NSCP DEFINITION OF TERMS

1 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
occupancy.
SECTION 102 - DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this code, certain terms,
phrases, words, and their derivatives shall
be construed as specified in this chapter
and elsewhere in this code where specific
definitions are provided. Terms, phrases
and words used in the singular include the
plural and the plural, the singular. Terms,
phrases and words used in the masculine
gender include the feminine and the
feminine, the masculine.
The following terms are defined for use in
this chapter:
ADDITION is an extension or increase in
floor area or height of a building or
structure.
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN is a
method of proportioning structural elements
such that computed stresses produced in
the elements by the allowable stress load
combinations do not exceed specified
allowable stress (also called working
stress design).
ALTER or ALTERATION is any change,
addition or modification in construction or
occupancy.
APPROVED as to materials and types of
construction, refers to approval by the
building official as the result of investigation
and tests conducted by the building official,
or by reason of accepted principles or tests
by recognized authorities, technical or
scientific organizations.
BUILDING is any structure used or intended
for supporting or sheltering any use or

BUILDING, EXISTING, is a building erected

prior to the adoption of this code, or one for
which a legal building permit has been
issued.
BUILDING OFFlCIAL is the officer or other
designated authority charged with the
administration and enforcement of this
code, 0r the building official's duly
authorized representative.
LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR
DESIGN (LRFD) METHOD is a method of
proportioning structural element using load
and resistance factors such that no
applicable limit state is reached when the
structure is subjected to all appropriate load
combinations. The term "LRFD" is used in
the design of steel and wood structures.
STRENGTH DESIGN is a method of
proportioning structural elements such that
the computed forces produced in the
elements by the factored load combinations
do not exceed the factored element
strength. The term "strength design" is
used in the design of concrete and masonry
structures.
STRUCTURE is that which is built or
constructed, an edifice or building of any
kind, or any piece of work artificially built up
or composed of parts joined together in
some definite manner.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER is a registered
Civil Engineer with special qualification in
the practice of Structural Engineering as
recognized by the Board of Civil
Engineering of the Professional Regulation
Commission.

SECTION 103 - CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS

Buildings and other structures shall be

classified,

based

on

the

nature

of

occupancy, according to Table 103-1 for

purposes of applying wind and earthquake
provisions in Chapter 2, and other
provisions. Each building or other structure
shall be assigned to the highest applicable
category.
For buildings or other structures having

multiple independent structural systems,

each independent structural system shall be
assigned to the highest applicable category
based on the occupancy or functions
dependent on the particular independent
structural system.

Table 103-1 Occupancy Category (See Notes)

OCCUPANCY
CATEGORY

I. Essential
Facilities

II. Hazardous
Facilities

III. Special Occupancy

Structures

OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTIONS
OF STRUCTURES
Occupancies having surgery and emergency
treatment areas,
Fire and police stations,
Garages and shelters for emergency
vehicles and emergency aircraft,
Structures and shelters in
emergency preparedness centers,
Aviation control towers,
Structures and equipment in
communication centers and other facilities required for
emergency response,
Standby power-generating equipment for
Category I facilities,
Tanks or other structures containing housing or supporting
water or other fire-suppression material or equipment
required for the protection of Category I, II or III structures.
Occupancies and structures therein housing or supporting toxic
or explosive chemicals or substances,
Non building structures housing, supporting or containing
quantities of toxic or explosive substances.
Buildings with an assembly room with an occupant capacity of
1,000 or more,
Educational buildings with a capacity of
300 or more students,
Buildings used for college or adult
education with a capacity of 500 or
more students,
Institutional buildings with 50 or more
incapacitated patients, but not included in Category I,
Mental hospitals, sanitariums. jails, prison and other buildings
where personal liberties of inmates are similarly restrained
All structures with an occupancy 5,000 or more persons,
Structures and equipment in power- generating stations, and
other public utility facilities not included in Category I or

Category II above and required for continued operation.

IV. Standard Occupancy
Structures

All structures housing occupancies or having functioned not

listed in Category I, II or III above and Category V below.

V. Miscellaneous
Structures

Private garages, carports, sheds, agricultural buildings, and

fences over 1.8 meters high.

Notes:
1. Equivalent building classification on the National Building Code of the Philippines and its
Implementing Rules and Regulations.
I. Essential Facilities ------------------------------------- None
II. Hazardous Facilities --------------------------------- Group 6
III. Special Occupancy Structures ------------------ Group C, Group D, Group H, Group I
IV Standard Occupancy Structures ---------------- Group A, Group B Group E, Group F
V. Miscellaneous Structures ------------------------- Group J

2 - MINIMUM DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

SECTION 201 -GENERAL

SECTION 202 - DEFINITIONS

201.1 SCOPE

ACCESS FLOOR SYSTEM is an assembly

consisting of panels mounted on pedestals
to provide an under-floor space for the
installations of mechanical, electrical,
communications or similar systems or to
serve as an air-supply or return-air plenum.

This chapter provides minimum design load

requirements for the design of buildings and
other vertical structures. Loads and
appropriate load combinations, which have
been developed, to be used together for
strength design and allowable stress design
are set forth.
201.2 RECOGNIZED STANDARDS
The standards listed below are recognized
standards for wind loads.
1. ASCE 7, Chapter 6, Minimum Design
Loads for Buildings and Other
Structures
2. ANSI
EIA/TIA
222-E,
Structural
Standards for Steel Antenna Towers and
Antenna Supporting Structures
3. ANSI/NAAMM
FP1001,
Guide
Specifications for the Design Loads of
Metal Flagpoles

AGRICULTURAL BUILDING is a structure

designed to house farm implements, hay,
grain, poultry, livestock or other horticultural
products. The structure shall not be a place
of human habitation or a place of
employment where agricultural products are
processed, treated, or packaged nor shall it
be a place used by the public.
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN METHOD
is a method of proportioning structural
elements such that computed stresses
produced in the elements by the allowable
stress load combinations do not exceed
specified allowable stress.
ASSEMBLY BUILDING is a building or
portion of a building for the gathering
together of 50 or more persons for such
purposes as deliberation, education,
instruction,
worship,
entertainment,
amusement, drinking or dining or awaiting
transportation.
AWNING is a shelter supported entirely
from the exterior wall of a building.
BALCONY, EXTERIOR, is an exterior floor
system projecting from a structure and
supported by that structure, with no
additional independent supports.
DEAD LOADS consist of the weight of all
materials and fixed equipment incorporated
into the building or other structure.

ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are buildings and

DECK is an exterior floor system supported

on at least two opposing sides by an
adjoining structure and/or posts, piers, or
other independent supports.
other structures that are intended to remain
operational in the event of extreme

environmental
earthquakes.

loading

from

wind

or

FACTORED LOAD is the product of a load

specified in Sections 204 through 208 and a
load factor. See Section 203.3 for
combinations of factored loads.
Section 203.3 LRFD = structures and all
portions thereof shall resist the most critical
effects from the following combinations of
factor load.
GARAGE is a building or portion thereof in
which motor vehicle containing flammable
or combustible liquids or gas in its tank is
stored, repaired or kept.
GARAGE, PRIVATE, is a building or a
portion of a building, not more than 90 sq.m.
in area, in which only motor vehicles used
by the tenants of the building or buildings on
the premises are kept or stored.
LIMIT STATE is a condition in which a
structure or component Is judged either to
be no longer useful for its Intended function
(serviceability limit state) or to be unsafe
(strength limit state).
LIVE LOADS are those loads produced by
the use and occupancy of the building or
other structure and do not include dead
load, construction load, or environmental
loads such as wind load, snow load, rain
load, earthquake load or floor load.
LOADS are forces or other actions that
result from the weight of all building
materials, occupants and their possessions,
environmental
effects,
differential
movements, and restrained dimensional
changes. Permanent loads are those loads
in which variations over time are rare or
small magnitude. All other loads are variable
loads.

OCCUPANCY is the purpose for that a

building, or part thereof, is used or intended
to be used.
STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD is a
method of proportioning structural elements
such that the computed forces produced in
the elements by the factored load
combinations do not exceed the factored
element strength. The term "strength
design" is used in the design of concrete
and masonry structures.
WALLS:
BEARING WALL is any wall meeting either
of the following classifications:
1. Any metal or wood stud wall that
supports more than 0.5 kN per linear
meter of superimposed load.
2. Any masonry or concrete wall that
supports more than 1.0 kN per linear
meter superimposed loads, or any such
wall supporting its own weight for more
than one story.
EXTERIOR WALL is any wall or element of
a wall, or any member or group of
members, that defines the exterior
boundaries or courts of a building and that
has a slope of 60 degrees or greater with
the horizontal plane.
NONBEARING WALL is any wall that is not
a bearing wall.
PARAPET WALL is that part of any wall
entirely above the roof line.
RETAINING WALL is a wall designed to
resist the lateral displacement of soil or
other materials.
3 FOUNDATION & EXCAVATION

MARQUEE is a permanent roofed structure

attached to and supported by the building
and projecting over public property.

SECTION 301 - GENERAL

301.1 SCOPE
This chapter sets forth requirements for
excavations, fills, footings and foundations
for any building or structure.
301.2 QUALITY AND DESIGN
The quality and design of materials used
structurally in excavations, fills, footings and
foundations
shall
conform
to
the
requirements specified in Chapters 4, S, 6
and 7.
301.3 ALLOWABLE BEARING
PRESSURES

which may be affected by any excavation,

shall be underpinned adequately or
otherwise protected against settlement and
shall be protected against lateral movement.
302.2.4 Protection of adjoining property.
The requirement for protection of adjacent
property and the depth to which protection
is required shall be defined by prevailing
law. Where not defined by law, the following
shall apply:
1. Any person making or causing an
excavation shall protect the excavation
so that the soil of adjoining property will
not cave in or settle,

SECTION 302-FILLS AND EXCAVATION

2. Before commencing the excavation, the

person making or causing the
excavation to be made shall notify in
writing the owners of adjoining building
not less than 10 days before such
excavation is to be made and that the
adjoining building should be protected.

302.1 GENERAL

FILLS

Excavation or fills for buildings or structures

shall be constructed or protected that they
do not endanger life or property. Reference
is made to Section 109 of this code for
requirements governing excavation, grading
and earthwork construction, including fills
and embankments.

Fills to be used to support the foundation of

any building or structure shall be placed in
accordance in accepted engineering
practice.

Allowable stresses and design formulas

provided in this chapter shall be used with
the
allowable
stress
design
load
combinations specified in Section 203.4.

CUTS
302.2.2 Slope. The slope of cut surfaces
shall be no steeper than is safe for the
intended use and shall be no steeper than 1
unit vertical in 2 units horizontal (50%
slope), unless a geo-technical engineering
or an engineering geology report, or both,
stating that the site has been investigated
and giving an opinion that a cut at a steeper
slope will be stable and not create a hazard
to public or private property, is submitted
and approved.
302.2.3 Existing footings or foundations,

No fill or other surcharge loads shall be

placed adjacent to any building or structure
unless such building or structure is capable
of withstanding the additional vertical and
horizontal loads caused by filling or
surcharge.
Fill slopes shall not be constructed on
natural slopes steeper than 1 unit vertical in
2 units horizontal (50% slope).
302.3.2 Preparation of the Ground. The
ground surface shall be prepared to receive
fill by removing vegetation, non complying

fill, top soil and other unsuitable materials,

and by scarifying to provide a bond with the
new fill.
Where the natural slopes are steeper than 1
unit vertical in 5 units horizontal (20%
slopes) and the height is greater than 1.5
meters, the ground surface shall be
prepared by benching into sound bedrock or
other competent materials as determined by
the geo-technical engineer. The bench
under the toe of a fill on a slope steeper
than 1units vertical of 5 units horizontal
(20% slopes) shall be at least 3 meters
wide.
Study sections 302.3.3 Fill Material
Also the following:
SETBACKS
DRAINAGE AND TERRACING
EROSION CONTROL

4 CONCRETE

SECTlON 401 - GENERAL

401.1.1 This chapter provides minimum
requirements
for
the
design
and
construction of structural concrete elements
of any building or other structure.
401.1.2 This chapter shall govern in all
matters
pertaining
to
the
design,
construction, and material properties of
structural concrete elements wherever this
chapter is in with requirements contained in
other standards referenced in this chapter.
401.1.3 For special structures, such as
arches, tanks, reservoirs, bins and silos,
blast-resistant structures, and provisions of
this chapter shall govern where applicable.
401.1.4 This chapter does not govern
design and installation of portions of
concrete piles' and drilled piers embedded
in ground except for structures in regions of
high risk or assigned to high seismic
performance or categories. See Section
421.9.4 for requirements from concrete piles
drilled piers and caissons in structures in
region high seismic risk or assigned to high
seismic performance or design categories.
401.1.5 This chapter does not govern
design and construction of soil-supported
slabs, unless the slab vertical loads from
other portions of the structure to the soil.
401.1.6 Concrete On Steel Form Deck
Design and construction of structural
concrete slab cast on stay-in-place, noncomposite steel other governed by this
chapter.
401.1.7 This chapter does not govern the
design of concrete slabs cast on stay-inplace, composite deck. Concrete used in
the construction of such governed by
Sections 401 to 407 of this applicable.
SECTION 402 - DEFINITIONS

The following terms are defined for general

use in this chapter. Specialized definitions
appear in individual sections.
ADMIXTURE is material other than water,
aggregate, or hydraulic cement used as an
ingredient of concrete and added to
concrete before or during its mixing to
modify its properties.
AGGREGATE is granular material, such as
sand, gravel, crushed stone and iron blastfurnace slag, and when used with a
cementing medium forms a hydraulic
cement concrete or mortar.
AGGREGATE,
LIGHTWEIGHT
is
aggregate with a dry, loose weight of 1120
kg/m3 or less.
AIR-DRY WEIGHT is the unit weight of a
lightweight concrete specimen cured for
seven days with neither loss nor gain of
moisture at 15C to 27C and dried for 21
days in 50 +,- 7 percent relative humidity at
23C +,- 1. 1C.
ANCHORAGE DEVICE in post-tensioning
is a device used to anchor tendons to
concrete member; in pre-tensioning, a
device used to anchor tendons during
hardening of concrete.
ANCHORAGE ZONE in post-tensioned
members is the portion of the member
through which the concentrated prestressing force is transferred to the concrete
and distributed more uniformly across the
section. Its extent is equal to the largest
dimension of the cross section. For
intermediate anchorage devices, the
anchorage zone includes the disturbed
regions ahead of and behind the anchorage
devices.
BASIC MONOSTRAND ANCHORAGE
DEVICE is an anchorage device used with
any single strand or a single 16 mm or
smaller diameter bar that satisfies section
418.22.1 and the anchorage device
requirements of the Post-Tensioning

Institute's "Specification
Single Strand Tendons".

for

Unbonded

BASIC MULTISTRAND ANCHORAGE

DEVICE is an anchorage device used with
multiple strands, bars or wires, or single
bars larger than 16 mm diameter, that
satisfies Section 418.22.1 and the bearing
stress and minimum plate stiffness
requirements
of
AASHTO
Bridge
Specifications,
Division
I,
Sections
9.21.7.2.2 through 9.21.7.2.4.
BONDED TENDON is a pre-stressing
tendon that is bonded to concrete either
directly or through grouting.
CEMENTITIOUS
MATERIALS
are
materials as specified in Section 403 which
have cementing value when used in
concrete either by themselves, such as
portland cement, blended hydraulic cements
and expansive cement, or such materials in
combination with fly ash, raw or other
calcined natural pozzolans, silica fume, or
ground granulated blast-furnace slag.
COLUMN is a member with a ratio of
height-to-least-lateral dimensions of 3 or
greater used primarily to support axial
compressive load.
COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL
MEMBERS are concrete flexural members
of pre-cast and cast-in-place concrete
elements, or both, constructed in separate
place but so interconnected that all
elements respond to load as a unit.
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED SECTION
is a cross section in which the net tensile
strain in the extreme tension at nominal
strength is less than or equal to the
compression-controlled strain limit.
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED STRAIN
LIMIT is the net tensile strain at balanced
strain conditions. See 410.4.2.
CONCRETE is a mixture of portland cement
or any other hydraulic cement, fine
aggregate, coarse aggregate and water with

or without admixtures.
CONCRETE, SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH OF (f'c), is the compressive
strength of concrete in design and
evaluated in accordance with provision of
Section 405, expressed in megapascals
(MPa). Wherever the quantity fc is under a
radical sign, square root of numerical value
only is intended, and result has units of
megapascals.
CONCRETE STRCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT,
is to containing lightweight aggregate that
conforms to 403.4 and has an air-dry unit
weight as determined Test Method for Unit
Weight of Structural Lightweight Concrete
(ASTM C 567) not exceeding 1840 kg/m3.
In this code, a lightweight concrete without
natural sand is termed 'all-lightweightconcrete" and lightweight concrete in which
all fine aggregate consists of normal-weight
sand sand-lightweight concrete."
CONTRACTION JOINT is a formed, sawed,
or tooled in a concrete structure to create a
weakened plane regulate the location of
cracking resulting from the dimensional
change of different parts of the structure.
CURVATURE FRICTION is friction resulting
from bents & curves in the specified
prestressing tendon profile.
DEFORMED
REINFORCEMENT
is
deformed reinforcing bars, bar and rod
mats, deformed wire, welded smooth wire
fabric and welded deformed wire fabric.
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH is the length of
embedded reinforcement required to
develop
the
design
strength
of
reinforcement at a critical section. See
Section 409.4.3.

EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION (d) is

the distance measured from extreme
compression fiber to centroid of tension

reinforcement.
EFFECTIVE PRESTRESS is the stress
remaining in pre-stressing tendons after all
losses have occurred, excluding effects of
dead load and superimposed load.
EMBEDMENT LENGTH is the length of
embedded reinforcement provided beyond a
critical section.
EXTREME TENSION STEEL is the
reinforcement
(prestressed
or
nonprestressed) that is the farthest from the
extreme compression fiber.
ISOLATION JOINT is a separation between
adjoining parts of a concrete structure,
usually a vertical plane, at the designed
location such as to interfere least with
performance of the structure, yet such as to
allow relative movement in three directions
and avoid formation of cracks elsewhere in
the concrete and through which all or part of
the bonded reinforcement is interrupted.

proportional limit of material. See Section

408.6.
NET TENSILE STRAIN is the tensile strain
at nominal strength exclusive of strains due
to effective prestress, creep, shrinkage and
temperature.
PEDESTAL is an upright compression
member with a ratio of unsupported height
to average least lateral dimension not
exceeding of 3.
PLAIN CONCRETE is structural concrete'
with no reinforcement or with less
reinforcement than the minimum amount
specified for reinforced concrete.
PLAIN REINFORCEMENT is reinforcement
that does not conform to definition of
deformed reinforcement.
POST-TENSIONING is a method of prestressing in which tendons are tensioned
after concrete has hardened.

JACKING FORCE is the temporary force

exerted by device that introduces tension
into prestressing tendons in prestressed
concrete.

PRECAST CONCRETE is a structural

concrete element cast in other than its final
position in the structure.

LOAD, DEAD is the dead weight supported

by a member, as defined by Section 204
(without load factors).

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE is structural

concrete in which internal stresses have
been introduced to reduce potential tensile
stresses in concrete resulting from loads.

LOAD, FACTORED is the load, multiplied

by appropriate load factors, used to
proportion members by the strength design
method of this chapter. See Sections
408.2.1 and 409.3.

PRETENSIONING is a method of prestressing in which tendons are tensioned

before concrete is placed.

LOAD, LIVE is the live load specified by

Section 205 (without load factors).
LOAD, SERVICE is the load specified by
Sections 204 to 207 (without load factors).
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY is the ratio of
normal stress to corresponding strain for
tensile or compressive stresses below

REINFORCED CONCRETE is structural

concrete reinforced with no less than the
minimum amounts of prestressing tendons
or nonprestressed reinforcement specified
in this chapter.

REINFORCEMENT
is
material
that
conforms to Section 403.5.1, excluding
prestressing tendons unless specifically

included.
RESHORES are shores placed snugly
under a concrete slab or other structural
member after the original forms and shores
have been removed from a larger area, thus
requiring the new slab or structural member
to deflect and support its weight and
existing construction loads applied prior to
installation of the reshores.
SHEETING is a material encasing a
prestressing tendon prevent bonding the
tendon with the surrounding concrete, to
provide corrosion protection, and to contain
the corrosion inhibiting coating.
SHORES are vertical or inclined support
members design to carry the weight of the
formwork, concrete and construction loads
above.
SPAN LENGTH. See Section 408.8 = Span
length of members not built integrally with
support shall be considered the clear span
plus depth of member, but need not exceed
distance between centers of supports.
SPECIAL ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an
anchorage device that satisfies Section
418.20.1 and the standardized acceptance
tests of AASHTO "Standard Specifications
for Highway Bridges", Division II, and
Section 10.3.2.3.
SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT is continuously
wound reinforcement in the form of a
cylindrical helix.
SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH ( ) is
the tensile strength of concrete determined
in accordance with ASTM C 496 as
described in "Specifications for Lightweight
Aggregate for Structural Concrete" (ASTM
C 330). See Section 405.2.4.
STIRRUP is reinforcement used to resist
shear and torsion stresses in a structural
member; typically bars, wires, or welded
wire fabric (plain or deformed) bent into L, U
or rectangular shapes and located

perpendicular to or at an angle to
longitudinal reinforcement. (The term
"stirrups" is usually applied to lateral
reinforcement in flexural members and the
term "ties" to those in compression
members.) See also "tie."
STRENGTH, DESIGN, is the nominal
strength multiplied by a strength-reduction
factor, ( ). See Section 409.4.
STRENGTH, NOMINAL, is the strength of a
member or cross section calculated in
accordance
with
provisions
and
assumptions of the strength design method
of this chapter before application of any
strength-reduction factors. See Section
409.4.1.
STRENGTH, REQUIRED, is the strength of
a member or cross section required to resist
factored loads or related internal moments
and forces in such combinations as are
stipulated in this chapter. See Section 409 .
2.1.
STRESS is the intensity of force per unit
area.
STRUCTURAL CONCRETE is all concrete
used for structural purposes, including plain
and reinforced concrete.
TENDON is a steel element such as wire,
cable, bar, rod or strand, or a bundle of such
elements, used to impart prestress forces to
concrete.
TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTION is a
cross section in which the net tensile strain
in the extreme tension steel at nominal
strength is greater than or equal to 0.005.
TIE is a loop of reinforcing bar or wire
enclosing longitudinal reinforcement. A
continuously wound bar or wire in the form
of a circle, rectangle or other polygon shape
without re-entrant comers is acceptable.

TRANSFER is the act of transferring

stress in pre-stressing from jacks or
pre-tensioning bed to concrete
member.
UNBONDED TENDON is a tendon
that is permanently prevented from
bonding to the concrete after
stressing.
WALL is a member, usually vertical,
used to enclose or lie spaces.
WOBBLE FRICTION in prestressed
concrete, is friction caused by
unintended deviation of prestressing
sheath or from its specified profile.
YIELD STRENGTH is the specified
minimum yield strength or yield point
of reinforcement in megapascals
(MPa). Yield strength or yield point
shall be determined in tension
according to applicable ASTM
standards as modified by Section
403.6 of this code.

frame instability is primarily provided by a diagonal,

a K-brace or other auxiliary system of bracing.
BRITTLE FRACTURE Abrupt cleavage with little or
no prior ductile deformation.
BUCKLING LOAD The load at which a perfectly
straight member under compression assumes a
deflected position.
BUILD-UP MEMBER A member made of structural
metal elements that are welded bolted or riveted
together.
5 STRUCTURAL STEEL
DEFINITION OF TERMS
ALLOWABLE STRESSES that
stress that are prescribed in Section
501 through 514 of this Chapter.
APPLICATION
FACTOR
A
multiplier of the value of moment or
deflection in the unbraced length of
an axially loaded member to reflect
the secondary values generated by
the eccentricity of the applied axial
load within the member.
ASPECT RATIO In any rectangular
configuration, the ratio of lengths of
the sides.

CHEVRON BRACING A form of bracing where a

pair of braces located either above or below a
beam terminates at a single point within the clear
beam span.
CLADDING the exterior covering of the structural
components of a building.
COLD-FORMED MEMBER Structural members
formed from without the application of heat.
COLUMN A structural member whose primary
function is to loads parallel to its longitudinal axis.
COLUMN CURVE A curve expressing the
relationship between the column strength and
slenderness ratio.

BEAM A structural member whose

primary function is to carry loads
transverse to its longitudinal axis.

COMBINED
MECHANISM
A
mechanism
determined by plastic analysis procedures which
combines elementary beam, panel and joint
mechanisms.

BEAM-COLUMN
A
structural
member whose primary function is to
carry loads both transverse and
parallel to its longitudinal axis.

COMPACT SECTION Compact sections are

capable of developing fully plastic stress
distribution and possess rotation capacity of
approximately 3 before the onset of local buckling.

BENT A plane framework of beam or

truss member, which support loads,
and the column, which support these
members.
BIAXIAL BENDING Simultaneous
bending of a member about two
perpendicular axes.

COMPOSITE BEAM A steel beam structurally

connected to a concrete slab so that the beam and
slab respond to loads as a unit. See also Concreteencased beam.

BRACED FRAME A frame in which

the resistance to lateral load or

COLUMN BEAM A steel column fabricated from

rolled or build-up steel shapes and encased in
structural concrete or fabricated from steel pipe or
tubing and filled with structural concrete.

CONCRETE-ENCASE BEAM A
beam totally encased in concrete
cast integrally with the slab.

condition in which end moments on a member

causes the member to assume an S-shape.
DRIFT Lateral deflection of a building.
DRIFT INDEX The ratio of lateral deflection to the
height of the building.

CONNECTION Combination of joints

used to transmit forces between two
or more members. A group of
elements that connect the members
to the joint. Categorized by the type
and amount of force transferred
(moment, shear, end reaction). See
also splices.
CRITICAL LOAD The load at which
bifurcation occurs as determined by
a theoretical stability analysis.
CURVATURE The rotation per unit
length due to bending.
DESIGN STRENGTH Resistance
(force, moment, and stress, as
appropriate) provided by element or
connection; the product of the
nominal strength and the resistance
factor.
DIAGONAL BRACING Inclined
structural
members
carrying
primarily axial load employed to
enable a structural frame to act as a
truss to resist horizontal loads. A
form of bracing that diagonally
connects joints at different levels.
DIAPHRAGM Floor slab, metal wall
or roof panel possessing a large inplane shear stiffness and strength
adequate to transmit horizontal
forces to resisting systems.
DIAPHRAGM ACTION The in-plane
action of a floor system (also roofs
and walls) such that all columns
framing into the floor from above and
below are maintained in their same
position relative to each other.
DOUBLE CURVATURE A bending

DUCTILITY FACTORS the ratio of the total

deformation at maximum load to the elastic-limit
deformation.
ECCENTRIC BRACED FRAME (EBF) A diagonal
braced frame in which at least one end of each
bracing member connects to a beam a short
distance from a beam-to-column connection or from
another beam-to-brace connection.
EFFECTIVE LENGTH The equivalent length KL
used in compression formulas and determined by a
bifurcation analysis.
EFFECTIVE LENGTH K The ratio between the
effective length and the unbraced length of the
member measured between the centers of gravity
of the bracing members.
EFFECTIVE MOMENT OF INERTIA The moment
of inertia of the cross section of a member that
remains elastic when partial plastification of the
cross section takes place, usually under the
combination of residual stress and applied stress.
Also, the moment of inertia based on effective
widths of elements that buckle locally. Also, the
moment of inertia used in the design of partially
composite members.
EFFECTIVE STIFFNESS The stiffness of a
member computed using the effective moment of
inertia of its cross section.
EFFECTIVE WIDTH The reduced width of a plate
or slab which, with an assumed uniform stress
distribution produces the same effect on the
behavior of a structural member as the actual plate
width with its non-uniform stress distribution.
ELASTIC ANALYSIS Determination of load effects
(force, stress as appropriate) on members and
based on the assumption that material disappears
on removal of the force that produced it.

ELASTIC-PERFECTLY PLASTIC A
material which has an idealized
stress strain curve that varies
linearly from the point of and zerostrain and stress up to the yield point
of the material, and then increases
in strain at the value of the a yield
stress without any further increases
in stress.
EMBEDMENT A sled component
cast in a concrete structure to
transmit externally applied loads to
the friction or any combination
thereof. The embedment may be
fabricated of structural steel plates,
shapes, bars, bolts, pipe, studs, and
concrete reinforcing bars, shear or
any combination thereof.
ENCASED STEEL STRUCTURE, A
steel-framed structure in which I
individual frame members are
completely
encased
in-placeconcrete.
EULER
FORMULA
The
mathematical
relationship
expressing of the Euler load in terms
of the modulus of elasticity moment
of inertia of the cross section and
length of column.
EULER LOAD The critical load of a
perfectly straight centrally loaded
pin-ended column.
EYEBAR A particular type of pinconnected tension member of
uniform thickness with forged or
flame cut head of greater than the
body proportioned to provide
approximately equal strength in the
head and body.
FACTORED LOAD The product of
the nominal load and a load.
FASTENER Generic term for welds,
bolts, rivets or other device.

FATIGUE A fracture phenomenon resulting from a

fluctuating stress cycle.
FIRST-ORDER ANALYSIS Analysis based on firstorder deformation in which equilibrium conditions
are formulated on the undeformed structure.
FLAME-CUT PLATE A plate in which the
longitudinal edges prepared by oxygen cutting from
a large plate.
FLAT WIDTH for a rectangular tube, the nominal
width minus twice outside comer radius. In absence
of knowledge of the comer radius, the flat width
may be taken total section width minus three times
the thickness.
FLEXIBLE CONECTION A connection permitting a
portion but not all, of the simple beam rotation of a
member end.
FLOOR SYSTEM The system of structural
components separating the stories of a building.
FORCE Resultant of distribution of stress over a
prescribed reaction that develops in a member as a
result of load (formerly called total stress or stress).
Generic term signifying axial loads, bending
moment, torque and shears.
FRACTURED TOUGHNESS Measurement of the
ability to absorb energy without fracture. Generally
determined by impact loading of specimens
containing a notch having a prescribed geometry.
FRAME BUCKLING A condition under which
bifurcation may occur in a frame.
FRAME INSTABILITY A condition under which a
frame deforms with increasing lateral deflection
under a system of increasing applied monotonic
loads until a maximum value of the load called the
stability limit is reached, after which the frame will
continue to deflect without further increase in load.
FULLY COMPOSITE LOAD A composite beam
with sufficient shear connectors to develop the full
flexural strength of the composite section.
GIRDER A horizontal member in a seismic frame.
The word beam and girder maybe used

interchangeably.
HIGH-CYCLE FATIQUE Failure
resulting from more than 20,000
applications of cycle stress.
HYBRID BEAM A fabricated steel
beam composed of flanges with a
greater yield strength that that of the
web. Whenever the maximum flange
stress is less than or equal to the
web yield stress the girder is
considered homogeneous.
INCLUSION Nonmetallic material
entrapped in otherwise sound metal.
INCOMPLETE FUSION Lack of
union by melting of filler and base
metal over entire prescribed area.
INELASTIC
ACTION
Material
deformation that does not disappear
on removal of the force that
produced it.
INSTABILITY A condition reached in
the loading of an element
or
structure
in
which
continued
deformation results in decrease of
load-resisting capacity.
JOINT Area where two or more
ends, surfaces, or edges are
attached. The entire assemblage at
the intersections of the members.
Categorized by type of fastener or
weld used and method of force
transfer.
K-BRACING system of struts used
in a braced frame in which the
pattern of the struts resembles the
letter K, either normal or on its side.
That form of bracing where a pair of
braces located on one side of a
column terminates at a single point
within the clear column height.
LAMELLAR TEARING Separation
in highly restrained base metal

caused by through-thickness strains induced by

shrinkage of adjacent weld metal.
LATERAL BRACING MEMBER A member utilized
individually or as a component of a lateral bracing
system to prevent buckling of members or elements
and/or to resist lateral loads.
LATERAL
(or
lateral-torsional)
BUCKING
Buckling of a member involving lateral deflection
and twist.
LIMIT STATE A condition in which a structure or
component becomes unfit for service and is judged
either to be no longer useful for its intended
function (serviceability limit state) or to be unsafe
(strength limit state).
LIMIT STATES Limits of structural usefulness, such
as brittle fracture, plastic collapse, excessive
deformation, durability, fatigue, instability and
serviceability.
LINK BEAM The part of a beam in an eccentrically
braced frame, which is designed to yield shear
and/or bending so that buckling of the bracing
members, is prevented.
LOAD FACTOR, A factor that accounts for
unavoidable deviations of the actual load from the
nominal value and uncertainties in the analysis that
transform the load into a load effect.
LOADS Forces or other actions that arise on
structural system from the weight of all permanent
construction, occupants and their possession,
environmental effects, differential settlement and
restrained dimensional changes. Permanent loads
are those loads in which variations in time are rare
or of small magnitude. All other loads are variable
loads. See Nominal loads.
LFRD (Loads and Resistance Factor Design) A
method of proportioning structural components (a
members, connectors, connecting elements and
assemblages) such that no applicable limit state is
exceeded when the structure is subjected to all
appropriate load combinations.
LOCAL BUCKLING the buckling of a
compression element may precipitate the failure of

the whole member.

plastic stress distribution.

LOW-CYCLE FATIQUE Fracture

resulting from a relatively high range
resulting in a relatively small number
has to failure.

P-DELTA EFFECT Secondary effect of column

axial loads and deflection on the moments in
members.

LOWER BOUND LOAD A load

computed on the basis of an
assumed
equilibrium
moment
diagram in which the moments are
not greater than Mp, that is, less
than or at best equal to the true
ultimate load.
MECHANISM an articulated system
able to deform without increase in
load used in the special sense that
the linkage may include real hinges
or plastic hinges, or both.
MECHANISM METHOD A method
of plastic analysis in which
equilibrium between external forces
and internal plastic is calculated
on the basis of an assumed
mechanism. The failure load so
determined is an upper bound.
NOMINAL LOADS The magnitudes
of the loads specified by the
applicable code.
NOMINAL STRENGTH The capacity
of a structure or component to resist
the effects of loads, as determined
by computations using specified
material strengths and dimensions
and formulas derived from accepted
principle of structural mechanics, or
by field tests or laboratory tests of
scaled models, allowing for modeling
effects and differences between
laboratory and field conditions.
NONCOMPACT SECTION Noncompact sections can develop yield
stress in compression elements
before local buckling occurs, but will
not resist inelastic local buckling at
strain levels required for a fully

PANELS ZONE the zone in a beam-to-column

connection that transmits moments by a shear
panel.
PARTIALLY COMPOSITE BEAM a composite
beam for which the shear strength of shear
connectors governs the flexural strength.
PLANE FRAME A structural system assumed for
the purpose of analysis and design to be twodimensional.
PLASTIC ANALYSIS Determination of load effects
(force, moment, and stress, as appropriate) on
members and connections based on the
assumption of rigid-plastic behavior, i.e., that
equilibrium is satisfied throughout the structure
yield is not exceeding anywhere. Second order
effects may need to be considered.
PLASTIC DESIGN SECTION The cross section of
a member which can maintain a full plastic moment
through large rotations so that a mechanism can
develop; the section suitable for plastic design.
PLASTIC HINGE, a yielded zone, which forms in a
structural member when the plastic moment is
attained. The beam is assumed to rotate as if
hinged, except that it is strained by the plastic
moment Mp.
PLASTIC-LIMIT LOAD, The maximum load that is
attained when a sufficient number of yield zones
has formed to permit the structure to deform
plasticity without further increase in load. It is the
largest load a structure will support, when perfect
plasticity is assumed and when such factors as
instability, second-order effects, strain hardening
and fracture are neglected.
PLASTIC MODULUS, The section modulus of
resistance, to bending of a completely yielded
cross-section. It is the combined static moment
about the neutral axis of the cross-sectional areas
above and below that axis.

PLASTIC MOMENT The resisting

moment of a fully yielded crosssection.
PLASTIC STRAIN the difference
between total strain and elastic
strain.
PLASTIC ZONE the yielded region
of a member.
PLASTIFICATION the process of
successive yielding of fibers in the
cross section of a member as
bending moment is increased.
PLATE GIRDER A built-up structural
beam.
POST BUCKLING STENGTH the
load that can be carried by an
element, member or frame after
buckling.
REDISTRIBUTION OF MOMENT A
process which results in the
successive formation of plastic
hinges so that less highly stressed
portions of a structure may carry
increased moments.
REQUIRED STRENGTH Load effect
(force,
moment,
stress,
as
appropriate) acting on an element or
connection determined by structural
analysis from the factored loads
(using most appropriate critical load
combinations).
RESIDUAL STRESS the stress that
remains in an unloaded member
after it has been formed into a
finished product. (Examples of such
stresses include, but are not limited
to, those induced by cold bending,
cooling after rolling, or welding.)
RESISTANCE the capacity of a
structure or component to resist the
effects of loads. It is determined by

computations using specified material strengths,

dimensions and formulas derived from accepted
principles of structural mechanics, or by field tests
or laboratory tests of scaled models, allowing for
modeling effects and differences between
laboratory and field conditions. Resistance is a
generic term that includes both strength and
serviceability limit states.
RESISTANT FACTOR a factor that accounts for
unavoidable deviations of the actual strength from
the nominal value and the manner and
consequences of failure.
RIGID FRAME a structure in which connections
maintain the angular relationship between beam
and column members under load.
ROOT OF THE FLANGE Location on the web of
the corner radius termination point or the toe of the
flange-to-web weld. Measured as the k-distance
from the far side of the flange.
ROTATION CAPACITY The incremental angular
rotation that a given shape can accept prior to local
failure defined as R=(9u/9p)-1. Where 9u is the
overall rotation attained at the factored load state
and 9p is the idealized rotation corresponding to
elastic theory applied to the case of M = Mp.
SECOND ORDER ANALYSIS based on secondorder deformations, in which equilibrium conditions
are formulated on the deformed structure.
SERVICE LOAD expected to be supported by the
structure under normal usage; often taken as the
nominal load.
SERVICIABILITY LIMIT STATE
Limiting condition affecting the ability of a structure
to preserve its appearance, maintainability,
durability or the comfort of its occupants or
function of machinery under normal usage.
SHAPE FACTOR the ratio of the plastic moment to
the yield moment, or the ratio of the plastic
modulus to the section modulus for a crosssection.
SHEAR-FRICTION
Friction
between
the
embedment and the concrete that transmits shear
loads. The relative misplacement in the plane of the
shear load is considered to be resisted by shear-

friction
anchors
located
perpendicular to the plane of the
shear load.
SHEAR LUGS Plates, welded studs,
bolts and other steel shapes that are
embedded in the concrete and
located transverse to the direction of
the shear force and that transmit
shear loads introduced into the
concrete by local bearing at the
shear lug-concrete interface.
SHEAR WALL A wall that in its own
plane resists shear forces from
applied wind, earthquake or other
loads or provides frame stability.
Also called structural wall.
SIDEWAYS The lateral movement of
a structure under the action of lateral
loads, unsymmetrical vertical loads
or unsymmetrical properties of the
structure.
SIDEWAYS BUCKLING the buckling
mode of a multistory precipitated by
the relative lateral displacements of
joints, leading to failure by sideways
of the frame.
SINGLE CURVATURE A deformed
shape of a member having one
smooth continuous arc, as opposed
to double curvature, which contains
a reversal.
SLENDER SECTION the cross
sections of a member which will
experience local buckling in the
elastic range.
SLENDERNESS RATIO the ratio of
the effective length of a column to
the radius of gyration of the column,
both with respect to the same axis of
bending.
SLIP-CRITICAL LOAD A bolt joints
in which the slip resistance of the

connection is required.
SPACE FRAME A three-dimensional structural
framework (as contrasted to a plane frame).
SPLICE the connection between two structural
elements joined at their ends to form a single,
longer element.
STABILITY-LIMIT LOAD Maximum (theoretical)
loads a structure can support when second-order
instability effects are included.
STEPPED-COLUMN A column with changes from
one cross section to another occurring at abrupt
points within the length of the column.
STIFFENER A member, usually an angle or plate,
attached to a plate or web of a beam or girder to
distribute load, to transfer shear or to prevent
buckling of the member to which it is attached.
STIFFNESS The resistance to deformation of a
member or structure measured by the ratio of the
applied force to the corresponding displacement.
STORY DRIFT the difference in horizontal
deflection at the top and bottom of a story.
STRAIN HARDENING Phenomenon wherein
ductile steel, after undergoing considerable
deformation at or just above yield point, exhibits the
capacity to resist substantially higher loading than
that which caused initial yielding.
STRAIN-HARDENING STRAIN for structural steels
that have a flat (plastic) region in the stress-strain
relationship, the value of the strain at the onset of
strain hardening.
STRENGTH DESIGN method of proportioning
structural members using load factors and
resistance factors such that no applicable limit state
is exceeded (also called load and resistance factor
design).
STRENGTH LIMIT STRAIGHT limiting conditions
affecting the safety of the structure, in which the
ultimate load-carrying capacity is reached.
STRESS Force per unit area.
STRESS CONCENTRATION

Localized

stress

considerably higher than average

(even in uniformly loaded cross
sections of uniform thickness) due to
abrupt changes in geometry or
localized loading.
STRONG AXIS The major principal
axis of a cross-section.

construction loads) that will eventually be removed

before or after completion of construction and does
not become part of the permanent structural
system.
TENSILE STRENGTH the maximum tensile stress
that a material
is capable of sustaining.

STRCTURAL
DESIGN
DOCS.
Documents
prepared
by
the
designer (plans, design details and
job specifications).

TENSION FIELD ACTION the behavior of a plate

girder panel under shear force in which diagonal
tensile stresses develop in the web and
compressive forces develop in the transverse
stiffeners in a manner analogous to a Pratt truss.

STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM
An
assemblage
of
load-carrying
components which are joined
together
to
provide
regular
interaction or interdependence.

TOE OF THE FILLET Termination point of fillet

weld or of rolled section fillet.
TORQUE-TENSION RELATIONSHIP Term applied
to the wrench torque required producing specified
pre-tension in high-strength bolts.

STUB COLUMN short compressiontest specimen, long enough for use

in measuring the stress-strain
relationship for the complete cr06ssection but short enough to avoid
buckling as a column in the elastic
and
plastic ranges.

TURN-OF-NUT METHOD Procedure whereby the

specified pre-tension in high-strength bolts is
controlled by rotation of the wrench a
predetermined 'amount after the nut has been
tightened to a snug fit.

SUBASSEMBLAGE a truncated
portion of a structural frame.
SUPPORTED COLUMN a frame
which depends upon adjacent
braced or unbraced frames for
resistance to lateral load or frame
instability. (This transfer of load is
frequently provided by the floor or
roof system through diaphragm
action or by horizontal cross bracing
in the roof).
TANGENT MODULUS at any given
stress level, the slope of the stressstrain curve of a material in the
inelastic range as determined by the
compression test of a small
specimen
under
controlled
conditions.
TEMPORARY
STRUCTURE
a
general term for anything that is built
or constructed (usually to carry

UNBRACED FRAME a frame in which the

resistance to lateral load is provided by the bending
resistance of frame members and their
connections.
UNBRACED LENGTH distance between braced
points of a member, measured between the centers
of gravity of the bracing members.
UNDERCUT a notch resulting from the melting and
removal of base metal at the edge of a weld.
UNIVERSAL-MILL PLATE a plate in which the
longitudinal edges has been formed by a rolling
process during
manufacture.
Often
abbreviated as UM plate.
UPPER BOUND LOAD a load computed on the
basis of an assumed mechanism which will always
be at best equal to or greater than the true ultimate
load.
V-BRACING that form of chevron bracing that
intersects a beam from above and inverted Vbracing is that form of chevron bracing that
intersects a beam from below.

VERTICAL BRACING SYSTEM a

system of shear walls, braced
frames
or
both,
extending
throughout one or more floors of a
building.
WARPING TORSION that portions
of the total resistance to torsion that
is provided by resistance to warping
of the cross section.
WEAK AXIS the minor principal
axis of a cross-section.
WEATHERING STEEL A type of
high-strength, low-alloy steel which
can be used in normal environments
(not marine) and outdoor exposures
without protective paint covering.
This steel develops tight adherent
rust at a decreasing rate with
respect to time.

YIELD POINT the first stress in a material at which

an increase in strain occurs without an increase in
stress, the yield point less than the maximum
attainable stress.
YIELD STRENGTH the stress at which a material
exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the
proportionality of stress to strain. Deviation
expressed in terms of strain.
YIELD STRESS Yield point, yield strength or yieldstress level as defined.
YIELD STRESS LEVEL he average stress during
yielding in the plastic range, the stress determined
in a tension test when the strain reaches 0.005 mm
per mm.

WEB BUCKLING the buckling of a

web plate.
WEB CRIPPLING the local failure of
a web plate in the immediate vicinity
of a concentrated load or reaction.
WORKING LOAD also called
service load. The actual load
assumed to be acting on the
structure.
X-BRACING that form of bracing
where a pair of diagonal braces
cross near mid-length of the bracing
members.
YIELD MOMENT in a member
subjected to bending, the moment at
which an outer fiber first attains the
yield stress.
YIELD PLATEAU the portion of the
stress-strain curve for uniaxial
tension or compression in which the
stress remains essentially constant
during a period of substantially
increased strain.

6 - WOOD
SECTION 602 - DEFINITION
The following terms used in this chapter shall have
the meanings indicated in this section:
BLOCKED DIAPHRAGM is a diaphragm in which
all sheathing edges not occurring on framing
members are supported on and connected to
blocking.
CONVENTIONAL
LIGHT-FRAME
CONSTRUCTION is a type of construction whose
primary structural elements are formed by a system

of repetitive wood-framing members.

DIAPHRAGM is a horizontal or
nearly horizontal system acting to
transmit lateral forces to the vertical
resisting elements. When the term
"diaphragm is used, it includes
horizontal bracing systems.
FIBERBOARD is a fibrous-felted,
homogeneous panel made from
lignocellulosic fibers (usually wood
or crane) having a density of less
than 497 kg/m3 but more than 160
kg/m3.

GLUED BUILT-UP MEMBERS are

structural elements, the sections of
which are composed of built-up
lumber, wood structural panels or
wood
structural
panels
in
combination with lumber, all parts
bonded together with adhesive.
GRADE (Lumber), the classification
of lumber in regard to strength and
utility in accordance with the grading
rules of an approved lumber grading
agency.

in this chapter. This loading may be applied for

approximately 10 years, either continuously or
cumulatively, and 90 percent of this load may be
applied for the remainder of the life of the member
or fastening.
PARTICLEBOARD is a manufactured panel
product lifting of particles of wood or combinations
of wood fibers and wood fibers bonded together
with synthetic or other suitable bonding system by
as bonding process, in accordance with approved
nationally recognized standard.
PLYWOOD is a panel of laminated veneers
conforming to Philippine National standards (PNS)
"Construction and Industrial Plywood" and UBC
Standard 23-3, "Performance for Wood-based
Structural-Use Panels".
ROTATION is the torsional movement of a
diaphragm about a vertical axis.
SUBDIAPHRAGM is a portion of a larger wood
diaphragm designed to anchor and transfer local
forces to primary diaphragm struts and the main
diaphragm.
TREATED WOOD is wood treated with an
approved preservative under treating and quality
control procedures.

HARDBOARD is a fibrous-felted,
homogeneous panel made from
lignocellulosic fibers consolidated
under heat and pressure in a hot
press to a density not less than 497
kg/m3.

WOOD OF NATURAL RESISTANCE TO DECAY

OR TERMITES is the heartwood of the species set
forth, corner sapwood is permitted on 5 percent of
the pieces provided 90 percent or more of the width
of each on which it occurs is heartwood.
Recognized species are:

NOMINAL SIZE (Lumber), the

commercial size designation of
width' and depth, in standard sawn
lumber grades; somewhat larger
than the standard net size of
dressed lumber. In accordance to
Philippine
National
Standards
(PNS).

Decay resistant: Narra, Kamagong, Dao, Tangile.

Termite resistant: Narra, Kamagong.

NORMAL LOADING, a design load

that stressed a member or fastening
to the full allowable stress tabulated

WOOD STRUCTURAL PANEL is a structural panel

product composed primarily of wood and in meeting
the requirements of Philippine National Standards
(PNS).
Wood structural panels include all-veneer plywood,
composite panels containing a combination of
veneer and wood-base material, and mat-formed
panel such as oriented stranded board and wafer
board.

7-MASONRY
The
materials,
design, construction
and quality assurance
of masonry shall be in
accordance with this
chapter.
DESIGN METHODS
Masonry shall comply
with the provisions of
one of the following
design methods in
this chapter as well
as the requirements
of
Sections
701
through 705.

Working Stress
Design. Masonry
designed by the
working
stress
design
method
shall comply with
the provisions of
Sections 706 and
707.

Strength Design.
Masonry designed
by the strength
design
method
shall comply with
the provisions of
Sections 706 and
708.

Empirical
Design. Masonry
designed by the
empirical design
method
shall
comply with the
provisions
Sections
706.1
and 709.
Glass

Masonry.

Glass
masonry
shall comply with
the Provisions of
Section 710.
DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of
this chapter, certain
terms are defined as
lows:
AREAS:
BEDDED AREA is
the area of the
surface of masonry,
which is in contact
with mortar in plane
of the joint.
EFFECTIVE
AREA
OF
REINFORCEMENT is
the
cross-sectional
area of reinforcement
multiplied
by
the
cosine of the angle
between
the
reinforcement and the
direction for which
effective area is to be
determined.
GROSS AREA is the
total cross-sectional
area of a lined
section.
NET AREA is the
gross cross-sectional
area minus the areaungrouted
cores,
notches, cells and
unbedded areas. Net
area is the actual
surface area of cross
section of masonry.
TRANSFORMED
AREA
is
the
equivalent area of
one material to a

second based
on the ratio of
moduli
of
elasticity
of
the
first
material to the
second.
BOND:
ADHESION
BOND is the
adhesion
between
masonry units
and mortar or
grout.
REINFORCIN
G BOND is
the adhesion
between steel
reinforcement
and mortar or
grout.
BOND BEAM
is a horizontal
grouted
element within
masonry
in
which
reinforcement
is embedded.
CELL is a void
space having
a gross crosssectional area
greater than
967 mm2.
CLEANOUT
is an opening
to the bottom
of a grout
space
of
sufficient size
and spacing to
allow
the
removal
of

debris.
COLLAR
JOINT is the
mortared
or
grouted space
between
wythes
of
masonry.
COLUMN,
REINFORCE
D, is a vertical
structural
member
in
which both the
reinforcement
and masonry
resist
compression.
COLUMN,
UNREINFOR
CED, is a
vertical
structural
member
whose
horizontal
dimension
measured at
right angles to
the thickness
does
not
exceed three
times
the
thickness.
DIMENSIONS
:
ACTUAL
DIMENSIONS
are
the
measured
dimensions of
a designated
item.
The
actual
dimension
shall not vary

from the specified

dimension by more
than amount allowed
in the appropriate
standard of quality in
Section 702.
NOMINAL
DIMENSIONS
of
masonry units are
equal to its specified
dimensions plus the
thickness of the joint
with which the unit is
laid.
SPECIFIED
DIMENSIONS are the
dimensions specified
for the manufacture
or construction of
masonry,
masonry
units, joints or any
other component of a
structure.
GROUT LIFT is an
increment of grout
height within the total
grout pour.
GROUT POUR is the
total
height
of
masonry wall to be
grouted prior to the
erection of additional
masonry. A grout pour
will consist of one or
more grout lifts.
GROUTED
HOLLOW-UNIT
MASONRY is that
form
of
grouted
masonry construction
in
which
certain
designated cells of
hollow
units
are
continuously
filled
with grout.

GROUTED
MULTIWYTHE
MASONRY is that
form
of
grouted
masonry construction
in which the space
between the wythes
is
solidly
or
periodically filled with
grout.
JOINTS:
BED JOINT is the
mortar joint that is
horizontal at the time
masonry
units
is
placed.
HEAD JOINT is the
mortar joint having a
vertical
transverse
plane.
MASONRY UNIT is
brick,
tile,
stone,
glass
block
or
concrete
block
conforming to the
requirements
specified in Section
702.
HOLLOWMASONRY UNIT is a
masonry unit whose
net
cross-sectional
areas (solid area) in
any plane parallel to
the surface containing
cores, cells or deep
frogs is less than 75
percent of its gross
cross-sectional area
measured
in
the
same plane.
SOLID-MASONRY
UNIT is a masonry
unit whose net cross-

sectional area
in any plane
parallel to the
surface
containing the
cores or cells
at least 75
percent of the
gross crosssectional area
measured in
the
same
plane.
PRISM is an
assemblage of
masonry units
and
mortar
with or without
grout used as
a
test
specimen for
determining
property
masonry.
REINFORCE
D MASONRY
is that form of
masonry
construction in
which
reinforcement
acting
in
conjunction
with masonry
is used to
resist forces.
SHELL is the
outer portion
of a hollow
masonry unit
as placed in
masonry.
WALLS:
BONDED
WALL is a
masonry wall

in which two
or
more
wythes
are
bonded to act
as a structural
unit.
CAVITY
WALL is a
wall
containing
continuous air
space with a
minimum
width of 51
mm and a
maximum
width of 114
mm between
wythes which
are tied with
metal ties.
WALL TIE is a
mechanical
metal fastener
which
connects
wythes
of
masonry
to
each other or
to
other
materials.
I
WEB is an
interior solid
portion of a
hollowmasonry unit
as placed in
masonry.
WYTHE is the
portion of a
wall, which is
one masonry
unit
in
thickness. A
collar joint is
not

considered a wythe.