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A.P.J.AbdulKalamWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

A.P.J.AbdulKalam
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

AvulPakirJainulabdeen"A.P.J."AbdulKalam(
i
/bdlklm/15October193127July2015)
wasthe11thPresidentofIndiafrom2002to2007.A
careerscientistturnedreluctantpolitician,Kalamwas
bornandraisedinRameswaram,TamilNadu,and
studiedphysicsandaerospaceengineering.Hespentthe
nextfourdecadesasascientistandscienceadministrator,
mainlyattheDefenceResearchandDevelopment
Organisation(DRDO)andIndianSpaceResearch
Organisation(ISRO)andwasintimatelyinvolvedin
India'scivilianspaceprogramandmilitarymissile
developmentefforts.[2]Hethuscametobeknownasthe
MissileManofIndiaforhisworkonthedevelopmentof
ballisticmissileandlaunchvehicletechnology.[3][4][5]He
alsoplayedapivotalorganizational,technical,and
politicalroleinIndia'sPokhranIInucleartestsin1998,
thefirstsincetheoriginalnucleartestbyIndiain1974.[6]
KalamwaselectedPresidentofIndiain2002withthe
supportofboththerulingBharatiyaJanataPartyandthe
oppositionIndianNationalCongress.Afterservinga
termoffiveyears,hereturnedtohiscivilianlifeof
education,writingandpublicservice.Hewasarecipient
ofseveralprestigiousawards,includingtheBharat
Ratna,India'shighestcivilianhonour.

Contents
1Earlylifeandeducation
2Careerasascientist
3Presidency
4Postpresidency
5Death
5.1Reactions
6Personallife
7Religiousandspiritualviews
7.1Islam
7.2Syncretism
7.3PramukhSwamiasGuru
8Writings
9Awardsandhonours
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...
A.P.J.AbdulKalam
BharatRatna

KalamattheInternationalBookFair,Trivandrum,
2014
11thPresidentofIndia
Inoffice
25July200225July2007
PrimeMinister AtalBihariVajpayee
ManmohanSingh
VicePresident KrishanKant
BhaironSinghShekhawat
Precededby

K.R.Narayanan

Succeededby

PratibhaPatil
Personaldetails

Born

AvulPakirJainulabdeenAbdul
Kalam
15October1931
Rameswaram,RamnadDistrict,
MadrasPresidency,BritishIndia
(nowinRamanathapuramDistrict,
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9Awardsandhonours
10Booksanddocumentaries
11Seealso
12References
13Externallinks

Earlylifeandeducation

TamilNadu,India)
Died

27July2015(aged83)
Shillong,Meghalaya,India

Nationality

Indian

Almamater

St.Joseph'sCollege,
Tiruchirappalli
MadrasInstituteofTechnology

AvulPakirJainulabdeenAbdulKalamwasbornon15
Profession
Professor
October1931toaTamilMuslimfamilyinthe
Author
pilgrimagecentreofRameswaramonPambanIsland,
Aerospacescientist
thenintheMadrasPresidencyandnowintheStateof
TamilNadu.HisfatherJainulabudeenwasaboatowner
Religion
Islam[1]
[7]
andimamofalocalmosque hismotherAshiamma
Signature
wasahousewife.[8][9][10][11]Hisfatherownedaferrythat
tookHindupilgrimsbackandforthbetween
RameswaramandthenowuninhabitedDhanushkodi.[12]
Website
abdulkalam.com
[13]Kalamwastheyoungestoffourbrothersandone
(http://www.abdulkalam.com)
sisterinhisfamily.[14][15][16]Kalam'sancestorshadbeen
wealthytradersandlandowners,withnumerouspropertiesandlargetractsofland.Theirbusinesshad
involvedtradinggroceriesbetweenthemainlandandtheislandandtoandfromSriLanka,aswellas
ferryingpilgrimsbetweenthemainlandandPamban.Asaresult,thefamilyacquiredthetitleof"Mara
Kalamiyakkivar"(woodenboatsteerers),whichovertheyearsbecameshortenedto"Marakier."Withthe
openingofthePambanBridgetothemainlandin1914,however,thebusinessesfailedandthefamily
fortuneandpropertieswerelostovertime,apartfromtheancestralhome.[17]Byhisearlychildhood,
Kalam'sfamilyhadbecomepooratanearlyage,hesoldnewspaperstosupplementhisfamily'sincome.[18]
[18][19]

Inhisschoolyears,Kalamhadaveragegradesbutwasdescribedasabrightandhardworkingstudentwho
hadastrongdesiretolearn.Hespenthoursonhisstudies,especiallymathematics.[19]Aftercompletinghis
educationattheSchwartzHigherSecondarySchool,Ramanathapuram,KalamwentontoattendSaint
Joseph'sCollege,Tiruchirappalli,thenaffiliatedwiththeUniversityofMadras,fromwherehegraduatedin
physicsin1954.[20]HemovedtoMadrasin1955tostudyaerospaceengineeringinMadrasInstituteof
Technology.[11]WhileKalamwasworkingonaseniorclassproject,theDeanwasdissatisfiedwithhislack
ofprogressandthreatenedtorevokehisscholarshipunlesstheprojectwasfinishedwithinthenextthree
days.Kalammetthedeadline,impressingtheDean,wholatersaidtohim,"Iwasputtingyouunderstress
andaskingyoutomeetadifficultdeadline".[21]Henarrowlymissedachievinghisdreamofbecominga
fighterpilot,asheplacedninthinqualifiers,andonlyeightpositionswereavailableintheIAF.[22]

Careerasascientist

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AftergraduatingfromtheMadrasInstituteofTechnology
in1960,KalamjoinedtheAeronauticalDevelopment
Thiswasmyfirststage,inwhichI
learntleadershipfromthreegreat
EstablishmentoftheDefenceResearchandDevelopment
teachersDrVikramSarabhai,Prof
Organisation(DRDO)asascientist.Hestartedhiscareer
SatishDhawanandDrBrahmPrakash.
bydesigningasmallhelicopterfortheIndianArmy,but
Thiswasthetimeoflearningand
[24]

remainedunconvincedbyhischoiceofajobatDRDO.
acquisitionofknowledgeforme.
KalamwasalsopartoftheINCOSPARcommittee
APJAbdulKalam[23]
workingunderVikramSarabhai,therenownedspace
scientist.[11]In1969,KalamwastransferredtotheIndian
SpaceResearchOrganisation(ISRO)wherehewastheprojectdirectorofIndia'sfirstSatelliteLaunch
Vehicle(SLVIII)whichsuccessfullydeployedtheRohinisatelliteinnearearthorbitinJuly1980Kalam
hadfirststartedworkonanexpandablerocketprojectindependentlyatDRDOin1965.[2]In1969,Kalam
receivedthegovernment'sapprovalandexpandedtheprogrammetoincludemoreengineers.[23]
In196364,hevisitedNASA'sLangleyResearchCenterin
Hampton,VirginiaGoddardSpaceFlightCenterinGreenbelt,
MarylandandWallopsFlightFacility.[9][25]Betweenthe1970sand
1990s,KalammadeanefforttodevelopthePolarSatelliteLaunch
Vehicle(PSLV)andSLVIIIprojects,bothofwhichprovedtobe
successful.
KalamwasinvitedbyRajaRamannatowitnessthecountry'sfirst
Kalamaddressesengineeringstudents
nucleartestSmilingBuddhaastherepresentativeofTBRL,even
atIITGuwahati
thoughhehadnotparticipatedinitsdevelopment.Inthe1970s,
Kalamalsodirectedtwoprojects,ProjectDevilandProjectValiant,
whichsoughttodevelopballisticmissilesfromthetechnologyofthesuccessfulSLVprogramme.[26]
DespitethedisapprovaloftheUnionCabinet,PrimeMinisterIndiraGandhiallottedsecretfundsforthese
aerospaceprojectsthroughherdiscretionarypowersunderKalam'sdirectorship.[26]Kalamplayedan
integralroleconvincingtheUnionCabinettoconcealthetruenatureoftheseclassifiedaerospaceprojects.
[26]Hisresearchandeducationalleadershipbroughthimgreatlaurelsandprestigeinthe1980s,which
promptedthegovernmenttoinitiateanadvancedmissileprogrammeunderhisdirectorship.[26]Kalamand
DrVSArunachalam,metallurgistandscientificadvisertotheDefenceMinister,workedonthesuggestion
bythethenDefenceMinister,R.Venkataramanonaproposalforsimultaneousdevelopmentofaquiverof
missilesinsteadoftakingplannedmissilesoneafteranother.[27]RVenkatramanwasinstrumentalingetting
thecabinetapprovalforallocating388croresforthemission,namedIntegratedGuidedMissile
DevelopmentProgramme(IGMDP)andappointedKalamasthechiefexecutive.[27]Kalamplayedamajor
partindevelopingmanymissilesunderthemissionincludingAgni,anintermediaterangeballisticmissile
andPrithvi,thetacticalsurfacetosurfacemissile,althoughtheprojectshavebeencriticisedfor
mismanagementandcostandtimeoverruns.[27][28]
KalamservedastheChiefScientificAdvisertothePrimeMinisterandtheSecretaryoftheDefence
ResearchandDevelopmentOrganisationfromJuly1992toDecember1999.ThePokhranIInucleartests
wereconductedduringthisperiodinwhichheplayedanintensivepoliticalandtechnologicalrole.Kalam
servedastheChiefProjectCoordinator,alongwithRajagopalaChidambaram,duringthetestingphase.[9]
[29]MediacoverageofKalamduringthisperiodmadehimthecountry'sbestknownnuclearscientist.[30]
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However,thedirectorofthesitetest,KSanthanam,saidthatthethermonuclearbombhadbeena"fizzle"
andcriticisiedKalamforissuinganincorrectreport.[31]BothKalamandChidambaramdismissedthe
claims.[32]
In1998,alongwithcardiologistSomaRaju,Kalamdevelopedalowcostcoronarystent,namedthe
"KalamRajuStent".[33][34]In2012,theduodesignedaruggedtabletcomputerforhealthcareinrural
areas,whichwasnamedthe"KalamRajuTablet".[35]

Presidency
Kalamservedasthe11thPresidentofIndia,succeedingK.R.Narayanan.Hewonthe2002presidential
electionwithanelectoralvoteof922,884,surpassingthe107,366voteswonbyLakshmiSahgal.Histerm
lastedfrom25July2002to25July2007.[36]
On10June2002,theNationalDemocraticAlliance(NDA)whichwasinpoweratthetime,expressedthat
theywouldnominateKalamforthepostofPresident,[37][38]andboththeSamajwadiPartyandthe
NationalistCongressPartybackedhiscandidacy.[39][40]AftertheSamajwadiPartyannounceditssupport
forKalam,Narayananchosenottoseekasecondterminoffice,leavingthefieldclear.[41]Kalamsaidof
theannouncementofhiscandidature:
Iamreallyoverwhelmed.EverywherebothinInternetandinothermedia,Ihavebeenasked
foramessage.IwasthinkingwhatmessageIcangivetothepeopleofthecountryatthis
juncture.[42]
On18June,KalamfiledhisnominationpapersintheIndianParliament,accompaniedbyVajpayeeandhis
seniorCabinetcolleagues.[43]
Thepollingforthepresidentialelectionbeganon15July2002in
Parliamentandthestateassemblies,withthemediaclaimingthat
theelectionwasaonesidedaffairandKalam'svictorywasa
foregoneconclusionthecountwasheldon18July.[44]Kalam
becamethe11thpresidentoftheRepublicofIndiainaneasy
victory,[45]andmovedintotheRashtrapatiBhavanafterhewas
sworninon25July.[46]KalamwasthethirdPresidentofIndiato
havebeenhonouredwithaBharatRatna,India'shighestcivilian
honour,beforebecomingthePresident.DrSarvepalli
Radhakrishnan(1954)andDrZakirHussain(1963)weretheearlier
recipientsofBharatRatnawholaterbecamethePresidentofIndia.
[47]Hewasalsothefirstscientistandthefirstbachelortooccupy
RashtrapatiBhawan.[48]

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KalamalongwithVladimirPutinand
ManmohanSinghduringhis
presidency

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Duringhistermaspresident,hewasaffectionatelyknownasthePeople'sPresident,[49][50][51]sayingthat
signingtheOfficeofProfitBillwasthetoughestdecisionhehadtakenduringhistenure.[52][53]Kalamwas
criticisedforhisinactionindecidingthefateof20outofthe21mercypetitionssubmittedtohimduring
histenure.[54]Article72oftheConstitutionofIndiaempowersthePresidentofIndiatograntpardons,and
suspendorcommutethedeathsentenceofconvictsondeathrow.[54][55]Kalamactedononlyonemercy
pleainhisfiveyeartenureaspresident,rejectingthepleaofrapistDhananjoyChatterjee,whowaslater
hanged.[54]PerhapsthemostnotablepleawasfromAfzalGuru,aKashmiriterroristwhowasconvictedof
conspiracyintheDecember2001attackontheIndianParliamentandwassentencedtodeathbythe
SupremeCourtofIndiain2004.[55]Whilethesentencewasscheduledtobecarriedouton20October
2006,thependingactiononhismercyplearesultedinhimremainingondeathrow.[55]Healsotookthe
controversialdecisiontoimposePresident'sRuleinBiharin2005.[56]
InSeptember2003,inaninteractivesessioninPGIChandigarh,KalamsupportedtheneedofUniform
CivilCodeinIndia,keepinginviewthepopulationofthecountry.[57][58][59][60]
Attheendofhisterm,on20June2007,Kalamexpressedhiswillingnesstoconsiderasecondtermin
officeprovidedtherewascertaintyabouthisvictoryinthe2007presidentialelection.[61]However,two
dayslater,hedecidednottocontestthePresidentialelectionagainstatingthathewantedtoavoidinvolving
RashtrapatiBhavanfromanypoliticalprocesses.[62]Hedidnothavethesupportoftheleftparties,Shiv
SenaandUPAconstituents,toreceivearenewedmandate.[63][64]
Nearingtheexpiryofthetermofthe12thPresidentPratibhaPatilon24July2012,mediareportsinApril
claimedthatKalamwaslikelytobenominatedforhissecondterm.[65][66][67]Afterthereports,social
networkingsiteswitnessedanumberofpeoplesupportinghiscandidature.[68][69]TheBJPpotentially
backedhisnomination,sayingthatthepartywouldlendtheirsupportiftheTrinamoolCongress,
SamajwadiPartyandIndianNationalCongressproposedhimforthe2012presidentialelection.[70][71]A
monthaheadoftheelection,MulayamSinghYadavandMamataBanerjeealsoexpressedtheirsupportfor
Kalam.[72]Daysafterwards,MulayamSinghYadavbackedout,leavingMamataBanerjeeasthesolitary
supporter.[73]On18June2012,Kalamdeclinedtocontestthe2012presidentialpoll.Hesaidofhisdecision
nottodoso:
Many,manycitizenshavealsoexpressedthesamewish.Itonlyreflectstheirloveand
affectionformeandtheaspirationofthepeople.Iamreallyoverwhelmedbythissupport.This
beingtheirwish,Irespectit.Iwanttothankthemforthetrusttheyhaveinme.[74]

Postpresidency
Afterleavingoffice,KalambecameavisitingprofessorattheIndianInstituteofManagementShillong,the
IndianInstituteofManagementAhmedabad,andtheIndianInstituteofManagementIndoreanhonorary
fellowofIndianInstituteofScience,Bangalore[75]chancelloroftheIndianInstituteofSpaceScienceand
TechnologyThiruvananthapuramprofessorofAerospaceEngineeringatAnnaUniversityandanadjunct
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atmanyotheracademicandresearchinstitutionsacrossIndia.Hetaughtinformationtechnologyatthe
InternationalInstituteofInformationTechnology,Hyderabad,andtechnologyatBanarasHinduUniversity
andAnnaUniversity.[76]
InMay2012,KalamlaunchedaprogrammefortheyouthofIndiacalledtheWhatCanIGiveMovement,
withacentralthemeofdefeatingcorruption.[77][78]
In2011,Kalamwascriticisedbycivilgroupsoverhisstandonthe
KoodankulamNuclearPowerPlanthesupportedtheestablishment
ofthenuclearpowerplantandwasaccusedofnotspeakingwiththe
localpeople.[79]Theprotesterswerehostiletohisvisitasthey
perceivedtohimtobeapronuclearscientistandwereunimpressed
bytheassurancesprovidedbyhimregardingthesafetyfeaturesof
theplant.[80]

Death

KalamatBijnoraweekbeforehis
death

On27July2015,KalamtravelledtoShillongtodeliveralectureon"CreatingaLivablePlanetEarth"atthe
IndianInstituteofManagementShillong.Ataround6:35p.m.IST,onlyfiveminutesintohislecture,he
collapsed.[81][82]HewasrushedtothenearbyBethanyHospitalinacriticalconditionuponarrival,he
lackedapulseoranyothersignsoflife.[81]Despitebeingplacedintheintensivecareunit,Kalamwas
confirmeddeadofasuddencardiacarrestat7:45p.mIST.[81][83][84]Hislastwords,tohisaideSrijanPal
Singh,werereportedly:"Funnyguy!Areyoudoingwell?"[85]
Followinghisdeath,Kalam'sbodywasairliftedinanIndianAirForcehelicopterfromShillongto
Guwahati,fromwhereitwasflowntoNewDelhionthemorningof28JulyinanairforceC130J
Hercules.TheflightlandedatPalamAirBasethatafternoonandwasreceivedbythePresident,thePrime
Minister,ChiefMinisterofDelhiArvindKejriwal,andthethreeservicechiefsoftheIndianArmedForces,
wholaidwreathsonKalam'sbody.[86]HisbodywasthenplacedonaguncarriagedrapedwiththeIndian
flagandtakentohisDelhiresidenceat10RajajiMargthere,thepublicandnumerousdignitariespaid
homage,includingformerprimeministerManmohanSingh,CongresspresidentSoniaGandhi,Rahul
Gandhi,andUttarPradeshChiefMinisterAkhileshYadav.[87]
Onthemorningof29July,Kalam'sbody,wrappedintheIndianflag,wastakentoPalamAirBaseand
flowntoMaduraiinanairforceC130Jaircraft,arrivingatMaduraiAirportthatafternoon.Hisbodywas
receivedattheairportbythethreeservicechiefsandnationalandstatedignitaries,includingcabinet
ministersManoharParrikar,VenkaiahNaidu,PonRadhakrishnanandthegovernorsofTamilNaduand
Meghalaya,KRosaiahandV.Shanmuganathan.Afterabriefceremony,Kalam'sbodywasflownbyair
forcehelicoptertothetownofMandapam,fromwhereitwastakeninanarmytrucktohishometownof
Rameswaram.UponarrivingatRameswaram,hisbodywasdisplayedinanopenareainfrontofthelocal
busstationtoallowthepublictopaytheirfinalrespectsuntil8p.m.thatevening.[88][89]
On30July2015,theformerPresidentwaslaidtorestatRameswaram'sPeiKarumbuGroundwithfull
statehonours.Over350,000peopleattendedthelastrites,includingthePrimeMinister,thegovernorof
TamilNaduandthechiefministersofKarnataka,KeralaandAndhraPradesh.[90][91]
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Reactions
IndiareactedtoKalam'sdeathwithanoutpouringofgrief
numeroustributeswerepaidtotheformerPresidentacrossthe
nationandonsocialmedia.[92]TheGovernmentofIndiadeclareda
sevendaystatemourningperiodasamarkofrespect.[93]President
PranabMukherjee,VicePresidentHamidAnsari,HomeMinister
RajnathSingh,andotherleaderscondoledtheformerPresident's
demise.[83]PrimeMinisterNarendraModisaid"his[Kalam's]death
isagreatlosstothescientificcommunity.HetookIndiatogreat
PrimeMinisterNarendraModilaysa
heights.Heshowedtheway."[94]FormerPrimeMinisterDr.
wreathatKalam'sfuneral.
ManmohanSingh,whohadservedasprimeministerunderKalam,
said,"ourcountryhaslostagreathumanbeingwhomade
phenomenalcontributionstothepromotionofselfrelianceindefencetechnologies.Iworkedveryclosely
withDr.KalamasprimeministerandIgreatlybenefitedfromhisadviceaspresidentofourcountry.His
lifeandworkwillberememberedforgenerationstocome."[95]ISROchairmanA.S.KiranKumarcalled
hisformercolleague"agreatpersonalityandagentleman",whileformerchairmanG.MadhavanNair
describedKalamas"agloballeader"forwhom"thedowntroddenandpoorpeoplewerehispriority.He
alwayshadapassiontoconveywhatisinhismindtotheyounggeneration",addingthathisdeathlefta
vacuumwhichnonecouldfill.[96][97]
SouthAsianleadersexpressedcondolencesandlaudedthelatestatesman.TheBhutanesegovernment
orderedthecountry'sflagstoflyathalfstafftomournKalam'sdeath,andlit1000butterlampsinhomage.
BhutanesePrimeMinisterTsheringTobgayexpresseddeepsadness,sayingKalam"wasaleadergreatly
admiredbyallpeople,especiallytheyouthofIndiawhohavereferredtohimasthepeople'sPresident".[98]
BangladeshPrimeMinisterSheikhHasinadescribedKalamas"ararecombinationofagreatstatesman,
acclaimedscientist,andasourceofinspirationtotheyounggenerationofSouthAsia"andtermedhisdeath
an"irreparablelosstoIndiaandbeyond".BangladeshNationalistPartychiefKhaledaZiasaid"asanuclear
scientist,heengagedhimselfinthewelfareofthepeople".AshrafGhani,thePresidentofAfghanistan,
calledKalam"aninspirationalfiguretomillionsofpeople,"notingthat"wehavealottolearnfromhis
life".NepalesePrimeMinisterSushilKoiralarecalledKalam'sscientificcontributionstoIndia:"Nepalhas
lostagoodfriendandIhavelostanhonouredandidealpersonality."ThePresidentofPakistan,Mamnoon
Hussain,andPrimeMinisterofPakistanNawazSharifalsoexpressedtheirgriefandcondolencesonhis
passing.[99][100][101]ThePresidentofSriLanka,MaithripalaSirisena,alsoexpressedhiscondolences."Dr.
Kalamwasamanoffirmconvictionandindomitablespirit,andIsawhimasanoutstandingstatesmanof
theworld.HisdeathisanirreparablelossnotonlytoIndiabuttotheentireworld."[102]MaldivianPresident
AbdullaYameenandVicePresidentAhmedAdheebcondoledKalam'spassing,withYameennaminghim
asaclosefriendoftheMaldiveswhowouldcontinuetobeaninspirationtoIndiansandgenerationsof
SouthAsians.FormerpresidentMaumoonAbdulGayoom,whohadmadeanofficialvisittoIndiaduring
Kalam'spresidency,termedhisdemiseasagreatlosstoallofhumankind.[103]TheCommanderinChiefof
theMyanmarArmedForces,SeniorGeneralMinAungHlaing,expressedcondolencesonbehalfofthe
Myanmargovernment.[104]TheDalaiLamaexpressedhissadnessandofferedcondolencesandprayers,
callingKalam'sdeath"anirreparableloss".[105]

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KathleenWynne,thePremierofOntario,whichKalamhadvisitedonnumerousoccasions,expressed
"deepestcondolences...asarespectedscientist,heplayedacriticalroleinthedevelopmentoftheIndian
spaceprogram.Asacommittededucator,heinspiredmillionsofyoungpeopletoachievetheirverybest.
Andasadevotedleader,hegainedsupportbothathomeandabroad,becomingknownas'thepeople's
President'.IjoinourIndoCanadianfamilies,friends,andneighboursinmourningthepassingofthis
respectedleader."[106]UnitedStatesPresidentBarackObamaextended"deepestcondolencestothepeople
ofIndiaonthepassingofformerIndianPresidentDr.APJAbdulKalam",andhighlightedhis
achievementsasascientistandasastatesman,notablyhisroleinstrengtheningU.S.Indiarelationsand
increasingspacecooperationbetweenthetwonations."Suitablynamed'thePeople'sPresident',Dr.Kalam's
humilityanddedicationtopublicserviceservedasaninspirationtomillionsofIndiansandadmirers
aroundtheworld."[107]RussianPresidentVladimirPutinexpressedsincerecondolencesandconveyedhis
sympathyandsupport"tothenearanddearonesofthedeceasedleader,tothegovernment,andentire
peopleofIndia".HeremarkedonKalam'soutstanding"personalcontributiontothesocial,economic,
scientific,andtechnicalprogressofIndiaandinensuringitsnationalsecurity,"addingthatDr.Kalam
wouldberememberedasa"consistentexponentofcloserfriendlyrelationsbetweenournations,whohas
donealotforcementingmutuallybeneficialRussianIndiancooperation."[108]Otherinternationalleaders
includingformerIndonesianpresidentSusiloBambangYudhoyono,MalaysianPrimeMinisterNajib
Razak,SingaporeanPrimeMinisterLeeHsienLoong,PresidentoftheUnitedArabEmiratesSheikh
KhalifabinZayedAlNahyan,andVicePresidentandPrimeMinisteroftheUnitedArabEmiratesandemir
ofDubaiSheikhMohammedbinRashidAlMaktoumalsopaidtributetoKalam.[109][110]Inaspecial
gestureSecretaryGeneraloftheUnitedNations,BanKimoon,visitedthePermanentMissionofIndiato
theUNandsignedthecondolencebookplacedfollowinghisdeath."Theoutpouringofgriefaroundthe
worldisatestamentoftherespectandinspirationhehasgarneredduringandafterhispresidency.TheUN
joinsthepeopleofIndiainsendingourdeepestcondolencesforthisgreatstatesman.Mayherestinpeace
andeternity",Bansaidinhismessage.[111]

Personallife
Kalamwastheyoungestoffivesiblings,theeldestofwhomwasasister,AsimZohra(d.1997),followed
bythreeelderbrothers:MohammedMuthuMeeraLebbaiMaraikayar(b.1916aged99),MustafaKamal
(d.1999)andKasimMohammed(d.1995).[112]Hewasextremelyclosetohiseldersiblingsandtheir
extendedfamiliesthroughouthislife,andwouldregularlysendsmallsumsofmoneytohisolderrelations,
himselfremainingalifelongbachelor.[112][113]
Kalamwasnotedforhisintegrityandhissimplelifestyle.[113]Heneverownedatelevision,andwasinthe
habitofrisingat6:30or7a.mandsleepingby2a.m.[114]Hisfewpersonalpossessionsincludedhisbooks,
hisveena,somearticlesofclothing,aCDplayerandalaptopathisdeath,heleftnowill,andhis
possessionswenttohiseldestbrother,whosurvivedhim.[115][116]
Inthe2011HindifilmIAmKalam,Kalamisportrayedasapositiveinfluenceonapoorbutbright
RajasthaniboynamedChhotu,whorenameshimselfKalaminhonourofhisidol.[117]

Religiousandspiritualviews
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ReligionandspiritualitywereveryimportanttoKalamthroughouthislife.[118]Infact,hemadehisown
spiritualjourneythesubjectofhisfinalbook,Transcendence:MySpiritualExperienceswithPramukh
Swamiji.[119][120]

Islam
AproudandpracticingMuslim,dailynamzandfastingduringRamadanwereintegraltoKalam'slife.[7]
[121][122]Hisfather,theimamofamosqueinhishometownofRameswaram,hadstrictlyinstilledthese
Islamiccustomsinhischildren.[7]HisfatherhadalsoimpressedupontheyoungKalamthevalueof
interfaithrespectanddialogue.AsKalamrecalled:"Everyevening,myfatherA.P.Jainulabdeen,animam,
PakshiLakshmanaSastry,theheadpriestoftheRamanathaswamyHindutemple,andachurchpriestused
tositwithhotteaanddiscusstheissuesconcerningtheisland."[119][123]Suchearlyexposureconvinced
KalamthattheanswerstoIndia'smultitudinousissueslayin"dialogueandcooperation"amongthe
country'sreligious,social,andpoliticalleaders.[121]Moreover,sinceKalambelievedthat"respectforother
faiths"wasoneofthekeycornerstonesofIslam,hewasfondofsaying:"Forgreatmen,religionisawayof
makingfriendssmallpeoplemakereligionafightingtool."[124]

Syncretism
OnecomponentofKalam'swidespreadpopularityamongdiversegroupsinIndia,andanenduringaspectof
hislegacy,isthesyncretismheembodiedinappreciatingvariouselementsofthemanyspiritualand
culturaltraditionsofIndia.[121][122][125][126]InadditiontohisfaithintheKoranandIslamicpractice,Kalam
waswellversedinHindutraditionshelearntSanskrit,[127][128]readtheBhagavadGita[129][130]andhewas
avegetarian.[131]KalamalsoenjoyedwritingTamilpoetry,playingtheveena(aSouthIndianstring
instrument),[132]andlisteningtoCarnaticdevotionalmusiceveryday.[122]In2002,inoneofhisearly
speechestoParliamentafterbecomingPresident,hereiteratedhisdesireforamoreunitedIndia,stating
that"[d]uringthelastoneyearImetanumberofspiritualleadersofallreligions...[and]Iwouldliketo
endeavourtoworkforbringingaboutunityofmindsamongthedivergenttraditionsofourcountry".[125]
DescribingKalamasaunifierofdiversetraditions,CongressleaderShashiTharoorstated,"Kalamwasa
completeIndian,anembodimentoftheeclecticismofIndia'sheritageofdiversity".[122]BJPleaderL.K.
AdvaniconcurredthatKalamwas"thebestexemplaroftheIdeaofIndia,onewhoembodiedthebestofall
theculturalandspiritualtraditionsthatsignifyIndia'sunityinimmensediversity.Thiswasmoststrikingly
evidentinthelastbookhewrote,prescientlytitledTranscendence:MySpiritualExperienceswithPramukh
Swami.[126]

PramukhSwamiasGuru
Kalam'sdesiretomeetspiritualleaderstohelpcreateamoreprosperous,spiritual,andunifiedIndiawas
whatinitiallyledhimtomeetPramukhSwami,theHinduguruoftheBAPSSwaminarayanSampradaya,
whoKalamwouldcometoconsiderhisultimatespiritualteacherandguru.[119][121]Thefirstofeight
meetingsbetweenKalamandPramukhSwamioverafourteenyearperiodtookplaceon30June2001in
NewDelhi,duringwhichKalamdescribedbeingimmediatelydrawntoPramukhSwami'ssimplicityand
spiritualpurity.[133]KalamstatedthathewasinspiredbyPramukhSwamithroughouttheirnumerous
interactions.OnesuchincidentoccurredthedayfollowingtheterroristattackonBAPS'Akshardham,
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GandhinagarcomplexinSeptember2002PramukhSwamiprayedfor,andsprinkledholywaterupon,the
sitesofallofthedeceased,includingtheterrorists,demonstratingtheviewthatallhumanlifeissacred.
KalamrecalledbeingmovedbyPramukhSwami'sequanimityandcompassion,citingthisincidentasone
ofhismotivationsforwritingTranscendence:MySpiritualExperienceswithPramukhSwamiji.[134]
SummarizingtheeffectthatPramukhSwamihadonhim,Kalamstatedthat"[PramukhSwami]hasindeed
transformedme.Heistheultimatestageofthespiritualascentinmylife...PramukhSwamijihasputmein
aGodsynchronousorbit.Nomanoeuvresarerequiredanymore,asIamplacedinmyfinalpositionin
eternity."[121][135]FollowingKalam'sdeathamonthafterhisfinalbookwasreleased,coauthorArun
TiwaripointedtothispassageaspotentiallypropheticandpremonitoryofKalam'sdeath.[136]

Writings
InhisbookIndia2020,Kalamstronglyadvocatedanactionplanto
developIndiaintoa"knowledgesuperpower"andadeveloped
nationbytheyear2020.HeregardedhisworkonIndia'snuclear
weaponsprogrammeasawaytoassertIndia'splaceasafuture
superpower.[137]
IhaveidentifiedfiveareaswhereIndiahasacorecompetence
forintegratedaction:(1)agricultureandfoodprocessing(2)
educationandhealthcare(3)informationandcommunication
technology(4)infrastructure,reliableandqualityelectric
power,surfacetransportandinfrastructureforallpartsofthe
countryand(5)selfrelianceincriticaltechnologies.These
fiveareasarecloselyinterrelatedandifadvancedina
coordinatedway,willleadtofood,economicandnational
security.

APJAbdulKalamdeliveringa
speech

Kalamdescribesa"transformativemoment"inhislifewhenheaskedPramukhSwami,theguruofthe
BAPSSwaminarayanSampradaya,howIndiamightrealizethisfiveprongedvisionofdevelopment.
PramukhSwami'sanswertoaddasixthareadevelopingfaithinGodandspiritualitytoovercomethe
currentclimateofcrimeandcorruptionbecamethespiritualvisionforthenext15yearsKalam'slife,
whichhedescribesinhisfinalbook,Transcendence:MySpiritualExperienceswithPramukhSwamiji,
publishedjustamonthbeforehisdeath.[133]
ItwasreportedthattherewasconsiderabledemandinSouthKoreafortranslatedversionsofbooks
authoredbyhim.[138]
Kalamtookanactiveinterestinotherdevelopmentsinthefieldofscienceandtechnology,includinga
researchprogrammefordevelopingbiomedicalimplants.Healsosupportedopensourcetechnologyover
proprietarysoftware,predictingthattheuseoffreesoftwareonalargescalewouldbringthebenefitsof
informationtechnologytomorepeople.[139]

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Kalamsetatargetofinteractingwith100,000studentsduringthetwoyearsafterhisresignationfromthe
postofscientificadviserin1999.[19]Heexplained,"Ifeelcomfortableinthecompanyofyoungpeople,
particularlyhighschoolstudents.Henceforth,Iintendtosharewiththemexperiences,helpingthemto
ignitetheirimaginationandpreparingthemtoworkforadevelopedIndiaforwhichtheroadmapisalready
available."[19]

Awardsandhonours
Kalamreceivedhonorarydoctoratesfrom40universities.[140][141]TheGovernmentofIndiahashonoured
himwiththePadmaBhushanin1981andthePadmaVibhushanin1990forhisworkwithISROand
DRDOandhisroleasascientificadvisortotheGovernment.[142]In1997,KalamreceivedIndia'shighest
civilianhonour,theBharatRatna,forhiscontributiontothescientificresearchandmodernisationof
defencetechnologyinIndia.[143]In2013,hewastherecipientoftheVonBraunAwardfromtheNational
SpaceSociety"torecognizeexcellenceinthemanagementandleadershipofaspacerelatedproject".[144]
Followinghisdeath,Kalamreceivednumeroustributes.TheTamilNadustategovernmentannouncedthat
hisbirthday,15October,wouldbeobservedacrossthestateas"YouthRenaissanceDay"thestate
governmentfurtherinstitutedthe"Dr.A.P.J.AbdulKalamAward,"constitutingan8gramgoldmedal,a
certificateand500,000(US$7,800).TheawardwillbeawardedannuallyonIndependenceDay,beginning
in2015,toresidentsofthestatewithachievementsinpromotingscientificgrowth,thehumanitiesorthe
welfareofstudents.[145]

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Yearofawardor
honour

A.P.J.AbdulKalamWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Nameofawardorhonour

Awardingorganisation

2014

DoctorofScience

EdinburghUniversity,UK[146]

2012

DoctorofLaws(HonorisCausa)

SimonFraserUniversity[147]

2011

IEEEHonoraryMembership

IEEE[148]

2010

DoctorofEngineering

UniversityofWaterloo[149]

2009

HonoraryDoctorate

OaklandUniversity[150]

2009

HooverMedal

ASMEFoundation,USA[151]

2009

InternationalvonKrmnWings
Award

CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,USA

2008

DoctorofEngineering(Honoris
Causa)

NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,
Singapore[153]

2008

DoctorofScience(HonorisCausa)

2007

HonoraryDoctorateofScienceand
Technology

CarnegieMellonUniversity[156]

2007

KingCharlesIIMedal

RoyalSociety,UK[157][158][159]

2007

HonoraryDoctorateofScience

UniversityofWolverhampton,UK[160]

2000

RamanujanAward

AlwarsResearchCentre,Chennai[161]

1998

VeerSavarkarAward

GovernmentofIndia[11]

1997

IndiraGandhiAwardforNational
Integration

IndianNationalCongress[11][161]

1997

BharatRatna

GovernmentofIndia[161][162]

1994

DistinguishedFellow

InstituteofDirectors(India)[163]

1990

PadmaVibhushan

GovernmentofIndia[161][164]

1981

PadmaBhushan

GovernmentofIndia[161][164]

[152]

AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh[154]
[155]

Booksanddocumentaries
Kalam'swritings
DevelopmentsinFluidMechanicsandSpaceTechnologybyAPJAbdulKalamandRoddam
NarasimhaIndianAcademyofSciences,1988[165]
India2020:AVisionfortheNewMillenniumbyAPJAbdulKalam,Y.S.RajanNewYork,1998.
[166]

WingsofFire:AnAutobiographybyAPJAbdulKalam,ArunTiwariUniversitiesPress,1999.[9]
IgnitedMinds:UnleashingthePowerWithinIndiabyAPJAbdulKalamViking,2002.[167]
TheLuminousSparksbyAPJAbdulKalam,byPunyaPublishingPvtLtd,2004.[168]
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MissionIndiabyAPJAbdulKalam,PaintingsbyManavGuptaPenguinBooks,2005[169]
InspiringThoughtsbyAPJAbdulKalamRajpal&Sons,2007[170]
IndomitableSpiritbyAPJAbdulKalamRajpalandSonsPublishing[171]
EnvisioninganEmpoweredNationbyAPJAbdulKalamwithASivathanuPillaiTataMcGraw
Hill,NewDelhi
YouAreBornToBlossom:TakeMyJourneyBeyondbyAPJAbdulKalamandArunTiwariOcean
Books,2011.[172]
TurningPoints:AjourneythroughchallengesbyAPJAbdulKalamHarperCollinsIndia,2012.
[173]

Target3BillionbyAPJAbdulKalamandSrijanPalSinghDecember2011|PublisherPenguin
Books.
MyJourney:(titled Tamil)TransformingDreamsintoActionsbyAPJAbdul
KalamAugust2013bytheRupaPublication.
AManifestoforChange:ASequeltoIndia2020byAPJAbdulKalamandVPonrajJuly2014by
HarperCollins.[174]
ForgeyourFuture:Candid,Forthright,InspiringbyAPJAbdulKalambyRajpalandSons,29
October2014.[175]
Reignited:ScientificPathwaystoaBrighterFuturebyAPJAbdulKalamandSrijanPalSinghby
PenguinIndia,14May2015.[176]
Transcendence:MySpiritualExperienceswithPramukhSwamijibyAPJAbdulKalamwithArun
TiwariHarperCollinsPublishers,June2015[177]
Biographies
EternalQuest:LifeandTimesofDrKalambySChandraPentagonPublishers,2002.[178]
PresidentAPJAbdulKalambyRKPruthiAnmolPublications,2002.[179]
APJAbdulKalam:TheVisionaryofIndiabyKBhushan,GKatyalAPHPubCorp,2002.[180]
ALittleDream(documentaryfilm)byP.DhanapalMinveliMediaWorksPrivateLimited,2008.[181]
TheKalamEffect:MyYearswiththePresidentbyPMNairHarperCollins,2008.[182]
MyDaysWithMahatmaAbdulKalambyFrAKGeorgeNovelCorporation,2009.[183]

Seealso
ListofPresidentsofIndia
Indianpresidentialelection,2002
PokhranII

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70. "Presidentpoll:BJPrejectsPranabMukherjee,HamidAnsari,maybackKalam"
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138. "Kalam,theauthorcatchingoninSouthKorea"(http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=354077).Outlook
magazine.9February2006.Retrieved25March2012.
139. Becker,David(29May2003)."Indialeaderadvocatesopensource"(http://news.cnet.com/Indialeader
advocatesopensource/21001016_31011255.html).CNET.Retrieved17July2012.
140. "Dr.Kalam'sPage"(http://www.abdulkalam.com/kalam/jsp/display_content.jsp?
menuid=22&menuname=Dr.Kalam%F6s%20Page&linkid=130&linkname=Profile&content=457&columnno=0&st
arts=0&menu_image=).abdulKalam.com.Retrieved1March2012.
141. Dayekh,Ribal(16April2011)."DrAbdulKalamformerPresidentofIndiaarrivestoDubai"
(http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20110417054039).Zawya.Retrieved17March2012.
142. "KalamreceiveshonorarydoctoratefromQueen'sUniversityBelfast"
(http://news.oneindia.in/2009/06/11/kalamreceiveshonorarydoctoratefromqueensuniver.html).Oneindia.in.11
June2009.Retrieved13March2012.
143. "BharatRatnaconferredonDrAbdulKalam"(http://www.rediff.com/news/nov/26kal.htm).Rediff.com.26
November1997.Retrieved13March2012.
144. NationalSpaceSociety,NSSVonBraunAward(http://www.nss.org/awards/vonbraun_award.html).retrieved10
February2015
145. "AwardinKalam'sname,birthdaytobeobservedas'YouthRenaissanceDay' "
(http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politicsandnation/awardinapjabdulkalamsnamebirthdaytobe
observedasyouthrenaissanceday/articleshow/48293888.cms).EconomicTimes.31July2015.Retrieved
31July2015.
146. "ExPresidentofIndiaAbdulKalamvisitstheForum"(http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools
departments/informatics/newsevents/recentnews/abdulkalamvisit).UniversityofEdinburgh.Retrieved27May
2014.
147. "HonoraryDegreesConvocation"(http://www.sfu.ca/convocation/honorarydegrees.html).SimonFraser
University.Retrieved31August2012.
148. "IEEEHonoraryMembershipRecipients"(http://www.ieee.org/documents/hon_mem_rl.pdf)(PDF).IEEE.p.1.
Retrieved28August2011.
149. "YetanotherhonorarydoctorateforKalam"(http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/oct/06/yetanotherhonorary
doctorateforkalam.htm).Rediff.com.6October2010.Retrieved13March2012.
150. "A.P.JAbdulKalamHonoraryDegree,2009"(http://www.oakland.edu/?id=15918&sid=175).Oakland
University.
151. "FormerPresidentKalamchosenforHooverMedal"(http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/200903
27/india/28029908_1_presidentkalamruralareaseminentscientist).TheTimesofIndia(NewYork).27March
2009.Retrieved30October2010.
152. "CaltechGALCITInternationalvonKrmnWingsAward"
(http://www.galcit.caltech.edu/ahs/recipients/2009Kalam.html).galcit.caltech.edu.Retrieved1March2012.
153. "DrAbdulKalam,formerPresidentofIndia,receivesNTUHonoraryDegreeofDoctorofEngineering"
(http://news.ntu.edu.sg/pages/newsdetail.aspx?
URL=http://news.ntu.edu.sg/news/Pages/NR2008_Aug26.aspx&Guid=3728913b4ced4d53b9c3
f17ed2bdaa78&Category=&MonthGroup=808).NanyangTechnologicalUniversity.26August2008.Retrieved
28August2011.
154. "AMUtohonourKalamwithdoctorate"(http://www.amu.ac.in/pro.jsp?
did=10065&lid=Important%20Landmarks).TheEconomicsTimes.Retrieved28August2015.Checkdatevalues
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155. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/20080605/news/27702555_1_doctorateamukalam
156. "CarnegieMellonUniversityAwardsHonoraryDoctorateToFormerIndiaPresidentA.P.J.AbdulKalam"
(https://www.cmu.edu/news/archive/2007/October/oct26_kalam.shtml).cmu.edu.CarnegieMellonUniversity.26
October2015.Retrieved28July2015.
157. "KingCharlesIIMedalforPresident"(http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/12/stories/2007071253391300.htm).The
Hindu(Chennai,India).12July2007.Retrieved1March2012.
158. "KingCharlesIIMedalforKalam"(http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/200707
11/news/27675690_1_presidentkalampjabdulkalamroadmap).TheEconomicTimes(India).11July2007.
Retrieved1March2012.
159. "RoyalSocietyKingCharlesIIMedal"(http://royalsociety.org/awards/kingcharlesmedal/).RoyalSociety.
Retrieved14November2012.
160. "KalamconferredHonoraryDoctorateofScience"(http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/200710
23/uk/27960584_1_pjabdulkalamwolverhamptoncreativeleadership).TheEconomicTimes(India).23
October2007.Retrieved1March2012.
161. "Dr.AbdulKalam'sDiverseInterests:Prizes/Awards"
(http://www.techmotivator.iitm.ac.in/TGTech%20APJ.htm#1).IndianInstituteofTechnologyMadras.Retrieved
1March2012.
162. "ListofrecipientsofBharatRatna"(http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/RecipientsBR.pdf)(PDF).MinistryofHome
Affairs,GovernmentofIndia.Retrieved1March2012.
163. "ListofDistinguishedFellows"(http://iodonline.com/aboutiod/distinguishedfellows.html).Instituteof
Directors.Retrieved9November2014.
164. "BharatRatnaconferredonDrAbdulKalam"(http://www.rediff.com/news/nov/26kal.htm).Rediff.com.26
November1997.Retrieved1March2012.
165. "DevelopmentsinFluidMechanicsandSpaceTechnology"(http://www.abdulkalam.nic.in/fluid.html).National
InformaticsCentre.Retrieved1March2012.
166. Kalam,A.P.J.AbdulY.S.,Rajan(1998).India2020:AVisionfortheNewMillennium
(http://books.google.com/?id=pCN7NwAACAAJ&dq=vision+2020+abdul+kalam).NewYork.ISBN9780670
882717.
167. Kalam,A.P.J.Abdul(2002).Ignitedminds:unleashingthepowerwithinIndia(http://books.google.com/?
id=kypuAAAAMAAJ&q=ignited+minds&dq=ignited+minds).Viking.
168. Kalam,A.P.J.Abdul(2004).Theluminoussparks:abiographyinverseandcolours.Bangalore:PunyaPub.
ISBN9788190189781.
169. Rajan,A.P.J.AbdulKalamwithY.S.(2005).MissionIndia:avisionforIndianyouth.NewDelhi,India:Puffin
Books.ISBN9780143334996.
170. Kalam,A.P.J.Abdul(2007).Inspiringthoughts.Delhi:Rajpal&Sons.ISBN9788170286844.
171. Kalam,A.P.J.Abdul(2006).IndomitableSpirit.Delhi:Rajpal&Sons.ISBN9788170286547.
172. YouAreBornToBlossom:TakeMyJourneyBeyond(http://books.google.com/?
id=DXQ8&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false).NewDelhi,India:OceanBooks.ISBN8184300379.
173. "TurningPoints:Ajourneythroughchallenges"(http://www.flipkart.com/turningpoints
9350293471/p/itmda654mcrqdgfh).HarperCollinsIndia.
174. "Dr.AbdulKalamsnewBookAManifestoforChangetoreleaseonJuly14"
(http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/drabdulkalamsnewbookamanifestoforchangetoreleaseonjuly14/).
news.biharprabha.com.Retrieved27June2014.
175. AbdulKalam,APJ(29October2014).ForgeYourFuture:Candid,Forthright,Inspiring
(http://www.amazon.in/ForgeFutureAPJAbdulKalam/dp/9350642794).RajpalandSons.ISBN978935064
2795.
176. AbdulKalam,APJPalSingh,Srijan(14May2015).Reignited:ScientificPathwaystoaBrighterFuture
(http://www.amazon.in/ReignitedScientificPathwaysBrighterFuture/dp/0143333542).PenguinIndia.
ISBN9780143333548.
177. "Dr.AbdulKalamsnewBookTranscendenceMySpiritualExperienceswithPramukhSwamijitoreleaseon
June15"(http://www.amazon.in/TranscendenceSpiritualExperiencesPramukh
Swamiji/dp/9351774058/ref=sr_1_13?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1434447574&sr=113/).HarperCollinsIndia
Publication.
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Publication.
Rohde,David(19July2002)."NuclearScientist,70,aFolkHero,IsElectedIndia'sPresident"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/19/world/nuclearscientist70afolkheroiselectedindiaspresident.html).
TheNewYorkTimes.Retrieved29June2012.
Pruthi,Raj(2003).PresidentApjAbdulKalam(http://books.google.com/books?id=Ee3PR5HFBCAC).Anmol
Publications.ISBN9788126113446.
Bhushan,K.Katyal,G.(2002).A.P.J.AbdulKalam:TheVisionaryofIndia(http://books.google.com/books?
id=W3K3wQsM9PUC).APHPublishing.ISBN9788176483803.
"DocumentaryonKalamreleased"(http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/25/stories/2008012550520200.htm).The
Hindu(Chennai,India).12January2008.Archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20090511012413/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/25/stories/2008012550520200.htm)
fromtheoriginalon11May2009.Retrieved27March2009.
Nair,P.M.(2008).TheKalamEffect:MyYearswiththePresident(http://books.google.com/books?
id=NldWPgAACAAJ).HarperCollinsPublishers,ajointventurewiththeIndiaTodayGroup.ISBN97881
72237363.
FrAKGeorge(2009).MyDayswithMahatmaAbdulKalam(http://books.google.com/books?
id=PyvbRgAACAAJ).NovelCorp.ISBN9788190452953.

Externallinks
Officialwebsite(http://www.abdulkalam.com/)
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