_dash =13.6; //m
d_cdash_a =14.4; //m
d_cdash_adash =14; //m
Dca =( dca * dca_dash * d_cdash_a * d_cdash_adash ) ^(1/4) ; //m
Dm =( Dab * Dbc * Dca ) ^(1/3) ; //m
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24 L =0.2* log ( Dm / Ds ) ; //mH/km

25 XL =2* %pi * f * L *10^ -3; //ohm/km
26 disp ( XL , I n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e
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o f bundled conductor

l i n e ( ohm/km) ) ;
// E q u i v a l e n t s i n g l e c o n d u c t o r
n =2;
r1 = sqrt ( n * %pi * r ^2/ %pi ) ; //m
r1dash =0.7788* r1 *10^ -2; //m
Dm1 =( Dab * Dbc * Dca ) ^(1/3) ; //m
L1 =0.2* log ( Dm1 / r1dash ) ; //mH/km
XL1 =2* %pi * f * L1 *10^ -3; //ohm/km
disp ( XL1 , I n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e w i t h s i n g l e c o n d u c t o r (
ohm/km) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.16 Find out Capacitance

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// Exa 4 . 1 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
r =15/2; //mm
d =1.5*1000; //mm
l =30; //km
epsilon_o =8.854*10^ -12; // p e r m i t i v i t y
C = %pi * epsilon_o / log ( d / r ) * l *1000; //F
disp ( C *10^6 , C a p a c i t a n c e o f l i n e ( m i c r o F ) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.17 Calculate Capacitance

1 // Exa 4 . 1 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;

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close ;
// Given d a t a :
r =2/2; //cm
d =2.5*100; //cm
l =100; //km
epsilon_o =8.854*10^ -12; // p e r m i t i v i t y
C =2* %pi * epsilon_o / log ( d / r ) * l *1000; //F
disp ( C *10^6 , C a p a c i t a n c e o f l i n e ( m i c r o F ) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.18 Capacitance per conductor per km

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// Exa 4 . 1 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
r =2/2/100; //m
d1 =3.5; //m
d2 =5; //m
d3 =8; //m
epsilon_o =8.854*10^ -12; // p e r m i t i v i t y
CN =2* %pi * epsilon_o *1000/ log (( d1 * d2 * d3 ) ^(1/3) / r ) ; //F
disp ( CN *10^6 , C a p a c i t a n c e o f l i n e ( m i c r o F ) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.19 Capacitance and Charging current

1 // Exa 4 . 1 9
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a :
6 f =50; // Hz
7 VL =220; //KV

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r =20/2/1000; //m
d1 =3; //m
d2 =3; //m
d3 =6; //m
epsilon_o =8.854*10^ -12; // p e r m i t i v i t y
CN =2* %pi * epsilon_o / log (( d1 * d2 * d3 ) ^(1/3) / r ) ; //F
disp ( CN , C a p a c i t a n c e p e r p h a s e p e r m e t e r
l i n e (F) );
Vph = VL *1000/ sqrt (3) ; //V
Ic =2* %pi * f * CN * Vph ; //A
disp ( Ic *1000 , C h a r g i n g c u r r e n t p e r p h a s e (mA) : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.20 Capacitance to neutral and charging per km

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// Exa 4 . 2 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
f =50; // Hz
VL =110; //kV
r =1.05/2; //cm
d1 =3.5; //m
d2 =3.5; //m
d3 =7; //m
epsilon_o =8.854*10^ -12; // p e r m i t i v i t y
CN =2* %pi * epsilon_o / log (( d1 * d2 * d3 ) ^(1/3) *100/ r ) ; //F
disp ( CN , C a p a c i t a n c e p e r p h a s e p e r m e t e r
l i n e (F) );
Vph = VL *1000/ sqrt (3) ; //V
Ic =2* %pi * f * CN * Vph ; //A/m
disp ( Ic /10^ -3 , C h a r g i n g c u r r e n t p e r p h a s e (A/km) : )
;

Scilab code Exa 4.21 Capacitance to neutral and charging current

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// Exa 4 . 2 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
r =2.5/2*10^ -2; //m
VL =132; //KV
epsilon_o =8.85*10^ -12; // p e r m i t i v i t y
f =50; // Hz
dRRdash = sqrt (7^2+(4+4) ^2) ; //m
dBBdash = dRRdash ; //m
dYYdash =9; //m
DSR = sqrt ( r * dRRdash ) ; //m
DSY = sqrt ( r * dYYdash ) ; //m
DSB = sqrt ( r * dBBdash ) ; //m
Ds =( DSR * DSB * DSY ) ^(1/3) ; //m
dRY = sqrt (4^2+(4.5 -3.5) ^2) ; //m
dRYdash = sqrt ((9 -1) ^2+4^2) ; //m
dRdashY = sqrt ((9 -1) ^2+4^2) ; //m
dRdashYdash = sqrt (4^2+(4.5 -3.5) ^2) ; //m
DRY =( dRY * dRYdash * dRdashY * dRdashYdash ) ^(1/4) ; //m
DYB =(( dRY * dRYdash ) ^2) ^(1/4) ; //m
DBR =((8*7) ^2) ^(1/4) ; //m
Dm =( DRY * DYB * DBR ) ^(1/3) ; //m
C =2* %pi * epsilon_o / log ( Dm / Ds ) ; //F/m
C = C /10^ -3; //F/km
X =1/(2* %pi * f * C ) ; //ohm
disp ( X /1000 , C a p a c i t i v e r e a c t a n c e t o o n e u t r a l ( kohm )
: );
29 Vph = VL *1000/ sqrt (3) ; // V o l t
30 Ic =2* %pi * f * C * Vph ; //A
31 disp ( Ic , C h a r g i n g c u r r e n t (A/km) ) ;

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Scilab code Exa 4.22 Capacitance per phase

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// Exa 4 . 2 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
d1 =8; //m
d2 =6; //m
epsilon_o =8.854*10^ -12; // p e r m i t i v i t y
r =3*5/2*10^ -3; //m
C =4* %pi * epsilon_o / log (2^(1/3) * d1 / r *(( d1 ^2+ d2 ^2) /(4*
d1 ^2+ d2 ^2) ^(1/3) ) ) ; //F/m
11 C100 = C *100*1000*10^6; // microF
12 disp ( C100 , C a p a c i t a n c e o f 100 km l i n e ( m i c r o Farad ) :
);
13 // a n s w e r i n t h e t e x t b o o k i s wrong .
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Scilab code Exa 4.23 Capacitance and charging current

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// Exa 4 . 2 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
VL =132; //kV
f =50; // Hz
r =5/2; //cm
rdash =0.7788* r *10^ -2; //m
d =6.5; //m
s =0.4; //m
epsilon_o =8.854*10^ -12; // p e r m i t i v i t y
Ds = sqrt ( rdash * s ) ; //m
dab =6.5; //m
dab_dash =6.9; //m
d_adash_b =6.1; //m
d_adash_bdash =6.5; //m
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Dab =( dab * dab_dash * d_adash_b * d_adash_bdash ) ^(1/4) ; //m

Dbc = Dab ; //m
dca =13; //m
dca_dash =12.6; //m
d_cdash_a =13.4; //m
d_cdash_adash =13; //m
Dca =( dca * dca_dash * d_cdash_a * d_cdash_adash ) ^(1/4) ; //m
Dm =( Dab * Dbc * Dca ) ^(1/3) ; //m
L =0.2* log ( Dm / Ds ) ; //mH/km
C =2* %pi * epsilon_o / log ( Dm / Ds ) ; //F/m
C = C /10^ -3; //F/km
disp (C , C a p a c i t a n c e p e r km( F/km) : ) ;
Vph = VL *1000/ sqrt (3) ; // V o l t
Ic =2* %pi * f * C * Vph ; //A/km
disp ( Ic , C h a r g i n g c u r r e n t p e r km(A/km) : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.24 Inductive and Capacitive reactances

// Exa 4 . 2 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
VL =132; //kV
f =50; // Hz
r =31.8/2; //mm
rdash =0.7788* r ; //mm
d =10*1000; //mm
epsilon_o =8.854*10^ -12; // p e r m i t i v i t y
disp ( One c o n d u c t o r ACSR moose c o n d u c t o r l i n e : ) ;
LA =0.2*[ log ( d / rdash ) +1/2* log (2) - %i *0.866* log (2) ]; //
mH/km
14 LB =0.2* log ( d / rdash ) ; //mH/km
15 LC =0.2*[ log ( d / rdash ) +1/2* log (2) + %i *0.866* log (2) ]; //
mH/km

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16 Lav =( LA + LB + LC ) /3; //mH/km

17 XL =2* %pi * f * Lav *10^ -3; //ohm
18 disp ( XL , I n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e p e r Km p e r p h a s e ( ohm ) :
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);
d1 =10; //m
d2 =10; //m
d3 =20; //m
CN =2* %pi * epsilon_o / log (( d1 * d2 * d3 ) ^(1/3) /( rdash
*10^ -3) ) /10^3; //F/km
XC =1/(2* %pi * f * CN *10^6) ; //ohm
disp ( XC /10^6 , C a p a c i t i v e t i v e r e a c t a n c e p e r Km p e r
p h a s e (Mohm) : ) ;
disp ( Three c o n d u c t o r b u n d l e d l i n e : ) ;
S =40/100; //m
Ds =( rdash *10^ -3* S ^2) ^(1/3) ; //m
Deq =( d1 * d2 * d3 ) ^(1/3) ; //m
Ldash =0.2* log ( Deq / Ds ) ; //mH/km
XLdash =2* %pi * f * Ldash *10^ -3; //ohm
disp ( XLdash , I n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e p e r km p e r p h a s e (
ohm ) : ) ;
Ds =( r *10^ -3* S ^2) ^(1/3) ; //m
Cdash =2* %pi * epsilon_o *10^3/ log ( Deq / Ds ) ; // microF /km
XC =1/(2* %pi * f * Cdash ) /10^6; //Mohm
disp ( XC , C a p a c i t i v e t i v e r e a c t a n c e p e r km p e r p h a s e (
Mohm) : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.25 Capacitance per km

1 // Exa 4 . 2 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a :
6 r =1.5/2; //cm
7 d =3*100; //cm

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8 h =6*100; //cm
9 epsilon_o =8.854*10^ -12; // p e r m i t i v i t y
10 C = %pi * epsilon_o / log ( d /(1+ d ^2/4/ h ^2) ^ r ) *10^3; //F
11 disp (C , C a p a c i t a n c e p e r km o f l i n e ( F ) : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.26 Determine the capacitance

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// Exa 4 . 2 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
r =2/100; //m
d1 =4; //m
d2 =4; //m
d3 =8; //m
epsilon_o =8.854*10^ -12; // p e r m i t i v i t y
CN =2* %pi * epsilon_o / log (( d1 * d2 * d3 ) ^(1/3) / r ) ; //F
disp ( CN , P a r t ( i ) C a p a c i t a n c e p e r p h a s e p e r m e t e r
l e n g t h (F) : );
h1 =20; //m
h2 =20; //m
h3 =20; //m
h12 = sqrt (20^2+4^2) ; //m
h23 = sqrt (20^2+4^2) ; //m
h31 = sqrt (20^2+8^2) ; //m
Deq =( d1 * d2 * d3 ) ^(1/3) ; //m
CN =2* %pi * epsilon_o /( log ( Deq / r ) - log (( h12 * h23 * h31 / h1 /
h2 / h3 ) ^(1/3) ) ) ; //F
disp ( CN , P a r t ( i i ) C a p a c i t a n c e p e r p h a s e p e r m e t e r
l e n g t h (F) : );

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Chapter 5
Representation and
Performance of short and
medium Transmission Lines

Scilab code Exa 5.1 Voltage Regulation and Efficiency

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// Exa 5 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
P =1100; //kW
VR =11*1000; //V
pf =0.8; // power f a c t o r
R =2; //ohm
X =3; //ohm
I = P *1000/ VR / pf ; //A
cos_fi_r = pf ;
sin_fi_r = sqrt (1 - cos_fi_r ^2) ;
VS = sqrt (( VR * cos_fi_r + I * R ) ^2+( VR * sin_fi_r + I * X ) ^2) ; //V
disp ( VS , V o l t a g e a t s e n d i n g end (V) ) ;
Reg =( VS - VR ) / VR *100; //%
disp ( Reg , % R e g u l a t i o n ) ;
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LineLoss = I ^2* R /1000; //kW

Eta_T = P *100/( P + LineLoss ) ; //%
disp ( Eta_T , T r a n s m i s s i o n E f f i c i e n c y (%) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.2 Voltage Regulation and Efficiency

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// Exa 5 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
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// Given d a t a :
R =0.4; //ohm
X =0.4; //ohm
P =2000; //kVA
pf =0.8; // power f a c t o r
VL =3000; //V
VR = VL / sqrt (3) ; //V
cos_fi_r = pf ;
sin_fi_r = sqrt (1 - cos_fi_r ^2) ;
I = P *1000/3/ VR ; //A
VS = VR + I *( R * cos_fi_r + X * sin_fi_r ) ; //V
Reg =( VS - VR ) / VR *100; //%
disp ( Reg , % R e g u l a t i o n ) ;
LineLoss =3* I ^2* R /1000; //kW
Pout = P * cos_fi_r ; //kW
Eta_T = Pout *100/( Pout + LineLoss ) ; //%
disp ( Eta_T , T r a n s m i s s i o n E f f i c i e n c y (%) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.3 Sending end Voltage and Regulation

1 // Exa 5 . 3
2 clc ;
3 clear ;

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close ;
// Given d a t a :
l =15; //km
P =5; //MW
V =11; //kV
f =50; // Hz
pf =0.8; // power f a c t o r
cos_fi_r = pf ;
sin_fi_r = sqrt (1 - cos_fi_r ^2) ;
L =1.1; //mH/Km
VR = V *1000/ sqrt (3) ; //V
I = P *1000/ sqrt (3) / V / cos_fi_r ; //A
LineLoss =12/100* P *10^6; //W
R = LineLoss /3/ I ^2; //ohm
X =2* %pi * f * L *10^ -3* l ; //ohm/ p h a s e
VS = VR + I *( R * cos_fi_r + X * sin_fi_r ) ; //V
VSL = sqrt (3) * VS /1000; //KV
disp ( VSL , L i n e v o l t a g e a t s e n d i n g end ( kV ) ) ;
Reg =( VSL - V ) / V *100; //%
disp ( Reg , % R e g u l a t i o n ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.4 Voltage PF Efficiency and Regulation

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// Exa 5 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
l =50; //km
S =10000; //kVA
pf =0.8; // power f a c t o r
d =1.2*100; //cm
cos_fi_r = pf ;
sin_fi_r = sqrt (1 - cos_fi_r ^2) ;
V =33000; // V o l t s
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VR = V / sqrt (3) ; //V

f =50; // Hz
I = S *1000/ sqrt (3) / V ; //A
LineLoss =10/100* S *10^3* pf ; //W
R = LineLoss /3/ I ^2; //ohm
rho =1.73*10^ -6; // kg /m3
a = rho * l *1000*100/ R ; //cm2
r = sqrt ( a / %pi ) ; //cm
L =0.2* log ( d / r /0.7788) * l ; //mH
X =2* %pi * f * L *10^ -3; //ohm
VS = VR + I *( R * cos_fi_r + X * sin_fi_r ) ; //V
VSL = sqrt (3) * VS /1000; //kV
disp ( VSL , L i n e v o l t a g e a t s e n d i n g end ( kV ) ) ;
pf_s =( VR * cos_fi_r + I * R ) / VS ; // l a g g i n g ( s e n d i n f end p f )
disp ( pf_s , S e n d i n g end p f ( l a g g i n g ) ) ;
Eta_T = S * pf /( S * pf + LineLoss /1000) *100;
disp ( Eta_T , T r a n s m i s s i o n E f f i c i e n c y (%) ) ;
Reg =( VSL - V /1000) /( V /1000) *100; //%
disp ( Reg , % R e g u l a t i o n ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.5 Resistance and Inductance of line

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// Exa 5 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
VRL =30000; // V o l t s
VSL =33000; // V o l t s
f =50; // Hz
P =10*10^6; //W
pf =0.8; // power f a c t o r
cos_fi_r = pf ;
sin_fi_r = sqrt (1 - cos_fi_r ^2) ;
VR = VRL / sqrt (3) ; //V
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I = P / sqrt (3) / VRL / pf ; //A

Eta_T =0.96; // E f f i c i e n c y
LineLoss = P *(1/ Eta_T -1) ; //W
R = LineLoss /3/ I ^2; //ohm/ p h a s e
disp (R , R e s i s t a n c e p e r p h a s e ( ohm/ p h a s e ) ) ;
VS = VSL / sqrt (3) ; //V
X =( VS - VR - I * R * cos_fi_r ) / I / sin_fi_r ; //V
L = X /2/ %pi / f ; //H/ p h a s e
disp ( L *1000 , I n d u c t a n c e p e r p h a s e (mH/ p h a s e ) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.6 Voltage and Efficiency of Transmission

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// Exa 5 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
l =3; //km
P =3000; //KW
VSL =11*10^3; // v o l t
R = l *0.4; //ohm
X = l *0.8; //ohm
VS = VSL / sqrt (3) ; // V o l t s
pf =0.8; // power f a c t o r
cos_fi_r = pf ;
sin_fi_r = sqrt (1 - cos_fi_r ^2) ;
//VS=VR+I (R c o s f i r +X s i n f i r ) ; / /V
I_into_VR = P *1000/3/ cos_fi_r ; //VA
//VR2VSVR+I i n t o V R (R c o s f i r +X s i n f i r ) ;
p =[1 - VS I_into_VR *( R * cos_fi_r + X * sin_fi_r ) ];
VR = roots ( p ) ;
VR = VR (1) ; // t a k i n g g r e a t e r v a l u e
I = I_into_VR / VR ; //A
VRL = sqrt (3) * VR ; // v o l t
disp ( VRL , L i n e v o l t a g e a t l o a d end ( v o l t ) : ) ;
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Eta_T = P *1000/( P *1000+3* I ^2* R ) *100; //%

disp ( Eta_T , T r a n s m i s s i o n E f f i c i e n c y (%) : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.7 Power output and Power factor

// Exa 5 . 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
R =5; //ohm/ p h a s e
X =20; //ohm/ p h a s e
VSL =46.85; //kV
VRL =33; //kV
VRL = VRL *1000; // v
pf =0.8; // power f a c t o r
cos_fi_r = pf ;
sin_fi_r = sqrt (1 - cos_fi_r ^2) ;
VR = VRL / sqrt (3) ; //V
I =( VSL *1000/ sqrt (3) - VR ) /( R * cos_fi_r + X * sin_fi_r ) ; //A
Pout = sqrt (3) * VRL * I * pf /1000; //kW
disp ( Pout , Power o u t p u t (kW) ) ;
cosfi_s =( VR * pf + I * R ) /( VSL *1000/ sqrt (3) ) ; // power
factor
19 disp ( cosfi_s , Power f a c t o r a t s e n d i n g end ( l a g g i n g ) )
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Scilab code Exa 5.8 Current Voltage Regulation Efficiency

1 // Exa 5 . 8
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;

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// Given d a t a :
l =80; //km
P =15; //MW
VR =66*10^3; // V o l t
R = l *0.3125; //ohm
X = l *1; //ohm
Y = l *17.5*10^ -6; // S
pf =0.8; // power f a c t o r
cos_fi_r = pf ;
sin_fi_r = sqrt (1 - cos_fi_r ^2) ;
IR = P *10^6/( VR * pf ) ; //A
IR = IR *( cos_fi_r - %i * sin_fi_r ) ; //A
IC = %i * Y * VR ; //A
IS = IR + IC ; //A
disp ( S e n d i n g end c u r r e n t (A) , m a g n i t u d e i s + string (
abs ( IS ) ) + and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand (
imag ( IS ) , real ( IS ) ) ) ) ;
VS = VR + IS *( R + %i * X ) ; // v o l t
disp ( S e n d i n g end v o l t a g e (V) , m a g n i t u d e i s + string (
abs ( VS ) ) + and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand (
imag ( VS ) , real ( VS ) ) ) ) ;
fi_s = atand ( imag ( VS ) , real ( VS ) ) - atand ( imag ( IS ) , real ( IS
) ) ; //
cos_fis = cosd ( fi_s ) ; // s e n d i n g end p f
disp ( cos_fis , S e n d i n g end power f a c t o r ( l a g ) : ) ;
Reg =( abs ( VS ) - VR ) / VR *100; //%
disp ( Reg , R e g u l a t i o n (%) : ) ;
LineLoss = abs ( IS ) ^2* R /1000; //kW
disp ( LineLoss , L i n e L o s s e s i n kW : ) ;
Eta_T = P *1000/( P *1000+ LineLoss ) *100; //%
disp ( Eta_T , T r a n s m i s s i o n E f f i c i e n c y (%) : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.9 Voltage Efficiency Regulation

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// Exa 5 . 9
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clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
l =100; //km
P =20; //MW
VRL =66*10^3; // v o l t
f =50; // Hz
R =10; //ohm
L =111.7*10^ -3; //H
C =0.9954*10^ -6; //F
pf =0.8; // power f a c t o r
X =2* %pi * f * L ; //ohm
Y =2* %pi * f * C ; // S
cos_fi_r = pf ;
sin_fi_r = sqrt (1 - cos_fi_r ^2) ;
VR = VRL / sqrt (3) ; // v o l t
IR = P *10^6/( sqrt (3) * VRL * pf ) ; //A
IR = IR *( cos_fi_r - %i * sin_fi_r ) ; //A
Z = R + %i * X ; //ohm
Vdash = VR +1/2* IR * Z ; // V o l t
IC = Vdash * %i * Y ; //A
IS = IR + IC ; //A
VS = Vdash +1/2* IS * Z ; // V o l t
VSL = abs ( VS ) * sqrt (3) ; // V o l t
disp ( VSL , S e n d i n g end l i n e v o l t a g e ( V o l t ) : ) ;
Reg =( VSL - VRL ) / VRL *100; //%
disp ( Reg , R e g u l a t i o n (%) : ) ;
fi_s = atand ( imag ( VS ) , real ( VS ) ) - atand ( imag ( IS ) , real ( IS
) ) ; //
cos_fi_s = cosd ( fi_s ) ; // s e n d i n g end p f
Eta_T = sqrt (3) * VRL * abs ( IR ) * cos_fi_r /( sqrt (3) * VSL * abs (
IS ) * cos_fi_s ) *100; //%
disp ( Eta_T , T r a n s m i s s i o n E f f i c i e n c y (%) : ) ;
// Ans i s n o t a c c u r a t e i n t h e book .

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Scilab code Exa 5.10 Voltage Regulation Current Efficiency

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// Exa 5 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
l =200; //km
P =50; //MVA
VRL =132*10^3; // V o l t
f =50; // Hz
R = l *0.15; //ohm
X = l *0.50; //ohm
Y = l *2*10^ -6; //mho
pf =0.85; // power f a c t o r
cos_fi_r = pf ;
sin_fi_r = sqrt (1 - cos_fi_r ^2) ;
VR = VRL / sqrt (3) ; // V o l t
IR = P *10^6/( sqrt (3) * VRL ) ; //A
Z = R + %i * X ; //ohm
IR = IR *( cos_fi_r - %i * sin_fi_r ) ; //A
Vdash = VR +1/2* IR * Z ; // V o l t
IC = Vdash * %i * Y ; //A
IS = IR + IC ; //A
disp ( S e n d i n g end c u r r e n t (A) , m a g n i t u d e i s + string (
abs ( IS ) ) + and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand (
imag ( IS ) , real ( IS ) ) ) ) ;
VS = Vdash +1/2* IS * Z ; // V o l t
VSL = abs ( VS ) * sqrt (3) ; // V o l t
disp ( VSL /1000 , S e n d i n g end l i n e v o l t a g e ( kV ) : ) ;
Reg =( VSL - VRL ) / VRL *100; //%
disp ( Reg , R e g u l a t i o n (%) : ) ;
fi_s = atand ( imag ( VS ) , real ( VS ) ) - atand ( imag ( IS ) , real ( IS
) ) ; //
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cos_fi_s = cosd ( fi_s ) ; // s e n d i n g end p f

Eta_T = sqrt (3) * VRL * abs ( IR ) * cos_fi_r /( sqrt (3) * VSL * abs (
IS ) * cos_fi_s ) *100; //%
32 disp ( Eta_T , T r a n s m i s s i o n E f f i c i e n c y (%) : ) ;
33 // Ans i s wrong i n t h e book . A n g l e o f VS i s c a l c u l a t e d
wrong l e a d s t o wrong a n s w e r s .

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Scilab code Exa 5.11 Voltage Current PF

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// Exa 5 . 1 1
clc ;
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// Given d a t a :
S =1*10^3; //kVA
pf =0.71; // power f a c t o r
VRL =22*10^3; // V o l t
f =50; // Hz
R =15; //ohm
L =0.2; //H
C =0.5*10^ -6; //F
cos_fi_r = pf ;
sin_fi_r = sqrt (1 - cos_fi_r ^2) ;
IR = S *10^3/ VRL ; //A
IR = IR *( cos_fi_r - %i * sin_fi_r ) ; //A
X =2* %pi * f * L ; //ohm
//Z=s q r t (R2+X 2 ) ; / / ohm
Z = R + %i * X ; //ohm
Y =2* %pi * f * C ; // S
ICR =1/2* %i * Y * VRL ; //A
IL = IR + ICR ; //A
VS = VRL + IL * Z ; // V o l t
disp ( S e n d i n g end v o l t a g e ( V o l t ) , m a g n i t u d e i s +
string ( abs ( VS ) ) + and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string
( atand ( imag ( VS ) , real ( VS ) ) ) ) ;
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26 IS = IL + ICS ; //A
27 disp ( S e n d i n g end c u r r e n t (A) , m a g n i t u d e

i s + string (
abs ( IS ) ) + and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand (
imag ( IS ) , real ( IS ) ) ) ) ;
28 fi_s = atand ( imag ( VS ) , real ( VS ) ) - atand ( imag ( IS ) , real ( IS
) ) ; //
29 cos_fi_s = cosd ( fi_s ) ; // s e n d i n g end p f
30 disp ( cos_fi_s , S e n d i n g end power f a c t o r ( l a g ) : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.12 Sending End Voltage

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// Exa 5 . 1 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
P =50*10^6; //W
f =50; // Hz
l =150; //km
pf =0.8; // power f a c t o r
VRL =110*10^3; // V o l t
VR = VRL / sqrt (3) ; // V o l t
cos_fi_r = pf ;
sin_fi_r = sqrt (1 - cos_fi_r ^2) ;
R =0.1* l ; //ohm
XL =0.5* l ; //ohm
Z = R + %i * XL ; //ohm
IR = P /( sqrt (3) * VRL * pf ) ; //A
IR = IR *( cos_fi_r - %i * sin_fi_r ) ; //A
Y =3*10^ -6* l ; // S
ICR =1/2* %i * Y * VR ; //A
IL = IR + ICR ; //A
VS = VR + IL * Z ; // V o l t
VSL = sqrt (3) * abs ( VS ) ; // V o l t
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disp ( VSL /1000 , S e n d i n g end l i n e t o l i n e v o l t a g e ( kV )

: );

Scilab code Exa 5.13 Voltage Current and PF

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// Exa 5 . 1 3
clc ;
clear ;
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// Given d a t a :
f =50; // Hz
l =30; //km
Z =40+ %i *125; //ohm
Y =10^ -3; //mho
P =50*10^6; //W
VRL =220*10^3; // V o l t
VR = VRL / sqrt (3) ; // V o l t
pf =0.8; // power f a c t o r
cos_fi_r = pf ;
sin_fi_r = sqrt (1 - cos_fi_r ^2) ;
IR = P /( sqrt (3) * VRL * pf ) ; //A
IR = IR *( cos_fi_r - %i * sin_fi_r ) ; //A
ICR =1/2* %i * Y * VR ; //A
IL = IR + ICR ; //A
VS = VR + IL * Z ; // V o l t
VSL = sqrt (3) * abs ( VS ) ; // V o l t
disp ( VSL /1000 , S e n d i n g end l i n e t o l i n e v o l t a g e ( kV )
: );
IS = IL +1/2* %i * Y * VS ; //A
disp ( S e n d i n g end c u r r e n t (A) , m a g n i t u d e i s + string (
abs ( IS ) ) + and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand (
imag ( IS ) , real ( IS ) ) ) ) ;
fi_s = atand ( imag ( VS ) , real ( VS ) ) - atand ( imag ( IS ) , real ( IS
) ) ; //
cos_fis = cosd ( fi_s ) ; // s e n d i n g end p f
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disp ( cos_fis , S e n d i n g end power f a c t o r ( l a g ) : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.14 Sending End Voltage

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// Exa 5 . 1 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
f =50; // Hz
l =30; //km
Z =40+ %i *125; //ohm
Y =10^ -3; //mho
P =50*10^6; //W
VRL =220*10^3; // V o l t
VR = VRL / sqrt (3) ; // V o l t
pf =0.8; // power f a c t o r
cos_fi_r = pf ;
sin_fi_r = sqrt (1 - cos_fi_r ^2) ;
IR = P /( sqrt (3) * VRL * pf ) ; //A
IR = IR *( cos_fi_r - %i * sin_fi_r ) ; //A
ICR =1/2* %i * Y * VR ; //A
IL = IR + ICR ; //A
VS = VR + IL * Z ; // V o l t
VSL = sqrt (3) * abs ( VS ) ; // V o l t
disp ( VSL /1000 , S e n d i n g end l i n e t o l i n e v o l t a g e ( kV )
: );

Scilab code Exa 5.15 Voltage Efficiency and PF

1 // Exa 5 . 1 5
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close ;
// Given d a t a :
f =50; // Hz
l =100; //km
P =50*10^6; //W
pf =0.8; // power f a c t o r
cos_fi_r = pf ;
sin_fi_r = sqrt (1 - cos_fi_r ^2) ;
VRL =132*10^3; // V o l t
VR = VRL / sqrt (3) ; // V o l t
R =0.1* l ; //ohm
XL =0.3* l ; //ohm
Z = R + %i * XL ; //ohm
Y =3*10^ -6* l ; // S
IR = P /( sqrt (3) * VRL * pf ) ; //A
IR = IR *( cos_fi_r - %i * sin_fi_r ) ; //A
ICR =1/2* %i * Y * VR ; //A
IL = IR + ICR ; //A
VS = VR + IL * Z ; // V o l t
VSL = sqrt (3) * abs ( VS ) ; // V o l t
disp ( VSL /1000 , S e n d i n g end l i n e v o l t a g e ( kV ) : ) ;
ICS =1/2* %i * Y * VS ; //A
IS = IL + ICS ; //A
fi_s = atand ( imag ( VS ) , real ( VS ) ) - atand ( imag ( IS ) , real ( IS
) ) ; //
cos_fi_s = cosd ( fi_s ) ; // s e n d i n g end p f
disp ( cos_fi_s , S e n d i n g end power f a c t o r ( l a g ) : ) ;
Eta_T = sqrt (3) * VRL * abs ( IR ) * cos_fi_r /( sqrt (3) * VSL * abs (
IS ) * cos_fi_s ) *100; //%
disp ( Eta_T , T r a n s m i s s i o n E f f i c i e n c y (%) : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.16 Voltage at mid point

1 // Exa 5 . 1 6
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clear ;
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// Given d a t a :
f =50; // Hz
l =10; //km
S1 =5000*10^3; //VA
S2 =10000*10^3; //VA
pf =0.8; // power f a c t o r
cos_fi_r = pf ;
sin_fi_r = sqrt (1 - cos_fi_r ^2) ;
pf2 =0.7071; // power f a c t o r
cos_fi_r2 = pf2 ;
sin_fi_r2 = sqrt (1 - cos_fi_r2 ^2) ;
R =0.6* l ; //ohm
XL =1.5* l ; //ohm
VRL =33*10^3; // V o l t
VR = VRL / sqrt (3) ; // V o l t
I1 = S1 /( sqrt (3) * VRL ) ; //A
I1 = I1 *( cos_fi_r - %i * sin_fi_r ) ; //A
Z1 = R + %i * XL ; //ohm
VB = VR + I1 * Z1 ; // V o l t
VBL = sqrt (3) * abs ( VB ) ; // V o l t
disp ( VBL /1000 , L i n e v o l t a g e a t mid p o i n t ( kV ) : ) ;
I2 = S2 /( sqrt (3) * VBL ) ; //A
I2 = I2 *( cos_fi_r2 - %i * sin_fi_r2 ) ; //A
I = I1 + I2 ; //A
disp ( T o t a l c u r r e n t (A) , m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( I )
) + and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( I )
, real ( I ) ) ) ) ;
Z2 = R + %i * XL ; //ohm
VS = VB + I * Z2 ; // V o l t
VSL = sqrt (3) * abs ( VS ) ; // V o l t
disp ( VSL /1000 , S e n d i n g end l i n e v o l t a g e ( kV ) : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.17 kVA supplied and Power supplied

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// Exa 5 . 1 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
P =10; //MWatt
pf =0.8; // power f a c t o r
VRL =30*10^3; // V o l t
R1 =5.5; //ohm
XL1 =13.5; //ohm
R2 =6; //ohm
XL2 =11; //ohm
ZA = R1 + %i * XL1 ; //ohm
ZB = R2 + %i * XL2 ; //ohm
S = P *10^3/ pf * expm ( %i * %pi /180*( -36.52) ) ; //kVA
SA = S * ZB /( ZA + ZB ) ; //kVA
disp ( Load s u p p l y by l i n e A(kVA) , m a g n i t u d e i s +
string ( abs ( SA ) ) + a t p f + string ( cosd ( atand ( imag (
SA ) , real ( SA ) ) ) ) ) ;
SB = S * ZA /( ZA + ZB ) ; //kVA
disp ( Load s u p p l y by l i n e B(kVA) , m a g n i t u d e i s +
string ( abs ( SB ) ) + and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string
( cosd ( atand ( imag ( SB ) , real ( SB ) ) ) ) ) ;
PA = abs ( SA ) *( cosd ( atand ( imag ( SA ) , real ( SA ) ) ) ) ; //kW
disp ( PA , Power s u p p l i e d by l i n e A(kW) : ) ;
PB = abs ( SB ) *( cosd ( atand ( imag ( SB ) , real ( SB ) ) ) ) ; //kW
disp ( PB , Power s u p p l i e d by l i n e B(kW) : ) ;
// Answer i s n o t a c c u r a t e i n t h e book .

Scilab code Exa 5.18 Rise in Voltage

1 // Exa 5 . 1 8
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;

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5 // Given d a t a :
6 L =200; //km
7 f =50; // Hz
8 omega =2* %pi * f ; // r a d / s
9 Rise = omega ^2* L ^2*10^ -8/18; //%
10 disp ( Rise , P e r c e n t a g e r i s e i n v o l t a g e

: );

Scilab code Exa 5.19 Find A B C D parameters

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// Exa 5 . 1 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
L =80; //km
f =50; // Hz
Z =(0.15+ %i *0.78) * L ; //ohm
Y =( %i *5*10^ -6) * L ; //mho
A =1+1/2* Y * Z ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e l i n e
D = A ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e l i n e
B = Z *(1+1/4* Y * Z ) ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e l i n e
C = Y ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e l i n e
disp (A , P a r a m e t e r A : ) ;
disp (B , P a r a m e t e r B : ) ;
disp (C , P a r a m e t e r C : ) ;
disp (D , P a r a m e t e r D : ) ;
// Answer o f B i s wrong i n t h e book .

Scilab code Exa 5.20 ABCD constant Voltage and Efficiency

1 // Exa 5 . 2 0
2 clc ;
3 clear ;

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close ;
// Given d a t a :
Z =200* expm ( %i * %pi /180*80) ; //ohm
Y =0.0013* expm ( %i * %pi /180*90) ; //mho/ p h a s e
P =80*10^6; //W
pf =0.8; // power f a c t o r
cos_fi_r = pf ;
sin_fi_r = sqrt (1 - cos_fi_r ^2) ;
VRL =220*10^3; // V o l t
VR = VRL / sqrt (3) ; // V o l t
f =50; // Hz
IR = P /( sqrt (3) * VRL * pf ) ; //A
IR = IR *( cos_fi_r - %i * sin_fi_r ) ; //A
A =1+1/2* Y * Z ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e l i n e
D = A ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e l i n e
B = Z *(1+1/4* Y * Z ) ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e l i n e
C = Y ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e l i n e
disp ( P a r a m e t e r A, m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( A ) ) +
and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( A ) ,
real ( A ) ) ) ) ;
disp ( P a r a m e t e r B , m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( B ) ) +
and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( B ) ,
real ( B ) ) ) ) ;
disp ( P a r a m e t e r C , m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( C ) ) +
and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( C ) ,
real ( C ) ) ) ) ;
disp ( P a r a m e t e r D, m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( D ) ) +
and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( D ) ,
real ( D ) ) ) ) ;
VS = A * VR + B * IR ; // V o l t
VSL = sqrt (3) * abs ( VS ) ; // V o l t
disp ( VSL /1000 , S e n d i n g end L i n e v o l t a g e ( kV ) : ) ;
IS = C * VR + D * IR ; //A
disp ( S e n d i n g end c u r r e n t (A) , m a g n i t u d e i s + string (
abs ( IS ) ) + and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand (
imag ( IS ) , real ( IS ) ) ) ) ;
fi_s = atand ( imag ( VS ) , real ( VS ) ) - atand ( imag ( IS ) , real ( IS
) ) ; //
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31 cos_fis = cosd ( fi_s ) ; // s e n d i n g end p f

32 disp ( cos_fis , S e n d i n g end power f a c t o r ( l a g ) : ) ;
33 Pin = sqrt (3) * VSL * abs ( IS ) * cos_fis *10^ -6; //MW
34 disp ( Pin , Power I n p u t (MW) : ) ;
35 Eta = P /( Pin *10^6) *100; //%
36 disp ( Eta , T r a n s m i s s i o n E f f i c i e n c y (%) : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.21 Voltage Current Power and efficiency

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// Exa 5 . 2 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
P =50*10^6; //VA
pf =0.8; // power f a c t o r
cos_fi_r = pf ;
sin_fi_r = sqrt (1 - cos_fi_r ^2) ;
A =0.98* expm ( %i * %pi /180*3) ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e
line
D =0.98* expm ( %i * %pi /180*3) ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e
line
B =110* expm ( %i * %pi /180*75) ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e
line
C =0.0005* expm ( %i * %pi /180*80) ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e
line
VRL =110*10^3; // V o l t
VR = VRL / sqrt (3) ; // V o l t
IR = P /( sqrt (3) * VRL ) ; //A
IR = IR *( cos_fi_r - %i * sin_fi_r ) ; //A
VS = A * VR + B * IR ; // V o l t
VSL = sqrt (3) * abs ( VS ) ; // V o l t
disp ( VSL /1000 , S e n d i n g end L i n e v o l t a g e ( kV ) : ) ;
IS = C * VR + D * IR ; //A
disp ( S e n d i n g end c u r r e n t (A) , m a g n i t u d e i s + string (
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abs ( IS ) ) + and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand (

imag ( IS ) , real ( IS ) ) ) ) ;
fi_s = atand ( imag ( VS ) , real ( VS ) ) - atand ( imag ( IS ) , real ( IS
) ) ; //
cos_fis = cosd ( fi_s ) ; // s e n d i n g end p f
disp ( cos_fis , S e n d i n g end power f a c t o r ( l a g ) : ) ;
Pin = sqrt (3) * VSL * abs ( IS ) * cos_fis *10^ -6; //MW
disp ( Pin , Power I n p u t (MW) : ) ;
Eta = P * pf /( Pin *10^6) *100; //%
disp ( Eta , T r a n s m i s s i o n E f f i c i e n c y (%) : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.22 ABCD constant power and voltage

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// Exa 5 . 2 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
f =50; // Hz
L =300; //km
r =0.15; //ohm/km
x =0.5; //ohm/km
y =3*10^ -6; //mho/km
VRL =220*10^3; // V o l t
VR = VRL / sqrt (3) ; // V o l t
P =200*10^6; //W
pf =0.85; // power f a c t o r
cos_fi_r = pf ;
sin_fi_r = sqrt (1 - cos_fi_r ^2) ;
R = r * L ; //ohm
X = x * L ; //ohm
Y = y * L ; //mho
Z = R + %i * X ; //ohm
// p a r t ( i )
A =1+1/2* %i * Y * Z ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e l i n e
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23 D = A ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e l i n e
24 B = Z ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e l i n e
25 C = %i * Y *(1+1/4* %i * Y * Z ) ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e l i n e
26 disp ( P a r a m e t e r A, m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( A ) ) +

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and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( A ) ,

real ( A ) ) ) ) ;
disp ( P a r a m e t e r B , m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( B ) ) +
and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( B ) ,
real ( B ) ) ) ) ;
disp ( P a r a m e t e r C , m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( C ) ) +
and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( C ) ,
real ( C ) ) ) ) ;
disp ( P a r a m e t e r D, m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( D ) ) +
and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( D ) ,
real ( D ) ) ) ) ;
// p a r t ( i i )
IR = poly (0 , IR ) ;
p =0.024525* IR ^2+11.427* IR -2102; // from VS=AVR+B IR
;// Volt
IR = roots ( p ) ;
IR = IR (2) ; // t a k i n g +ve v a l u e
P = sqrt (3) * VRL * IR *10^ -6; //MW
disp (P , Power r e c e i v e d i n MW : ) ;
// / p a r t ( i i i )
P =200*10^6; //W
IR = P / sqrt (3) / VRL / pf ; //A
fi = acosd ( pf ) ; // d e g r e e
IR = IR * expm ( %i * - fi * %pi /180) ;
VS = A * VR + B * IR ; // V o l t
VSL = sqrt (3) * abs ( VS ) ; // V o l t
disp ( VSL /1000 , S e n d i n g end L i n e v o l t a g e ( kV ) : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.23 Voltage current power and egulation

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// Exa 5 . 2 3
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clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
A =0.936+ %i *0.016; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e l i n e
D = A ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e l i n e
B =33.5+ %i *138; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e l i n e
C =( -0.9280+ %i *901.223) *10^ -6; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e
line
VRL =200*10^3; // V o l t
VR = VRL / sqrt (3) ; // V o l t
P =40*10^6; //W
pf =0.86; // power f a c t o r
cos_fi_r = pf ;
sin_fi_r = sqrt (1 - cos_fi_r ^2) ;
IR = P / sqrt (3) / VRL / pf ; //A
fi = acosd ( pf ) ; // d e g r e e
IR = IR * expm ( %i * - fi * %pi /180) ;
VS = A * VR + B * IR ; // V o l t
VSL = sqrt (3) * abs ( VS ) ; // V o l t
disp ( VSL /1000 , S e n d i n g end L i n e v o l t a g e ( kV ) : ) ;
IS = C * VR + D * IR ; //A
disp ( S e n d i n g end c u r r e n t (A) , m a g n i t u d e i s + string (
abs ( IS ) ) + and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand (
imag ( IS ) , real ( IS ) ) ) ) ;
fi_s = atand ( imag ( IS ) , real ( IS ) ) - atand ( imag ( VS ) , real ( VS
) ) ; // d e g r e e
disp ( cosd ( fi_s ) , fi_s , S e n d i n g end p h a s e a n g l e ( d e g r e e
) & power f a c t o r ( l e a d i n g ) : ) ;
Ps = sqrt (3) * abs ( VSL ) * abs ( IS ) * cosd ( fi_s ) *10^ -6; //MW
disp ( Ps , S e n d i n g end power (MW) : ) ;
Vreg =( VSL - VRL ) *100/ VRL ; //%
disp ( Vreg , V o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n i n % : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.24 Sending end voltage and current

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1 // Exa 5 . 2 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a :
6 A1 =0.98* expm ( %i *2* %pi /180) ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e

line
7 D1 = A1 ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e l i n e
8 B1 =28* expm ( %i *69* %pi /180) ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e
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C1 =0.0002* expm ( %i *88* %pi /180) ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e
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A2 =0.95* expm ( %i *3* %pi /180) ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e
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D2 = A2 ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e l i n e
B2 =40* expm ( %i *85* %pi /180) ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e
line
C2 =0.0004* expm ( %i *90* %pi /180) ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e
line
VRL =110*10^3; // V o l t
VR = VRL / sqrt (3) ; // V o l t
IR =200; //A
pf =0.95; // power f a c t o r
cos_fi_r = pf ;
sin_fi_r = sqrt (1 - cos_fi_r ^2) ;
fi = acosd ( pf ) ; // d e g r e e
A = A1 * A2 + B1 * C2 ; // g e n e r a l i z e d p a r a m e t e r o f 2 l i n e
B = A1 * B2 + B1 * D2 ; // g e n e r a l i z e d p a r a m e t e r o f 2 l i n e
C = C1 * A2 + D1 * C2 ; // g e n e r a l i z e d p a r a m e t e r o f 2 l i n e
D = C1 * B2 + D1 * D2 ; // g e n e r a l i z e d p a r a m e t e r o f 2 l i n e
IR = IR * expm ( %i * - fi * %pi /180) ;
VS = A * VR + B * IR ; // V o l t
VSL = sqrt (3) * abs ( VS ) ; // V o l t
disp ( VSL /1000 , S e n d i n g end L i n e v o l t a g e ( kV ) : ) ;
IS = C * VR + D * IR ; //A
disp ( S e n d i n g end c u r r e n t (A) , m a g n i t u d e i s + string (
abs ( IS ) ) + and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand (
imag ( IS ) , real ( IS ) ) ) ) ;
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// Answer f o r VSL i s wrong i n t h e book .

Scilab code Exa 5.25 ABCD constant and power factor

1 // Exa 5 . 2 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a :
6 A1 =0.98* expm ( %i *1* %pi /180) ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e

line
7 D1 = A1 ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e l i n e
8 B1 =100* expm ( %i *75* %pi /180) ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e
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C1 =0.0005* expm ( %i *90* %pi /180) ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e
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A2 =0.98* expm ( %i *1* %pi /180) ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e
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D2 = A2 ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e l i n e
B2 =100* expm ( %i *75* %pi /180) ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e
line
C2 =0.0005* expm ( %i *90* %pi /180) ; // p a r a m e t e r o f 3 p h a s e
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P =100*10^6; //W
VRL =132*10^3; // V o l t
VR = VRL / sqrt (3) ; // V o l t
pf =0.8; // power f a c t o r
cos_fi_r = pf ;
sin_fi_r = sqrt (1 - cos_fi_r ^2) ;
fi = acosd ( pf ) ; // d e g r e e
A =( A1 * B2 + A2 * B1 ) /( B1 + B2 ) ; // g e n e r a l i z e d p a r a m e t e r o f 2
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B = B1 * B2 /( B1 + B2 ) ; // g e n e r a l i z e d p a r a m e t e r o f 2 l i n e
C = C1 + C2 -( A1 - A2 ) *( D1 - D2 ) /( B1 + B2 ) ; // g e n e r a l i z e d
parameter of 2 l i n e
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disp ( G e n e r a l i s e d c o n s t a n t s o t two l i n e s combined
a r e : );
disp ( P a r a m e t e r A, m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( A ) ) +
and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( A ) ,
real ( A ) ) ) ) ;
disp ( P a r a m e t e r B , m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( B ) ) +
and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( B ) ,
real ( B ) ) ) ) ;
disp ( P a r a m e t e r C , m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( C ) ) +
and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( C ) ,
real ( C ) ) ) ) ;
disp ( P a r a m e t e r D, m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( D ) ) +
and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( D ) ,
real ( D ) ) ) ) ;
IR = P / sqrt (3) / VRL / pf ; //A
IR = IR * expm ( %i * - fi * %pi /180) ;
VS = A * VR + B * IR ; // V o l t
VSL = sqrt (3) * abs ( VS ) ; // V o l t
IS = C * VR + D * IR ; //A
fi_s = atand ( imag ( VS ) , real ( VS ) ) - atand ( imag ( IS ) , real ( IS
));
disp ( cosd ( fi_s ) , S e n d i n g end power f a c t o r ( l a g g i n g ) :
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Chapter 6
Representation and
Performance of long
Transmission Lines

Scilab code Exa 6.1 Determine Auxiliary constant

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// Exa 6 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
r =0.22; //ohm
x =0.45; //ohm
g =4*10^ -9; // S
b =2.53*10^ -6; // S
f =50; // Hz
l =1000; //Km
// U s i n g C o n v e r g e n t s e r i e s o f c o m p l e x a n g l e s
z = r + %i * x ; //ohm
y = g + %i * b ; //ohm
Z = z * l ; //ohm
Y = y * l ; //ohm
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YZ = Y * Z ; //ohm
Y2Z2 = YZ ^2; //ohm
Y3Z3 = YZ ^3; //ohm
A =1+ YZ /2+ Y2Z2 /24+ Y3Z3 /720; //ohm
D = A ; // oh ,m
B = Z *(1+ YZ /6+ Y2Z2 /120+ Y3Z3 /5040) ; //ohm
C = Y *(1+ YZ /6+ Y2Z2 /120+ Y3Z3 /5040) ; //ohm
disp ( A u x i l i a r y C o n s t a n t s by u s i n g C o n v e r g e n t s e r i e s
o f complex a n g l e s : );
disp (A , A = ) ;
disp (B , B = ) ;
disp (C , C = ) ;
// U s i n g C o n v e r g e n t s e r i e s o f r e a l a n g l e s
A = cosh ( sqrt ( YZ ) ) ; //ohm
D = A ; //ohm
B = sqrt ( Z / Y ) * sinh ( sqrt ( YZ ) ) ; //ohm
C = sqrt ( Y / Z ) * sinh ( sqrt ( YZ ) ) ; //ohm
A = cosh ( sqrt ( YZ ) ) ; //ohm
disp ( A u x i l i a r y C o n s t a n t s by u s i n g C o n v e r g e n t s e r i e s
o f r e a l a n g l e s : );
disp ( A, m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( A ) ) + and a n g l e
i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( A ) , real ( A ) ) ) ) ;
disp ( B , m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( B ) ) + and a n g l e
i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( B ) , real ( B ) ) ) ) ;
disp ( C , m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( C ) ) + and a n g l e
i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( C ) , real ( C ) ) ) ) ;
disp ( We o b t a i n same r e s u l t by b o t h o f t h e methods .
)

Scilab code Exa 6.2 Sending end voltage and current

1 // Exa 6 . 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;

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format ( v ,8) ;
// Given d a t a :
Z =200* expm ( %i *80* %pi /180) ; //ohm
Y =0.0013* expm ( %i *90* %pi /180) ; // S / p h a s e
P =80*10^6; //W
pf =0.8; // power f a c t o r
VRL =220*1000; //V
VR = VRL / sqrt (3) ; //V
IR = P / sqrt (3) / VRL / pf ; //A
fi = acosd ( pf ) ; // d e g r e e
IR = IR * expm ( %i * - fi * %pi /180) ; //A
YZ = Y * Z ; //ohm
Y2Z2 = YZ ^2; //ohm
Y3Z3 = YZ ^3; //ohm
A =1+ YZ /2+ Y2Z2 /24+ Y3Z3 /720; //ohm
D = A ; // oh ,m
B = Z *(1+ YZ /6+ Y2Z2 /120+ Y3Z3 /5040) ; //ohm
C = Y *(1+ YZ /6+ Y2Z2 /120+ Y3Z3 /5040) ; //mho
VS = A * VR + B * IR ; //V
VSL = sqrt (3) * abs ( VS ) ; //V
disp ( VSL /1000 , S e n d i n g end l i n e v o l t a g e i n kV : ) ;
IS = C * VR + D * IR ; //
disp ( S e n d i n g end c u r r e n t i n A, m a g n i t u d e i s +
string ( abs ( IS ) ) + and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string
( atand ( imag ( IS ) , real ( IS ) ) ) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 6.3 A0 B0 C0 and D0 constant

1 // Exa 6 . 3
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,8) ;
6 // Given d a t a :
7 VRL =220; //kV

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VR = VRL / sqrt (3) ; //V

P =10*10^6; //VA
Z =1+ %i *8; //ohm ( i n %)
Zse = Z /100* VRL ^2/100; //ohm/ p h a s e
A =0.9* expm ( %i *0.6* %pi /180) ; // A u x i l i a r y c o n s t a n t
D = A ; // A u x i l i a r y c o n s t a n t
B =153.2* expm ( %i *84.6* %pi /180) ; // A u x i l i a r y c o n s t a n t
C =0.0012* expm ( %i *90* %pi /180) ; // A u x i l i a r y c o n s t a n t
A0 = A + C * Zse ; // c o n s t a n t
B0 = B + D * Zse ; //ohm// c o n s t a n t
C0 = C ; //mho o r S // c o n s t a n t
D0 = A ; // c o n s t a n t
disp ( C o n s t a n t A0 , m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( A0 ) ) +
and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( A0 ) ,
real ( A0 ) ) ) ) ;
21 disp ( C o n s t a n t B0 ( ohm ) , m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( B0
) ) + and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag (
B0 ) , real ( B0 ) ) ) ) ;
22 disp ( C o n s t a n t C0 ( S ) , m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( C0 ) )
+ and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( C0 )
, real ( C0 ) ) ) ) ;
23 disp ( C o n s t a n t D0 , m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( D0 ) ) +
and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( D0 ) ,
real ( D0 ) ) ) ) ;

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Scilab code Exa 6.4 A0 B0 C0 and D0 constant

1 // Exa 6 . 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,8) ;
6 // Given d a t a :
7 A =0.98* expm ( %i *2* %pi /180) ; // A u x i l i a r y
8 D = A ; // A u x i l i a r y c o n s t a n t

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B =28* expm ( %i *69* %pi /180) ; // A u x i l i a r y c o n s t a n t

Zse =12* expm ( %i *80* %pi /180) ; //ohm
C =( A *D -1) / B ; // A u x i l i a r y c o n s t a n t
A0 = A + C * Zse ; // c o n s t a n t
B0 = B +2* A * Zse + C * Zse ^2; //ohm// c o n s t a n t
C0 = C ; //mho o r S // c o n s t a n t
D0 = A0 ; // c o n s t a n t
disp ( C o n s t a n t A0 , m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( A0 ) ) +
and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( A0 ) ,
real ( A0 ) ) ) ) ;
17 disp ( C o n s t a n t B0 ( ohm ) , m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( B0
) ) + and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag (
B0 ) , real ( B0 ) ) ) ) ;
18 disp ( C o n s t a n t C0 ( S ) , m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( C0 ) )
+ and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( C0 )
, real ( C0 ) ) ) ) ;
19 disp ( C o n s t a n t D0 , m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( D0 ) ) +
and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( D0 ) ,
real ( D0 ) ) ) ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 6.5 A0 B0 C0 and D0 constant

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// Exa 6 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8) ;
// Given d a t a :
A =0.92* expm ( %i *5.3* %pi /180) ; // A u x i l i a r y c o n s t a n t
D = A ; // A u x i l i a r y c o n s t a n t
B =65.3* expm ( %i *81* %pi /180) ; // A u x i l i a r y c o n s t a n t
ZT =100* expm ( %i *70* %pi /180) ; //ohm
YT =0.0002* expm ( %i * -75* %pi /180) ; // S
C =( A *D -1) / B ; // A u x i l i a r y c o n s t a n t
A0 = A *(1+2* YT * ZT ) + B *( YT ) + C * ZT *(1+ YT * ZT ) ; // c o n s t a n t
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14 B0 =2* A * ZT + B + C * ZT ^2; //ohm// c o n s t a n t

15 C0 =2* A * YT *(1+ YT * ZT ) + B * YT ^2+ C *(1+ YT * ZT ) ^2; //mho o r S
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// c o n s t a n t
D0 = A0 ; // c o n s t a n t
disp ( C o n s t a n t A0 , m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( A0 ) ) +
and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( A0 ) ,
real ( A0 ) ) ) ) ;
disp ( C o n s t a n t B0 ( ohm ) , m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( B0
) ) + and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag (
B0 ) , real ( B0 ) ) ) ) ;
disp ( C o n s t a n t C0 ( S ) , m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( C0 ) )
+ and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( C0 )
, real ( C0 ) ) ) ) ;
disp ( C o n s t a n t D0 , m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( D0 ) ) +
and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( D0 ) ,
real ( D0 ) ) ) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 6.6 Equivalent T and Pi network

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// Exa 6 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8) ;
// Given d a t a :
A =0.945* expm ( %i *1.02* %pi /180) ; // A u x i l i a r y c o n s t a n t
D = A ; // A u x i l i a r y c o n s t a n t
B =82.3* expm ( %i *73.03* %pi /180) ; //ohm// A u x i l i a r y
constant
C =0.001376* expm ( %i *90.4* %pi /180) ; // S // A u x i l i a r y
constant
// p a r t ( i )
Y = C ; // S
Z =2*( A -1) / C ; //ohm
disp ( For e q u i v a l e n t Tn e t w o r k : ) ;
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disp ( Shunt a d m i t t a n c e i n S , m a g n i t u d e i s + string (

abs ( Y ) ) + and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand (
imag ( Y ) , real ( Y ) ) ) ) ;
disp ( Impedance i n ohm , m a g n i t u d e i s + string ( abs ( Z )
) + and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand ( imag ( Z )
, real ( Z ) ) ) ) ;
disp ( For e q u i v a l e n t p i n e t w o r k : ) ;
Z = B ; //ohm
disp ( S e r i e s Impedance i n ohm , m a g n i t u d e i s + string
( abs ( Z ) ) + and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand (
imag ( Z ) , real ( Z ) ) ) ) ;
Y =2*( A -1) / B ; // S
disp ( Shunt a d m i t t a n c e i n S , m a g n i t u d e i s + string (
abs ( Y ) ) + and a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s + string ( atand (
imag ( Y ) , real ( Y ) ) ) ) ;
// For TNetwork V a l u e o f Z i s wrog i n t h e book .

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Chapter 7
Corona

Scilab code Exa 7.1 Line Voltage

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// Exa 7 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
r =1; //cm
d =4; // m e t e r
g0 =30/ sqrt (2) ; //kV/cm
LineVoltage = sqrt (3) * g0 * r * log ( d *100/ r ) ; //kV
disp ( round ( LineVoltage ) , L i n e V o l t a g e f o r c o m e n c i n g
o f c o r e n a ( i n kV ) : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.2 Disruptive Critical Voltage

1 // Exa 7 . 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;

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// Given d a t a :
Ph =3; // p h a s e
V =220; //kV
f =50; // Hz
r =1.2; //cm
d =2; // m e t e r
mo =0.96; // I r r e g u l a r i t y f a c t o r
t =20; // d e g r e e C
T = t +273; //K
b =72.2; //cm
go =21.1; //kV rms /cm
del =3.92* b / T ; // A i r d e n s i t y f a c t o r
Vdo = go * del * mo * r * log ( d *100/ r ) ; // i n kV
Vdo_line = sqrt (3) * Vdo ; // i n kV
disp ( round ( Vdo_line ) , D i s r u p t i v e c r i t i c a l v o l t a g e
from l i n e t o l i n e ( kV rms ) : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.3 Spacing between Conductors

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// Exa 7 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5) ;
// Given d a t a :
V =132; //kV
r =2/2; //cm
Vexceed =210; //kV ( rms )
go =30000/ sqrt (2) ; // V o l t s /cm
go = go /1000; //kV/cm
Vdo = Vexceed / sqrt (3) ; // V o l t
mo =1; // assumed
del =1; // assumed a i r d e n s i t y f a c t o r
// Formula : Vdo=go d e l mo r l o g ( d 1 0 0 / r ) ; / / i n kV
d = exp ( Vdo / go / del / mo / r ) * r ; //cm
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disp ( d *10^ -2 , S p a c i n g b e t w e e n c o n d u c t o r s i n m e t e r :
);

Scilab code Exa 7.4 Minimum diameter of conductor

// Exa 7 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5) ;
// Given d a t a :
Ph =3; // p h a s e
V =132; //kV
f =50; // Hz
d =3; // m e t e r
d = d *100; // i n cm
go =21.21; //kV/cm : assumed
mo =0.85; // assumed
del =0.95; // assumed a i r d e n s i t y f a c t o r
Vdo = V / sqrt (3) ; //kV
// Formula : Vdo=go d e l mo r l o g ( d 1 0 0 / r ) ; / / i n kV
// r l o g ( d / r )=Vdo/ go / d e l /mo : s o l v i n g
// I m p l e m e n t i n g H i t & T r i a l method
for r =0.1:.1:2
if floor ( r * log ( d / r ) ) == floor ( Vdo / go / del / mo ) then
disp (2* r , Minimum D i a m e t e r o f c o n d u c t o r by
H i t & T r i a l method ( cm ) : ) ;
22
break ;
23
end
24 end

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Scilab code Exa 7.5 Presence of Corona

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// Exa 7 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7) ;
// Given d a t a :
r =2.5/2; //cm
epsilon_r =4; // c o n s t a n t
r1 =3/2; //cm
r2 =9/2; //cm
V =20; //kV ( rms )
// Formula : gmax=q / ( 2 e p s i l o n r )
g2maxBYg1max = r / epsilon_r / r1 ; // u n i t l e s s
// Formula : V=g1max r l o g ( r 1 / r )+g2max r 1 l o g ( r 2 / r 1 )
g1max = V /( r * log ( r1 / r ) + g2maxBYg1max * r1 * log ( r2 / r1 ) ) ; //
i n kV/cm
16 disp ( g1max , g1max ( kV/cm ) = ) ;
17 disp ( g1max > go , Corona w i l l be p r e s e n t . ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 7.6 Critical Disruptive Voltage

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// Exa 7 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5) ;
// Given d a t a :
Ph =3; // p h a s e
r =10.4/2; //mm
r = r /10; // i n cm
d =2.5; // m e t e r
d = d *100; // i n cm
t =21; // d e g r e e C
T = t +273; //K
b =73.6; //cmHg
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mo =0.85;
mv_l =0.7;
mv_g =0.8;
go =21.21; //kV/cm : assumed
del =3.92* b / T ; // A i r d e n s i t y f a c t o r
// Formula : Vdo=go d e l mo r l o g ( d 1 0 0 / r ) ; / / kV
Vdo = go * del * mo * r * log ( d / r ) ; //kV
Vdo_line = sqrt (3) * Vdo ; //kV
Vvo = go * del * mv_l * r *(1+.3/ sqrt ( del * r ) ) * log ( d / r ) ; //kV
Vvo_line_local = Vvo * sqrt (3) ; //kV ( rms )
disp ( Vvo_line_local , L i n e t o l i n e v i s u a l c r i t i c a l
v o l t a g e f o r l o c a l c o r o n a ( kVrms )
: )
26 Vvo_line_general = Vvo_line_local * mv_g / mv_l ; //kV ( rms )
27 disp ( Vvo_line_general , L i n e t o l i n e v i s u a l c r i t i c a l
v o l t a g e f o r g e n e r a l c o r o n a ( kVrms )
: )
28 // Note : Answer i n t h e book i s n o t a c c u r a t e .

Scilab code Exa 7.7 Corona Loss

// Exa 7 . 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5) ;
// Given d a t a :
Pc1 =53; // i n kW
V1 =106; // i n kV
Pc2 =98; // i n kW
V2 =110.9; // i n kV
Vph1 = V1 / sqrt (3) ; // i n kV
Vph2 = V2 / sqrt (3) ; // i n kV
// Formula : Pc =3244/ d e l ( f +25) s q r t ( r /d ) ( VphVdo )
2 1 0 5 ; / /kW/Km
14 disp ( U s i n g p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y : Pc i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o
( VphVdo ) 2 ) ;

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disp ( We have , Pc1 / Pc2 = ( Vph1Vdo ) 2 / ( Vph2Vdo ) 2 )

;
Vdo =( Vph1 - sqrt ( Pc1 / Pc2 ) *( Vph2 ) ) /(1 - sqrt ( Pc1 / Pc2 ) ) ;
V3 =113; // i n kV
Vph3 = V3 / sqrt (3) ; // i n kV
Pc3 = Pc2 *( Vph3 - Vdo ) ^2/( Vph2 - Vdo ) ^2; // i n kW
disp ( Pc3 , Corona L o s s a t 113 kV i n kW : ) ;
VLine = sqrt (3) * Vdo ; // i n kV
disp ( VLine , D i s r u p t i v e c r i t i c a l v o l t a g e b e t w e e n
l i n e s ( kV ) : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.8 Disruptive voltage and corona loss

// Exa 7 . 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5) ;
// Given d a t a :
f =50; // Hz
l =160; //km
r =1.036/2; //cm
d =2.44*100; //cm
g0 =21.1; //kV/cm ( rms )
m0 =0.85; // i r r e g u l a r i t y f a c t o r
mv =0.72; // r o u g h n e s s f a c t o r
b =73.15; //cm
t =26.6; // d e g r e e C
del =3.92* b /(273+ t ) ; // a i r d e n s i t y f a c t o r
Vd0 = g0 * del * m0 * r * log ( d / r ) ; //kV ( rms )
disp ( Vd0 , C r i t i c a l d i s r u p t i v e v o l t a g e ( rms ) i n kV :
);
19 Vv0 = g0 * del * mv * r *(1+0.3/ sqrt ( del * r ) ) * log ( d / r ) ; //kV
20 disp ( Vv0 , V i s u a l C r i t i c a l v o l t a g e ( rms ) i n kV : ) ;
21 Vph =110/ sqrt (3) ; // i n kV

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Pc_dash = d / del *( f +25) * sqrt ( r / d ) *( Vph -0.8* Vd0 )

^2*10^ -5; //kW/km/ p h a s e
T_Corona_loss = l *3* Pc_dash ; //kW
disp ( T_Corona_loss , T o t a l c o r o n a l o s s u n d e r f o u l
w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n u s i n g Peek f o r m u l a i n kW : ) ;
VphBYVd0 = Vph / Vd0 /0.8;
K =0.46; // c o n s t a n t
Corona_loss =21*10^ -5* f * Vph ^2* K /( log10 ( d / r ) ) ^2; //kW/
km/ p h a s e
T_corona_loss = Corona_loss *3* l ; //kW
disp ( T_corona_loss , T o t a l c o r o n a l o s s u n d e r f o u l
w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n u s i n g P e t e r s o n f o r m u l a i n kW :
);

Scilab code Exa 7.9 Corona Characteristics

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// Example 7 . 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// g i v e n d a t a :
f =50; // Hz
l =175; //km
r =1/2; //cm
d =3*100; //cm
g0 =21.1; //kV/cm ( rms )
m0 =0.85; // i r r e g u l a r i t y f a c t o r
mv =0.72; // r o u g h n e s s f a c t o r
mv_dash =0.82; // r o u g h n e s s f a c t o r
b =74; //cm
t =26; // d e g r e e C
Vph =110/ sqrt (3) ; //kV
del =3.92* b /(273+ t ) ; // a i r d e n s i t y f a c t o r
Vd0 = g0 * del * m0 * r * log ( d / r ) ; //kV ( rms )
Vvo = g0 * del * mv * r *(1+0.3/ sqrt ( del * r ) ) * log ( d / r ) ; //kV
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rms
Vvo_dash = Vvo * mv_dash / mv ; //kV rms
Pc =244/ del *( f +25) * sqrt ( r / d ) *( Vph - Vd0 ) ^2*10^ -5; //kW/
Km/ p h a s e
T_CoronaLoss = Pc * l *3; //kW
disp ( Power l o s s due t o c o r o n a f o r f a i r w e a t h e r
c o n d i t i o n : );
disp ( T_CoronaLoss , T o t a l c o r o n a l o s s u s i n g Peek
f o r m u l a i n kW : ) ;
K =0.0713; // c o n s t a n t f o r Vph/Vdo = 1 . 1 4 2
Pc =21*10^ -5* f * Vph ^2/( log10 ( d / r ) ) ^2* K ; //kW/Km/ p h a s e
T_CoronaLoss = Pc * l *3; //kW
disp ( T_CoronaLoss , A c c o r d i n g P e t e r s o n f o r m u l a , T o t a l
c o r o n a l o s s f o r 175 km 3 p h a s e l i n e (kW) : ) ;
disp ( Power l o s s due t o c o r o n a f o r s t o r m y w e a t h e r
c o n d i t i o n : );
Vd0 =0.8* Vd0 ; //kV
Pc_dash = l *3*244/ del *( f +25) * sqrt ( r / d ) *( Vph - Vd0 )
^2*10^ -5; //kW/Km/ p h a s e
disp ( Pc_dash , T o t a l c o r o n a l o s s u s i n g Peek f o r m u l a
i n kW : ) ;
K =0.395; // c o n s t a n t f o r Vph/Vdo =1.42
Pc =21*10^ -5* f * Vph ^2/( log10 ( d / r ) ) ^2* K ; //kW/Km/ p h a s e
T_CoronaLoss = Pc * l *3; //kW
disp ( T_CoronaLoss , A c c o r d i n g P e t e r s o n f o r m u l a , T o t a l
c o r o n a l o s s f o r 175 km 3 p h a s e l i n e (kW) : ) ;
// Answer i s wrong i n t h e book f o r c o r o n a l o s s f a i r
w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n u s i n g Peek f o r m u l a .

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Chapter 8
Electrostatic and
Electromagnetic Interference
with Communication Lines

Scilab code Exa 8.1 Voltage induced per km

1 // Exa 8 . 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,6) ;
6 // Given d a t a :
7 f =50; // Hz
8 hor_con =1.2; // h o r i z o n t a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n s p a c i n g i n m
9 x =0.85; // t e l e p h o n e l i n e l o c a t i o n b e l o w power l i n e i n
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meter
I =120; // c u r r e n t i n power l i n e i n A
d =0.4; // s p a c i n g b e t w e e n c o n d u c t o r s i n m e t e r
dAD = sqrt ( x ^2+(( hor_con + d ) /2) ^2) ; //m
dAC = sqrt ( x ^2+(( hor_con - d ) /2) ^2) ; //m
dBD = dAC ; //m
dBC = dAD ; //m
M = d * log ( sqrt ( dAD * dBC / dAC / dBD ) ) ; //mh/km
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17 Vm =2* %pi * f * M *10^ -3* I ; //V

18 disp ( Vm , V o l t a g e i n d u c e d p e r Km i n t h e

l i n e in Volt

: );

Scilab code Exa 8.2 Induced Voltage at fundamental frequency

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// Exa 8 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6) ;
// Given d a t a :
f =50; //HzdAP=AO+5;//m
l =200; //km
V =132*1000; //V
Load =28000; //kW
pf =0.85; // l a g g i n g power f a c t o r
r =5/1000; // r a d i u s o f c o n d u c t o r i n m
// From t h e f i g u r e g i v e n i n q u e s t i o n
AO = sqrt (4^2 -2^2) ; //m
dAP = AO +5; //m
dAQ = dAP +1; //m
dBP = sqrt (5^2+2^2) ; //m
dBQ = sqrt (6^2+2^2) ; //m
MA =0.2* log ( dAQ / dAP ) ; //mH/km
MB =0.2* log ( dBQ / dBP ) ; //mH/km
MC = MB ; //mH/km
M = MB - MA ; //mH/km(MA,MB and Mc a r e d i s p l a c e d by 120
degree )
I = Load *1000/ sqrt (3) / V / pf ; //A
Vm =2* %pi * f * M *10^ -3* I ; //V/km
Vm1 = Vm * l ; //V( For w h o l e r o u t e )
disp ( Vm1 , I n d u c e d V o l t a g e ( For w h o l e r o u t e ) i n V o l t s
: );
VA = V / sqrt (3) ; //V
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VB = V / sqrt (3) ; //V

hA =20+ AO ; //m
VPA = VA * log ((2* hA - dAP ) / dAP ) / log ((2* hA - r ) / r ) ; //V
VPB = VB * log ((2* hA - dBP ) / dBP ) / log ((2* hA - r ) / r ) ; //V
VPC = VPB ; //V
VP = VPB - VPA ; //V
disp ( VP , P o t e n t i a l o f t e l e p h o n e c o n d u c t o r i n V o l t s :
);
35 // Answer i n t h e book i s wrong due t o l i t t l e a c c u r a c y
a s compared t o s c i l a b .
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Chapter 9
Overhead Line Insulators

Scilab code Exa 9.1 String Efficiency

// Exa 9 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
C1 =1; //
C =6;
K = C1 / C ;
V2byV1 =(1+ K ) ;
V3byV1 =(1+3* K + K ^2) ;
V4byV1 =(1+6* K +5* K ^2+ K ^3) ;
// I 5=I 4+i 4 ;
// omega CV5=omega CV4+omega C1 ( V1+V2+V3+V4 )
V5byV1 =1+10* K +15* K ^2+7* K ^3+ K ^4
VbyV1 =1+ V2byV1 + V3byV1 + V4byV1 + V5byV1 ;
V1byV =1/ VbyV1 ;
disp ( V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e f i r s t u n i t i s + string (
V1byV *100) + % o f V ) ;
18 disp ( V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e s e c o n f u n i t i s + string (
V2byV1 * V1byV *100) + % o f V ) ;
19 disp ( V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e t h i r d u n i t i s + string (

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V3byV1 * V1byV *100) + % o f V ) ;

disp ( V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e f o u r t h u n i t i s + string (
V4byV1 * V1byV *100) + % o f V ) ;
disp ( V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e bottom most u n i t i s +
string ( V5byV1 * V1byV *100) + % o f V ) ;
n =5; // no . o f u n i t
Strinf_eff =1/ n /( V5byV1 * V1byV ) ; //%
disp ( Strinf_eff *100 , S t r i n g E f f i c i e n c y (%) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 9.2 Voltage Distribution and String efficiency

// Exa 9 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
C1 =1; //
C =10;
K = C1 / C ;
V2byV1 =(1+ K ) ;
V3byV1 =(1+3* K + K ^2) ;
V4byV1 =(1+6* K +5* K ^2+ K ^3) ;
V5byV1 =1+10* K +15* K ^2+7* K ^3+ K ^4
// I 6=I 5+i 5 ;
// omega CV6=omega CV5+omega C1 ( V1+V2+V3+V4+V5 )
V6byV1 = V5byV1 + K *(1+ V2byV1 + V3byV1 + V4byV1 + V5byV1 ) ;
VbyV1 =1+ V2byV1 + V3byV1 + V4byV1 + V5byV1 + V6byV1 ;
V1byV =1/ VbyV1 ;
disp ( V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e f i r s t u n i t i s + string (
V1byV *100) + % o f V ) ;
19 disp ( V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e s e c o n f u n i t i s + string (
V2byV1 * V1byV *100) + % o f V ) ;
20 disp ( V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e t h i r d u n i t i s + string (
V3byV1 * V1byV *100) + % o f V ) ;
21 disp ( V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e f o u r t h u n i t i s + string (

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V4byV1 * V1byV *100) + % o f V ) ;

disp ( V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e f i f t h u n i t i s + string (
V5byV1 * V1byV *100) + % o f V ) ;
disp ( V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e s i x t h u n i t i s + string (
V6byV1 * V1byV *100) + % o f V ) ;
n =6; // no . o f u n i t
Strinf_eff =1/ n /( V6byV1 * V1byV ) ; //%
disp ( Strinf_eff *100 , S t r i n g E f f i c i e n c y (%) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 9.3 String Efficiency

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// Exa 9 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
V =66; //kV
// P a r t ( i )
n =5; // no . o f u n i i t s
K =1/5; // s h u n t t o mutual c a p a c i t a n c e r a t i o
V1 = V /(5+20* K +21* K ^2+8* K ^3+ K ^4) ; //kV
V5 = V1 *(1+10* K +15* K ^2+7* K ^3+ K ^4) ; //kV
Strinf_eff = V / n / V5 ;
disp ( Strinf_eff *100 , P a r t ( i ) P e r c e n t a g e S t r i n g
E f f i c i e n c y (%) ) ;
// P a r t ( i i )
n =5; // no . o f u n i i t s
K =1/6; // s h u n t t o mutual c a p a c i t a n c e r a t i o
V1 = V /(5+20* K +21* K ^2+8* K ^3+ K ^4) ; //kV
V5 = V1 *(1+10* K +15* K ^2+7* K ^3+ K ^4) ; //kV
Strinf_eff = V / n / V5 ;
disp ( Strinf_eff *100 , P a r t ( i i ) P e r c e n t a g e S t r i n g
E f f i c i e n c y (%) ) ;

86

Scilab code Exa 9.4 Voltage Distribution and String Efficiency

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// Exa 9 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
Vs =20; //kV
n =3; // no . o f u n i i t s
K =0.1; // s h u n t t o mutual c a p a c i t a n c e r a t i o
V3 = Vs ; //kV
V1 = V3 /(1+3* K + K ^2) ; //kV
disp ( V1 , V o l t a g e a c r o s s t o p most u n i t ( kV ) ) ;
V2 = V1 *(1+ K ) ; //kV
disp ( V2 , V o l t a g e a c r o s s m i d d l e u n i t ( kV ) ) ;
V = V1 + V2 + V3 ; //kV
Strinf_eff = V / n / V3 ;
disp ( Strinf_eff *100 , P e r c e n t a g e S t r i n g E f f i c i e n c y (%)
);

Scilab code Exa 9.5 Maximum Voltage

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// Exa 9 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
Vs =17.5; //kV
n =3; // no . o f u n i i t s
K =1/8; // s h u n t t o mutual c a p a c i t a n c e r a t i o
V3 = Vs ; //kV
V1 = V3 /(1+3* K + K ^2) ; //kV
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11 V2 = V1 *(1+ K ) ; //kV
12 V = V1 + V2 + V3 ; //kV
13 // S t r i n f e f f =V/ n /V3 ;
14 disp (V , Maximum s a f e w o r k i n g v o l t a g e ( kV ) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 9.6 String Efficiency

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// Exa 9 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
Vs =12; //kV
n =4; // no . o f u n i i t s
K =0.1; // s h u n t t o mutual c a p a c i t a n c e r a t i o
V4 = Vs ; //kV
V1 = V4 /(1+6* K +5* K ^2+ K ^3) ; //kV
V2 = V1 *(1+ K ) ; //kV
V3 = V1 *(1+3* K + K ^2) ; //kV
V = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 ; //kV
disp (V , Maximum s a f e w o r k i n g v o l t a g e ( kV ) ) ;
Strinf_eff = V / n / V4 ;
disp ( Strinf_eff *100 , P e r c e n t a g e S t r i n g E f f i c i e n c y (%)
);

Scilab code Exa 9.7 Maximum line voltage

1 // Exa 9 . 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a :
6 Vs =11; //kV

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n =5; // no . o f u n i i t s
K =0.1; // s h u n t t o mutual c a p a c i t a n c e r a t i o
V5 = Vs ; //kV
V1 = V5 /(1+10* K +15* K ^2+7* K ^3+ K ^4) ; //kV
V2 = V1 *(1+ K ) ; //kV
V3 = V1 *(1+3* K + K ^2) ; //kV
V4 = V1 *(1+6* K +5* K ^2+ K ^3) ; //kV
V = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 + V5 ; //kV
disp (V , Maximum s a f e w o r k i n g v o l t a g e ( kV ) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 9.8 Voltage between conductors and string efficiency
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// Exa 9 . 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
V2 =15; //kV
V3 =21; //kV
n =4; // no . o f u n i i t s
//V3/V2=(1+3K+K 2 ) /(1+K)
//K2V2+K ( V3+3V2 )V2+V3=0;
p =[ V2 - V3 +3* V2 V2 - V3 ];
K = roots ( p ) ;
K = K (2) ; // Taking +ve v a l u e
V1 = V2 /(1+ K ) ; //kV
V4 =(1+6* K +5* K ^2+ K ^3) * V1 ; //kV
V = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 ; //kV
VL = sqrt (3) * V ; //kV
disp ( VL , V o l t a g e b e t w e e n c o n d u c t o r s ( kV ) ) ;
Strinf_eff = V / n / V4 ;
disp ( Strinf_eff *100 , P e r c e n t a g e S t r i n g E f f i c i e n c y (%)
);

89

Scilab code Exa 9.9 Capacitance of remaining five units

1 // Exa 9 . 9
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a :
6 K =0.1; // s h u n t t o mutual c a p a c i t a n c e r a t i o
7 CbyC1 =10;
8 C2byC1 =(1+ K ) * CbyC1 ;
9 C3byC1 =(1+3* K ) * CbyC1 ;
10 C4byC1 =(1+6* K ) * CbyC1 ;
11 disp ( C2 i s + string ( C2byC1 ) + t i m e s o f C1 ) ;
12 disp ( C3 i s + string ( C3byC1 ) + t i m e s o f C1 ) ;
13 disp ( C4 i s + string ( C4byC1 ) + t i m e s o f C1 ) ;
14 // I 5=I 4+i 4
15 // omega C5 v=omega C4 v+omega C1 4 v
16 C5byC1 =(1+10* K ) * CbyC1 ;
17 disp ( C5 i s + string ( C5byC1 ) + t i m e s o f C1 ) ;
18 // I 6=I 5+i 5
19 // omega C6 v=omega C5 v+omega C1 5 v
20 C6byC1 =(1+15* K ) * CbyC1 ;
21 disp ( C6 i s + string ( C6byC1 ) + t i m e s o f C1 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 9.10 Line to pin capacitance

1 // Exa 9 . 1 0
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a :
6 n =8; // no . o f u n i t s

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7 p =1:8;
8 //Cp=pC/ ( np )
9 C1byC =1/( n - p (1) ) ;
10 C2byC =2/( n - p (2) ) ;
11 C3byC =3/( n - p (3) ) ;
12 C4byC =4/( n - p (4) ) ;
13 C5byC =5/( n - p (5) ) ;
14 C6byC =6/( n - p (6) ) ;
15 C7byC =7/( n - p (7) ) ;
16 disp ( C1 i s + string ( C1byC ) +
17 disp ( C2 i s + string ( C2byC ) +
18 disp ( C3 i s + string ( C3byC ) +
19 disp ( C4 i s + string ( C4byC ) +
20 disp ( C5 i s + string ( C5byC ) +
21 disp ( C6 i s + string ( C6byC ) +
22 disp ( C7 i s + string ( C7byC ) +

times
times
times
times
times
times
times

of
of
of
of
of
of
of

C ) ;
C ) ;
C ) ;
C ) ;
C ) ;
C ) ;
C ) ;

Scilab code Exa 9.11 String efficiency

1 // Exa 9 . 1 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a :
6 v2byv1 =25/23.25; // r a t i o ( By K i r c h o f f law )
7 v3byv1 =1.65/1.1625; // r a t i o ( By K i r c h o f f law )
8 Vbyv1 =1+ v2byv1 + v3byv1 ; // r a t i o ( F i n a l v o l t a g e b e t w e e n
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l i n e conductor & earth )

v1byV =1/ Vbyv1 ; // r a t i o
v2byV = v2byv1 * v1byV ; // r a t i o
v3byV = v3byv1 * v1byV ; // r a t i o
eff =1/3/ v3byV *100; // s t r i n g e f f i c i e n c y i n %(V/3/ v3 )
disp ( eff , S t r i n g e f f i c i e n c y i n % i s ) ;

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Scilab code Exa 9.12 Line voltage and capacitance required

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// Exa 9 . 1 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
V =20; //kV
C = poly (0 , C ) ;
// Cmutual=C ; / / F
CmutualBYC =1;
// Cshunt=C/ 5 ; / / F
CshuntBYC =1/5;
// I 2=I 1+i 1 // omega CV2=omega CV1+omega Cshunt V1
V2BYV1 =1+ CshuntBYC ;
V3BYV2 =1; // a V2=V3
//V=V1+V2+V3
V1 = V /( V3BYV2 + V2BYV1 + V2BYV1 ) ; //kV
V2 = V2BYV1 * V1 ; //kV
V3 = V2 ; //kV
disp ( V3 , V o l t a g e onn t h e l i n e end u n i t i n kV : ) ;
// I 3+i x=I 2+i 2
CxBYC =( V2 + CshuntBYC *( V1 + V2 ) - V3 ) / V3 ;
disp ( C a p a c i t a n c e r e q u i r e d i s + string ( CxBYC ) + C( i n
F) . );

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Chapter 10
Mechanical Design of
Transmission Lines

Scilab code Exa 10.1 Maximum sag

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// Exa 1 0 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
L =200; //m
w =0.7; // kg
T =1400; // kg
S = w * L ^2/(8* T ) ; // ,m
disp (S , maximum s a g (m) : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.2 Height above ground

1 // Exa 1 0 . 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;

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close ;
// Given d a t a :
W =680; // kg /km
L =260; //m
U_strength =3100; // kg
SF =2; // s a f e t y f a c t o r
Clearance =10; //m
T = U_strength / SF ; // kg
w = W /1000; // kg
S = w * L ^2/(8* T ) ; // ,m
h = Clearance + S ; //m
disp (h , H e i g h t a b o v e t h e g r o u n d (m) : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.3 Horizontal component of tension and maximum sag
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// Exa 1 0 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
w =700/1000; // kg /m
L =300; //m
Tmax =3500; // kg

S_T0 = w * L ^2/8; // ,m
//Tmax=T0+wS
//T02T0Tmaxw S T0=0
polynomial =[1 - Tmax w * S_T0 ];
T0 = roots ( polynomial ) ; // kg
T0 = T0 (1) ; //+ve s i g n t a k e n
disp ( T0 , H o r i z o n t a l component o f t e n s i o n i n kg i s :
);
17 S = S_T0 / T0 ; //m
18 disp (S , Maximum s a g i n m : ) ;
19 y = S /2; //m
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20 x = sqrt (2* y * T0 / w ) ; //m

21 disp (x , Sag w i l l be h a l f a t t h e p o i n t where x

c o o r d i n a t e ( i n m) w i l l be : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.4 Calculate maximum sag

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// Exa 1 0 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
L =150; //m
wc =1; // kg
A =1.25; //cm2
U_stress =4200; // kg /cm2
Pw =100; // kg /m 2 ( Wind p r e s s u r e )
SF =4; // f a c t o r o f s a f e t y
W_stress = U_stress / SF ; // kg /cm2
T = W_stress * A ; // kg
d = sqrt ( A /( %pi /4) ) ; //cm
w_w = Pw * d *10^ -2; // kg
wr = sqrt ( wc ^2+ w_w ^2) ; // kg
S = wr * L ^2/8/ T ; //m
disp (S , Maximum s a g (m) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.5 Calculate the sag

1 // Exa 1 0 . 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a :
6 L =160; //m

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d =0.95; //cm
wc =0.65; // kg /m
U_stress =4250; // kg /cm2
Pw =40; // kg /m 2 ( Wind p r e s s u r e )
SF =5; // f a c t o r o f s a f e t y
W_stress = U_stress / SF ; // kg /cm2
T = W_stress * %pi /4* d ^2; // kg
w_w = Pw * d *10^ -2; // kg
wr = sqrt ( wc ^2+ w_w ^2) ; // kg
S = wr * L ^2/8/ T ; //m
disp ( round ( S ) , Sag ( m e t e r ) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.6 Calculate the maximum sag

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// Exa 1 0 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
L =180; //m
D =1.27; //cm
Pw =33.7; // kg /m 2 ( Wind p r e s s u r e )
r =1.25; //cm
wc =1.13; // kg /cm2
U_stress =4220; // kg /cm2
SF =5; // f a c t o r o f s a f e t y
W_stress = U_stress / SF ; // kg /cm2
T = W_stress * %pi /4* D ^2; // kg
S = wc * L ^2/8/ T ; // msag i n a i r
disp (S , Sag i n s t i l l a i r ( m e t e r ) ) ;
w1 =2890.3* r *10^ -2*( D + r ) *10^ -2; // kg /m
w_w = Pw *( D +2* r ) *10^ -2; // kg
wr = sqrt (( wc + w1 ) ^2+ w_w ^2) ; // kg
Smax = wr * L ^2/8/ T ; // msag i n a i r
disp ( Smax , Maximum Sag ( m e t e r ) ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 10.7 Calculate the maximum sag

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// Exa 1 0 . 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
D =19.5; //mm
wc =0.85; // kg /m
L =275; //m
Pw =39; // kg /m 2 ( Wind p r e s s u r e )
r =13; //mm
U_stress =8000; // kg /cm2
SF =2; // f a c t o r o f s a f e t y
rho_i =910; // kg /m 3 ( d e n s i t y o f i c e )
T = U_stress / SF ; // kg
wi = rho_i * %pi * r *10^ -3*( D + r ) *10^ -3; // kg
w_w = Pw *( D +2* r ) *10^ -3; // kg
wr = sqrt (( wc + wi ) ^2+ w_w ^2) ; // kg
Smax = wr * L ^2/8/ T ; // msag i n a i r
disp ( Smax , Maximum Sag ( m e t e r ) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.8 Calculate the maximum sag

1 // Exa 1 0 . 8
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a :
6 wc =1; // kg /m
7 L =280; //m

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D =20; //mm
r =10; //mm
Pw =40; // kg /m 2 ( Wind p r e s s u r e )
rho_i =910; // kg /m 3 ( d e n s i t y o f i c e )
U_stress =10000; // kg /cm2
SF =2; // f a c t o r o f s a f e t y
wi = rho_i * %pi * r *10^ -3*( D + r ) *10^ -3; // kg
w_w = Pw *( D +2* r ) *10^ -3; // kg
wr = sqrt (( wc + wi ) ^2+ w_w ^2) ; // kg ( R e s u l t a n t f o r c e p e r m
length of conductor )
17 T = U_stress / SF ; // kg
18 Smax = wr * L ^2/8/ T ; // msag i n a i r
19 disp ( Smax , Maximum Sag ( m e t e r ) ) ;

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Scilab code Exa 10.9 Sag in inclined and vertical direction

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// Exa 1 0 . 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
L =250; //m
D =1.42; //cm
wc =1.09; // kg /m
Pw =37.8; // kg /m 2 ( Wind p r e s s u r e )
r =1.25; //cm
Lis =1.43; //m( i n s u l a t o r s t r i n g l e n g t h )
Clearance =7.62; //m
rho_i =913.5; // kg /m 3 ( d e n s i t y o f i c e )
stress =1050; // kg /cm2
T = stress * %pi /4* D ^2; // kg
wi = rho_i * %pi * r *10^ -2*( D + r ) *10^ -2; // kg
w_w = Pw *( D +2* r ) *10^ -2; // kg
wr = sqrt (( wc + wi ) ^2+ w_w ^2) ; // kg ( R e s u l t a n t f o r c e p e r m
length of conductor )
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19 Smax = wr * L ^2/8/ T ; //max s a g i n a i r

20 disp ( Smax , Sag i n i n c l i n e d d i r e c t i o n ( m e t e r ) ) ;
21 Sdash = Smax *( wc + wi ) / wr ; //max s a g i n a i r
22 disp ( Sdash , Sag i n v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n ( m e t e r ) ) ;
23 h = Clearance + Sdash + Lis ; //m
24 disp (h , H e i g h t o f l o w e s t c r o s s arm (m) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.10 Lowest point of catenary curve

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// Exa 1 0 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
wc =0.35; // kg /m
stress =800; // kg /cm2
L =160; //m
SF =2; // s a f e t y f a c t o r
h =70 -65; //m
T = stress / SF ; // kg
x = L /2+ T * h /( wc * L ) ; //m
disp (x , D i s t a n c e o f l o w e s t p o i n t (m) ) ;
S1 = wc * x ^2/ SF / T ; //max s a g i n a i r
xmin =70 - S1 ; //m
disp ( xmin , minimum p o i n t o f c a t e n a r y a b o v e t h e
g r o u n d (m) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.11 Sag at lower support

1 // Exa 1 0 . 1 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;

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// Given d a t a :
L =200; //m
h =10; //m
D =2; //cm
wc =2.3; // kg /m
Pw =57.5; // kg /m 2 ( wind p r e s s u r e )
SF =4; // s a f e t y f a c t o r
stress =4220; // kg /cm2
w_w = Pw * D *10^ -2; // kg
wr = sqrt ( wc ^2+ w_w ^2) ; // kg
f = stress / SF ; // kg /cm2
T = f * %pi /4* D ^2; // kg
x = L /2 - T * h /( wr * L ) ; //m
S1 = wr * x ^2/2/ T ; //max s a g i n a i r
disp ( S1 , S l a n t s a g (m) ) ;
Sdash = wc * x ^2/2/ T ; // v e r t i c a l s a g
disp ( Sdash , V e r t i c a l Sag ( m e t e r ) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.12 Determine the vertical sag

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// Exa 1 0 . 1 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
wc =1.925; // kg /m
A =2.2; //cm2
f =8000; // kg /cm2
L =600; //m
h =15; //m
D =2; //cm
SF =5; // s a f e t y f a c t o r
wi =1; // kg ( l o a d )
w = wi + wc ; // kg
T = f * A / SF ; // kg
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16 x = L /2 - T * h /( w * L ) ; //m
17 S2 = w *( L - x ) ^2/2/ T ; //m
18 disp ( S2 , V e r t i c a l Sag ( m e t e r ) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.13 Find the clearance

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// Exa 1 0 . 1 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
h =80 -50; //m
L =300; //m
T =2000; // kg
w =0.844; // kg /m
x = L /2 - T * h /( w * L ) ; //m
d_PO = L /2 - x ; //m
d_BO =L - x ; //m
Smid = w *( L /2 - x ) ^2/2/ T ; //m
S2 = w *( L - x ) ^2/2/ T ; //m
Point_P = S2 - Smid ; //m
disp ( Mid p o i n t P i s + string ( Point_P ) + m e t e r b e l o w
p o i n t B o r + string (80 - Point_P ) + m e t e r a b o v e
the water l e v e l . );

Scilab code Exa 10.14 Stringing Tension in the conductor

1 // Exa 1 0 . 1 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a :
6 S1 =25; //m

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S2 =75; //m
Point_P =45; //m
L1 =250; //m
L2 =125; //m( mid p o i n t )
w =0.7; // kg /m
h1 = S2 - S1 ; //m( f o r p o i n t s A & B)
h2 = Point_P - S1 ; //m( f o r p o i n t s A & B)
// h1=w L1 /2/T [ L12x ]
// h2=w L2 /2/T [ L22x ]
x =( L1 - h1 / h2 / L1 * L2 * L2 ) /( - h1 / h2 / L1 * L2 *2+2) ; //m
T =( L1 -2* x ) /( h1 / w / L1 *2) ; // kg
disp (T , S t r i n g i n g T e n s i o n ( kg ) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.15 Find the clearance

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// Exa 1 0 . 1 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
L =300; //m
slope =1/20;
w =0.80; // kg /m
hl =30; //m
T0 =1500; // kg
CD = L ; //m
tan_alfa = slope ;
ED = CD * tan_alfa ; //m
AC = hl ; //m
BE = hl ; //m
BD = BE + ED ; //m
// S1=w x1 2 / 2 / T0 ; / /m
// S2=w ( Lx1 ) 2 / 2 / T0 ; / /m
h =15; //m
ED = h ; //m
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x1 = L /2 - T0 * h / w / L ; //m
S1 = w * x1 ^2/2/ T0 ; //m
S2 = w *( L - x1 ) ^2/2/ T0 ; //m
OG = AC - S1 - x1 * tan_alfa ; //m
Clearance = OG ; //m
disp ( Clearance , C l e a r a n c e o f t h e l o w e s t p o i n t from
g r o u n d (m) ) ;
// y=x t a n a l f a OG; / /m
//C1=w x 2 / 2 / T0(x/20OG)
x = T0 /20/ w ; //m( Byy p u t t i n g dC1/ dx =0)
C1 = w * x ^2/2/ T0 -( x /20 - OG ) ; //m
disp ( C1 , Minimum c l e a r a n c e (m) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.16 sag and tension

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// Exa 1 0 . 1 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
L =250; //m
D =19.5; //mm
A =2.25*10^ -4; //m2
wc =0.85; // kg /m
t1 =35; // d e g r e e C
t2 =5; // d e g r e e C
Pw =38.5; // kg /m2
alfa =18.44*10^ -6; // p e r d e g r e e C
E =9320; // kg /mm2
E =9320*10^6; // kg /m2
Breaking_Load =8000; // kg
SF =2; // S a f e t y f a c t o r
T1 = Breaking_Load / SF ; // kg
f1 = T1 / A ; // kg /m2
w_w = Pw * D *10^ -2; // kg
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21 w1 = sqrt ( wc ^2+ w_w ^2) ; // kg

22 w2 = wc ;
23 // f 2 2 [ ( f 2 f 1 )+w1L2E/ 2 4 / f 1 2/A2+( t2 t 1 ) E]=w2L
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2E/ 2 4 /A2
// f 2 3 f 2 2 f 1 w2L2E/ 2 4 /A2=0
P =[1 -1.0674*10^7 0 -3463.84*10^17];
f2 = roots ( P ) ;
f2 = f2 (1) ; // kg /m2
S = w2 * L ^2/8/ f2 / A ; //m
disp (S , Sag a t e r e c t i o n (m) ) ;

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Chapter 11
Insulated Cables

Scilab code Exa 11.1 Insulation Resistance

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// Exa 1 1 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
rho =5*10^14*10^ -2; //ohmm
l =5*1000; //m
r1 =1.25; //m
r2 = r1 +1; //m
R_ins = rho /(2* %pi * l ) * log ( r2 / r1 ) ; //ohm
disp ( R_ins /10^6 , I n s u l a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e o f c a b l e (Mohm
) : );

Scilab code Exa 11.2 Insulation Resistance

1 // Exa 1 1 . 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;

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close ;
// Given d a t a :
rho =5*10^14*10^ -2; //ohmm
l =5*1000; //m
r1 =2.5; //m
r2 = r1 +1; //m
R_ins = rho /(2* %pi * l ) * log ( r2 / r1 ) ; //ohm
disp ( R_ins /10^6 , I n s u l a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e o f c a b l e (Mohm
) : );

Scilab code Exa 11.3 Calculate the Resistivity

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// Exa 1 1 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
l =3000; //cm
d1 =1.5; //cm
r1 = d1 /2; //cm
d2 =5; //cm
r2 = d2 /2; //cm
R_INS =1800; //Mohm
rho = R_INS *10^6*(2* %pi * l ) / log ( r2 / r1 ) ; //ohmm
disp ( rho , R e s i s t i v i t y ( ohmm) : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.4 Find Charging current

1 // Exa 1 1 . 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a :

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V1 =11000; // V o l t
f =50; // Hz
a =0.645; //cm2
d = sqrt (4* a / %pi ) ; //cm
d = d /100; //m
D =2.18/100; //m
epsilon_r =3.5; // r e l a t i v e p e r m i t i v i t y
V = V1 * sqrt (2) / sqrt (3) ; //V( a s s u m i n g 3 p h a s e s y s t e m )
gmax =2* V / d / log ( D / d ) ; //V/m
gmax = gmax /10^5; //KV/cm
disp ( gmax , Maximum e l e c t r o s t a t i c s t r e s s ( kV/cm ) ) ;
gmin =2* V / D / log ( D / d ) ; //V/m
gmin = gmin /10^5; //kV/cm
disp ( gmin , Minimum e l e c t r o s t a t i c s t r e s s ( kV/cm ) ) ;
C =0.024* epsilon_r / log10 ( D / d ) ; // m i c r o F
disp ( C *10^ -6 , C a p a c i t a n c e p e r km l e n g t h ( F ) ) ; //
Vp = V1 / sqrt (3) ; //V
Ic =2* %pi * f * C *10^ -6* Vp ; //A
disp ( Ic , C h a r g i n g C u r r e n t p e r p h a s e p e r km l e n g t h (A)
);

Scilab code Exa 11.5 Maximum Stress and Charging KVAR

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// Exa 1 1 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
VL =33*1000; // V o l t
f =50; // Hz
l =3.4; //km
d =2.5; //cm
radial_thick =0.6; //cm
epsilon_r =3.1; // r e l a t i v e p e r m i t i v i t y
V = VL * sqrt (2) / sqrt (3) ; //V( a s s u m i n g 3 p h a s e s y s t e m )
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D = d +2* radial_thick ; //cm

D = D /100; //cm
d = d /100; //m
gmax =2* V / d / log ( D / d ) ; //V/m
disp ( gmax , Maximum e l e c t r o s t a t i c s t r e s s (V/m) ) ;
C =0.024* epsilon_r * l / log10 ( D / d ) ; // m i c r o F
Vp = VL / sqrt (3) ; //V
Ic =2* %pi * f * C *10^ -6* Vp ; //A
kVA = sqrt (3) * VL * Ic *10^ -3; //kVAR
disp ( kVA , T o t a l c h a r g i n g kVA(kVAR) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.6 Determine D and d

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// Exa 1 1 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
VL =10*1000; // V o l t
Emax =23; //kV/cm
gmax = Emax *10^5; //V/m
d =2* VL / gmax ; //m
disp ( d *10^3 , D i a m e t e r o f c o n d u c t o r (mm) ) ;
D = %e * d ; //m
disp ( D *10^3 , I n t e r n a l d i a m e t e r o f s h e a t h (mm) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.7 Most Economical value of diameter

1 // Exa 1 1 . 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a :

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VL =132*1000; // V o l t
gmax =60; //kV/cm ( peak )
gmax = gmax / sqrt (2) *10^5; //V/m( rms )
V = VL / sqrt (3) ; // V o l t
d =2* V / gmax ; //m
disp ( d *10^3 , D i a m e t e r o f c o n d u c t o r (mm) ) ;
D = %e * d ; //m
disp ( D *10^3 , I n t e r n a l d i a m e t e r o f s h e a t h (mm) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.8 Maximum safe working voltage

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// Exa 1 1 . 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
r =0.5; //cm
R =3.5; //cm
r1 =1; //cm
g1max =34; //kV/cm ( peak )
epsilon_r =5; // r e l a t i v e p e r m i t i v i t y
g2max = g1max * r / r1 / epsilon_r ; //kV/cm ( peak )
Vpeak = r * g1max * log ( r1 / r ) + r1 * g2max * log ( R / r1 ) ; //kV
Vrms = Vpeak / sqrt (2) ; //kV
disp ( Vrms , RMS v a l u e o f max s a f e w o r k i n g v o l t a g e ( kV )
);

Scilab code Exa 11.9 Thickness and working voltage

1 // // Exa 1 1 . 9
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;

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5 // Given d a t a :
6 g1max =60; //kV/cm
7 g2max =50; //kV/cm
8 epsilon_r1 =4; // r e l a t i v e p e r m i t i v i t y
9 epsilon_r2 =2.5; // r e l a t i v e p e r m i t i v i t y
10 D =5; //cm ( s h e a t i n s i d e d i a m e t e r )
11 d =1; //cm
12 // g1max / g2max= e p s i l o n r 2 d1 / ( e p s i l o n r 1 d )
13 d1 = g1max / g2max / epsilon_r2 *( epsilon_r1 * d ) ; //cm
14 t_inner =( d1 - d ) /2; //cm
15 disp ( t_inner *10 , R a d i a l t h i c k n e s s o f i n n e r

d i e l e c t r i c (mm) ) ;
t_outer =( D - d1 ) /2; //cm
disp ( t_outer *10 , R a d i a l t h i c k n e s s o f o u t e r
d i e l e c t r i c (mm) ) ;
18 Vpeak = g1max /2* d * log ( d1 / d ) + g2max /2* d1 * log ( D / d1 ) ; //kV
19 Vrms = Vpeak / sqrt (2) ; //kV
20 disp ( Vrms , Maximum w o r k i n g v o l t a g e ( rms i n kV ) ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 11.10 Working Voltage

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// // Exa 1 1 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
r =1; //cm
R =2.5; //cm
d =2* r ; //cm
D =2* R ; //cm
epsilon_r1 =5; // r e l a t i v e p e r m i t i v i t y
epsilon_r2 =4; // r e l a t i v e p e r m i t i v i t y
epsilon_r3 =3; // r e l a t i v e p e r m i t i v i t y
gmax =40; //KV/cm
// e p s i l o n r 1 d= e p s i l o n r 2 d1= e p s i l o n r 3 d2
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16 d2 =( epsilon_r1 / epsilon_r3 ) * d ; //cm
17 Vpeak = gmax /2*( d * log ( d1 / d ) + d1 * log ( d2 / d1 ) + d2 * log ( D / d2 )
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) ; //kV
Vrms = Vpeak / sqrt (2) ; //kV
disp ( Vrms , Working v o l t a g e ( rms ) f o r t h e c a b l e ( kV ) )
;

Scilab code Exa 11.11 Calculate Potential gradient

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// Exa 1 1 . 1 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
Vs =66; //kV
d =1; //cm
d1 =1+2*1; //cm
D =3+2*1; //cm
epsilon_r1 =3; // r e l a t i v e p e r m i t i v i t y
epsilon_r2 =2.5; // r e l a t i v e p e r m i t i v i t y
g2maxBYg1max = d * epsilon_r1 /( d1 * epsilon_r2 ) ;
Vmax = Vs * sqrt (2) / sqrt (3) ; //kV
//Vmax=g1max d /2 l o g ( d1 / d )+g2max d1 /2 l o g (D/ d1 ) ; / / kV
g1max = Vmax /( d /2* log ( d1 / d ) + g2maxBYg1max * d1 /2* log ( D / d1
) ) ; //kV/cm
disp ( g1max , P o t e n t i a l g r a d i e n t a t t h e s u r f a c e o f
c o n d u c t o r ( kV/cm ) ) ;
g2max = g1max * g2maxBYg1max ; //kV/cm
disp ( g2max , Maximum s t r e s s i n t h e o u t e r d i e l e c t r i c (
kV/cm ) ) ;
Stress = g2max * d1 / D ; //kV/cm
disp ( Stress , S t r e s s a t t h e s u r f a c e o f o u t e r
d i e l e c t r i c ( kV/cm ) ) ;

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Scilab code Exa 11.12 Determine the maximum stress

// Exa 1 1 . 1 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
Vs =66; //kV
d =2; //cm
d1 =2+2*1; //cm
D =4+2*1; //cm
epsilon_r1 =5; // r e l a t i v e p e r m i t i v i t y
epsilon_r2 =3; // r e l a t i v e p e r m i t i v i t y
g2maxBYg1max = d * epsilon_r1 /( d1 * epsilon_r2 ) ;
Vmax = Vs * sqrt (2) / sqrt (3) ; //kV
//Vmax=g1max d /2 l o g ( d1 / d )+g2max d1 /2 l o g (D/ d1 ) ; / / kV
g1max = Vmax /( d /2* log ( d1 / d ) + g2maxBYg1max * d1 /2* log ( D / d1
) ) ; //kV/cm
16 disp ( g1max , P o t e n t i a l g r a d i e n t a t t h e s u r f a c e o f
c o n d u c t o r ( kV/cm ) ) ;
17 g2max = g1max * g2maxBYg1max ; //kV/cm
18 disp ( g2max , Maximum s t r e s s i n t h e o u t e r d i e l e c t r i c (
kV/cm ) ) ;

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Scilab code Exa 11.13 Minimum Internal Diameter

1 // Exa 1 1 . 1 3
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a :
6 Vs =66; //kV

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7 r =0.5; //cm
8 g1max =50; //kV/cm
9 g2max =40; //kV/cm
10 g3max =30; //kV/cm
11 epsilon_r1 =4; // r e l a t i v e p e r m i t i v i t y
12 epsilon_r2 =4; // r e l a t i v e p e r m i t i v i t y
13 epsilon_r3 =2.5; // r e l a t i v e p e r m i t i v i t y
14 //Q=2%pi e p s i l o n 0 e p s i l o n r 1 r g1max=2%pi e p s i l o n 0

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e p s i l o n r 2 r g2max=2%pi e p s i l o n 0 e p s i l o n r 3 r
g3max
r1 = epsilon_r1 * r * g1max /( epsilon_r2 * g2max ) ; //cm
r2 = epsilon_r2 * r1 * g2max /( epsilon_r3 * g3max ) ; //cm
Vmax = Vs * sqrt (2) ; //kV
//Vmax=g1max r l o g ( r 1 / r )+g2max r 1 l o g ( r 2 / r 1 )+g3max
r 2 l o g (R/ r 2 ) ; / / kV
R = exp (( Vmax - g1max * r * log ( r1 / r ) - g2max * r1 * log ( r2 / r1 ) ) /
g3max / r2 ) * r2 ; //cm
D =2* R ; //cm
disp (D , I n n e r d i a m e t e r o f l e a d s h e a t h ( cm ) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.14 Diameter of intersheath

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// Exa 1 1 . 1 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
Vrms =66; //kV
Vmax = Vrms * sqrt (2) ; //kV
gmax =60; //kV/cm
d =2* Vmax / %e / gmax ; //cm
d1 = %e * d ; //cm
V1 = Vrms / %e ; //kV
dV = Vrms - V1 ; //kV ( V o l t a g e b e t w e e n s h e a t h & i n t e r s h e a t h
)
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13

disp ( dV , V o l t a g e b e t w e e n s h e a t h & i n t e r s h e a t h ( kV ) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.15 Maximum stress and voltage

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// Exa 1 1 . 1 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
Vs =66; //kV
Vmax = Vs * sqrt (2) / sqrt (3) ; //kV
D =6; //cm
d =2.5; //cm
d1 = %e * d ; //cm
gmax =2* Vmax / d / log ( D / d ) ; //kV/cm
disp ( gmax , Maximum s t r e s s w i t h o u t i n t e r s h e a t h ( kV/cm )
);
// d1 / d=d2 / d1=D/ d2= a l f a ( s a y )
alfa =( D / d ) ^(1/3) ;
d1 = alfa * d ; //cm
d2 = alfa * d1 ; //cm
gmax = Vmax /( d /2* log ( d1 / d ) + d1 /2* log ( d2 / d1 ) + d2 /2* log ( D /
d2 ) ) ; //kV/cm
V1max = gmax * d /2* log ( d1 / d ) ; //kV
V2max = gmax * d1 /2* log ( d2 / d1 ) ; //kV
Vpeak1 = Vmax - V1max ; //kV
disp ( Vpeak1 , Peak v o l t a g e on 1 s t i n t e r s h e a t h ( kV ) ) ;
Vpeak2 = Vpeak1 - V2max ; //kV
disp ( Vpeak2 , Peak v o l t a g e on 2 nd i n t e r s h e a t h ( kV ) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.16 capacitance and charging current

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// Exa 1 1 . 1 6
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clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
Vs =11; //kV
f =50; // Hz
l =2.5*1000; //m
C_all3 =1.8; // m i c r o F
Cdash =1.5; // m i c r o F ( 2 Cc+Cs )
Cs = C_all3 /3; // m i c r o F
Cc =( Cdash - Cs ) /2; // m i c r o F
C_N =3* Cc + Cs ; // m i c r o F
disp ( C_N , C a p a c i t a n c e o f c o r e t o n e u t r a l ( m i c r o F ) ) ;
C_2 = C_N /2; // m i c r o F
disp ( C_2 , C a p a c i t a n c e b e t w e e n any two c o r e ( m i c r o F )
);
17 Vp = Vs *1000/ sqrt (3) ; // V o l t
18 Ic =2* %pi * f * Vp * C_N *10^ -6; //A
19 disp ( Ic , C h a r g i n g c u r r e n t p e r p h a s e (A) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.17 Calculate the KVA taken

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// Exa 1 1 . 1 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
l =10; //km
Vs =10; //kV
f =50; // Hz
C =0.3; // m i c r o F/km( b e t w e e n any two c o r e )
C2 = l * C ; // m i c r o F ( b e t w e e n any two c o r e )
C_N =2* C2 ; // m i c r o F
Vp = Vs *1000/ sqrt (3) ; // V o l t
Ic =2* %pi * f * Vp * C_N *10^ -6; //A
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14 kVA =3* Vp * Ic /1000; //kVAR

15 disp ( kVA , kVA t a k e n by t h e c a b l e (kVAR) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.18 Find the capacitance

1 // Exa 1 1 . 1 8
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a :
6 Cs3 =1; // m i c r o F/km( b e t w e e n s h o r t e d c o n d u c t o r )
7 Cs = Cs3 /3; // m i c r o F
8 Cdash =0.6; // m i c r o F ( Cdash=2Cc+Cs : b e t w e e n two
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shorted conductor )
Cc =( Cdash - Cs ) /2; // m i c r o F
C2 =1/2*[3* Cc + Cs ]; // m i c r o F
disp ( C2 , C a p a c i t a n c e b e t w e e n any two c o r e s ( m i c r o F )
);
C2dash =2* Cc +2/3* Cs ; // m i c r o F
disp ( C2dash , C a p a c i t a n c e b e t w e e n any two s h o r t e d
c o n d u c t o r s and t h i r d c o n d u c t o r ( m i c r o F ) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.19 Maximum Stress and total Charging KVAR
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// Exa 1 1 . 1 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
Vs =33; //kV
f =50; // Hz
l =3.4; //km
d =2.5; //cm
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10 D = d +2*0.6; //cm
11 epsilon_r =3.1; // r e l a t i v e p e r m i t i v i t y
12 C =0.024* epsilon_r / log10 ( D / d ) * l *1000*1000*10^ -6; // F/

phase
13 Vp = Vs *1000/ sqrt (3) ; // V o l t
14 Ic =2* %pi * f * C *10^ -6* Vp ; //A
15 kVAR =3* Vp * Ic *10^ -3; //kVAR
16 disp ( kVAR , T o t a l c h a r g i n g kVAR : ) ;
17 Emax = Vp /( d /2* log ( D / d ) ) *10^ -3; //kV/cm
18 disp ( Emax , Maximum s t r e s s i n t h e c a b l e ( kV/cm ) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.20 Capacitance Charging Current Loss Resistance

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// Exa 1 1 . 2 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Given d a t a :
Vs =11; //kV
f =50; // Hz
D =2; //cm
d =0.5; //cm
epsilon_r =3.5; // r e l a t i v e p e r m i t i v i t y
pf =0.05; // power f a c t o r
C =0.024* epsilon_r / log10 ( D / d ) *10^ -6; // F/km
disp ( C *10^6 , C a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e c a b l e ( m i c r o F ) ) ;
Vp = Vs *1000/ sqrt (3) ; // V o l t
Ic =2* %pi * f * C * Vp ; //A
disp ( Ic , C h a r g i n g c u r r e n t (A) ) ;
fi = acosd ( pf ) ; // d e g r e e
del =90 - fi ; // d e g r e e ( D i e l e c t r i c l o s s a n g l e )
loss_dielectric =2* %pi * f * C * Vp ^2* tand ( del ) ; //W
disp ( loss_dielectric , D i e l e c t r i c l o s s (W) ) ;
R_INS = Vp ^2/ loss_dielectric ; //ohm
disp ( R_INS /10^6 , E q u i v a l e n t i n s u l a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e (
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Mohm) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.21 Loss angle and No load current

1 // Exa 1 1 . 2 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // Given d a t a :
6 Vs =11; //kV
7 f =50; // Hz
8 C_N_by_2 =2.5; // m i c r o F ( b e t w e e n 2 c o r e 1 c o r e s h o r t e d
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)
C_N = C_N_by_2 *2; // m i c r o F
Vp = Vs *1000/ sqrt (3) ; // V o l t
Ic =2* %pi * f * Vp * C_N *10^ -6; //A
R_INS2 =810; // kohm
R_INS = R_INS2 /2; // kohm
del = atand (1/( R_INS *10^3*2* %pi * f * C_N *10^ -6) ) ; // d e g r e e
disp ( del , L o s s a n g l e ( d e g r e e ) ) ;
Ie = Vp / R_INS /1000; //A
I = sqrt ( Ic ^2+ Ie ^2) ; //A
disp (I , No l o a d c u r r e n t drawn by c a b l e (A) ) ;

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Chapter 12
Neutral Grounding

Scilab code Exa 12.1 Reactance of coil

1 // Exa 1 2 . 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,6) ;
6 // Given d a t a :
7 f =50; // S u p p l y f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
8 C =4.5*10^ -6; // i n Farad
9 Omega_L =1/3/2/ %pi / f / C ; // i n ohm
10 disp ( Omega_L , R e a c t a n c e o f c o i l

( ohm ) : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.2 Inductance and kVA rating

1 // Exa 1 2 . 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,5) ;

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// Given d a t a :
V =132*1000; //V
f =50; // Hz
r =10/1000; //m
d1 =4; //m
d2 =4; //m
d3 = d1 + d2 ; //m
epsilon_o =8.854*10^ -12; // c o n s t a n t
l_tl =192*1000; // l e n g t h o f t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e i n m
C =2* %pi * epsilon_o / log (( d1 * d2 * d3 ) ^(1/3) / r ) * l_tl ; // i n
Farad
L =1/3/(2* %pi * f ) ^2/ C ; //H
disp (L , N e c e s s a r y I n d u c t a n c e o f p e t e r s o n c o i l i n H :
);
VP = V / sqrt (3) ; //V
IL = VP /(2* %pi * f ) / L ; //A
Rating = VP * IL /1000; //kVA
disp ( Rating /1000 , R a t i n g o f s u p r e s s o r c o i l i n MVA :
);

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