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Examples of Neutrosophic Probability in Physics

This paper re-discusses the problems of the so-called “law of nonconservation of parity” and “accelerating expansion of the universe”, and presents the examples of determining Neutrosophic Probability of the experiment of Chien-Shiung Wu et al in 1957, and determining Neutrosophic Probability of accelerating expansion of the partial universe.

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33 views

Examples of Neutrosophic Probability in Physics

This paper re-discusses the problems of the so-called “law of nonconservation of parity” and “accelerating expansion of the universe”, and presents the examples of determining Neutrosophic Probability of the experiment of Chien-Shiung Wu et al in 1957, and determining Neutrosophic Probability of accelerating expansion of the partial universe.

Uploaded by

Don Hass
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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32

Neutrosophic Sets and Systems, Vol. 7, 2015

Examples of Neutrosophic Probability in Physics


Fu Yuhua
CNOOC Research Institute, No.6, Dongzhimenwaixiaojie Street, Beijing, 100027, China. E-mail:[email protected]

Abstract: This paper re-discusses the problems of the


so-called law of nonconservation of parity and accelerating expansion of the universe, and presents the
examples of determining Neutrosophic Probability of

the experiment of Chien-Shiung Wu et al in 1957, and


determining Neutrosophic Probability of accelerating
expansion of the partial universe.

Keywords: Neutrosophic Probability, law of nonconservation of parity, accelerating expansion of the universe .

1 Introduction
According to reference [1], Neutrosophic probability
is a generalization of the classical and imprecise
probabilities. Several classical probability rules are
adjusted in the form of neutrosophic probability rules. In
some cases, the neutrosophic probability is extended to nvalued refined neutrosophic probability.
The neutrosophic probability is a generalization of the
classical probability because, when the chance of
indeterminacy of a stochastic process is zero, these two
probabilities coincide.
The Neutrosophic Probability that an event A occurs is
NP (A) = (ch (A) ,ch (neutA) ,ch(antiA)) = (T ,I ,F )
where T ,I ,F are standard or nonstandard subsets of the
nonstandard unitary interval ]-0, 1+[, and T is the chance
that A occurs, denoted ch(A); I is the indeterminate chance
related to A, ch(neutA); and F is the chance that A does not
occur, ch(antiA).
This paper presents some examples of Neutrosophic
Probability in physics.
2 Determining Neutrosophic Probability of the
experiment of Chien-Shiung Wu et al in 1957
One of the reasons for 1957 Nobel Prize for physics is
for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity
laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the
elementary particles, and according to the experiment of
Chien-Shiung Wu et al in 1957, the so-called law of
nonconservation of parity is established. While, according
to the viewpoint of Neutrosophic Probability, this
conclusion should be re-discussed.
Supposing that event A denotes parity is conservation,
antiA denotes parity is nonconservation, and neutA denotes
indeterminacy.
In the experiment of Chien-Shiung Wu et al in 1957,
they found that the number of the electrons that exiting
angle 90 is 40% more than that of 90 (the ratio is

Fu Yuhua. Examples of Neutrosophic Probability in Physics

1.4:1.0). For this result, we cannot simply say that parity is


conservation or nonconservation. The correct way of
saying should be that, besides indeterminacy, the chance of
conservation of parity is as follows
ch (A) = 1.0/1.4 = 71%
and the chance of nonconservation of parity is as
follows
ch(antiA)) = (1.4 1.0)/1.4 = 29%
Thus, the Neutrosophic Probability that parity is
conservation is as follows
NP (A) = (ch (A) ,ch (neutA) ,ch(antiA)) = (71%, 0,
29% )
It should be noted that, for the reason that we cannot
know the indeterminacy, so we suppose that it is equal to 0.
In reference [2] we point out that, the essential reason
for the phenomena of nonconservation (including
nonconservation of parity, momentum, angular momentum
and the like) is that so far only the law of conservation of
energy can be considered as the unique truth in physics.
As for other laws, they are correct only in the cases that
they are not contradicted with law of conservation of
energy or they can be derived by law of conservation of
energy.
Similarly, the Neutrosophic Probability for other laws
of conservation should be determined by law of
conservation of energy or experiment (currently for most
cases the Neutrosophic Probability can only be determined
by experiment, like the experiment of Chien-Shiung Wu et
al in 1957).
3 Determining Neutrosophic Probability
accelerating expansion of the partial universe

of

One of the reasons for 2011 Nobel Prize for physics is


"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the
universe through observations of distant supernovae". But
"the accelerating expansion of the universe" is debatable,

33

Neutrosophic Sets and Systems, Vol. 7, 2015

and Neutrosophic Probability of the accelerating expansion


of the partial universe should be determined.
In 1929, Hubble, an astronomer of the United States,
found the famous Hubble's law. According to Hubble's law,
some scholars reach the conclusion of the accelerating
expansion of the universe. But "the accelerating expansion
of the universe" is debatable. Due to the observation of
distance is limited and the observation time is also limited,
at most we can say: "partial universe is in the state of
expansion (including accelerating expansion) for limited
time."
Firstly we discuss the unreasonable results caused by
Hubbles Law.
Hubble's law reads
V H0 D
1
where V galaxys far away speed, unit: km/s
H 0 Hubble's Constant, unit: km/(s Mpc) D
galaxys far away distance, unit: Mpc.
According to Hubble's law, we have

dD(t )
H 0D(t )
dt

From this differential equation, it gives


3
D ke H 0t k exp( H 0t )
where k a constant to be determined; if we assume
that the distance is positive, then its value is positive too.
It gives the far away speed as follows
V kH 0 exp( H 0t )
4
The far away acceleration is as follows

a dV / dt kH exp(H 0t )
2
0

4 Conclusions
5

According to Newton's second law, the force acted on


this galaxy is as follows

F ma mkH 02 exp( H 0t )

The viewpoint of "the accelerating expansion of the


universe" unexpectedly turns a blind eye to the fact that
partial universe (such as the area nearby a black hole) is in
the state of contraction.
To sum up, considering all possible situations, the
correct conclusion is that there exist at least seven states of
accelerating expansion and contraction and the like in the
universe, namely "partial universe is in the state of
accelerating expansion, partial universe is accelerating
contraction, partial universe is uniform expansion, partial
universe is uniform contraction, partial universe is
decelerating expansion, partial universe is decelerating
contraction, and partial universe is neither expansion nor
contraction (this may be the static state)". As for the
detailed study for these seven states, it will be the further
topic in future.
Besides these seven states, due to the limitations of
human knowledge and the like, there may be other
unknown states or indeterminacy states.
Supposing that the chance of getting indeterminacy
ch(indeterm) = 9%, and the chance of accelerating
expansion of the partial universe is equal to the chance of
other states, thus the Neutrosophic Probability that
accelerating expansion of the partial universe (A) is as
follows
NP (A) = (ch(A) ,ch(neutA) ,ch(antiA)) = (13%, 9%,
78% )
While, according to the classical probability, the
probability that accelerating expansion of the partial
universe is equal to 1/7 (14.2857%).

Based on these equations, apparently we can reach the


unreasonable conclusions: as time tends to infinity, all of
the values will tend to infinity too.
If Hubbles law needs to be amended, the conclusion
of "the accelerating expansion of the universe" also needs
to be amended. At least it should be amended as "the
accelerating expansion of the partial universe."
Secondly we discuss the states of contraction and the
like of the partial universe.
Many scholars have presented the state of contraction
of the universe (or partial universe). Here we stress that
partial universe (such as the area nearby a black hole) is in
the state of contraction.
As well-known, the mass of black hole (or similar
black hole) is immense, and it produces a very strong
gravitational field, so that all matters and radiations
(including the electromagnetic wave or light) will be
unable to escape if they enter to a critical range around the
black hole.

Fu Yuhua. Examples of Neutrosophic Probability in Physics

The problems of the so-called law of


nonconservation of parity and the accelerating expansion
of the universe should be re-discussed. The Neutrosophic
Probability that parity is conservation is (71%, 0, 29% ),
and the Neutrosophic Probability that accelerating
expansion of the partial universe is (13%, 9%, 78% ).
References
[1] Florentin Smarandache, Introduction to Neutrosophic
Measure, Neutrosophic Integral, and Neutrosophic Probability,
Sitech-Education, 2004
[2] Fu Yuhua, Conservation of Energy Leads to Probability
Conservation of Parity, Momentum and so on,
http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays/View/5425
Received: November 21, 2014. Accepted: January 10, 2015.

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