IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT)

e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 9, Issue 8 Ver. I (Aug. 2015), PP 10-17

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Paperless Campus: The Real Contribution towards a Sustainable

Low Carbon Society
Md. Hafiz Iqbala, Farid Ahmedb
a
b

Assistant Professor (Economics), Government Edward College, Pabna, Bangladesh

Assistant Professor (Philosophy), Government Edward College, Pabna, Bangladesh

Abstract: Massive global deforestation is not only caused by deforestation of tropical forests in developing
countries, but also deforestation of natural forests in developed countries. Pulp and paper industry is one of the
main players of deforestation. Globally, paper consumption increases by 3% per year. Currently, global paper
consumption is around 350 million tons. The paper industry itself consumes 35% of all trees to produce paper.
We have to cut one tree to produce 16.7 reams of paper (equal to 8,333.3 sheets). Annually, more than 900
million trees are cut for paper industries in the world. On average, individual consumption of paper is
currently around 4,873.1 sheets per year, per student (or equal to 0.6 trees per year, per student). The
papermaking process simultaneously contributes significantly to the pollution of water and air. Paper
production factories emit 6.5 pounds of CO2 per ream of paper production or around 80 million tons of CO 2 per
year. In Canada and the USA, the pulp and paper industry is the third largest industrial polluter releasing over
100 million kgs of toxic waste every year. This study carried out students interviews (n=118) followed by a
structured questionnaire in the Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation (IDEC),
Hiroshima University, Japan to generate empirically supported assessment and explore the factors of the
educational institutions that are responsible for creates forest degradation and deforestation. To fulfill the
research objectives, this study used the Probit model and cost-benefit analysis (CBA). This study identified more
paper consumption creates hindrance for establishing a sustainable low carbon society. Provision of behavioral
change of stakeholders, government intervention, financial and technical assistance from development partners
and electronic gadget manufacturers, and sometimes social corporate responsibility (CSR) can promote a
paperless campus and ensure a sustainable low carbon society. The findings of this paper provide a robust basis
for policy makers, researchers, and stakeholders for further research and development of specific policies and
plan in this field to lessen the forest degradation and deforestation and establish a paperless campus.
Keywords: Paperless campus, Sustainability, Low carbon society
I.
Introduction
Every forest ecosystem service worldwide is now in a captious position. The decline of the regions
forests can be attributed to a range of deforestation drivers. Every two seconds, an area of forest the size of a
football pitch is lost (Greenpeace, 2012). The largest forest areas of intact forest landscapes have been lost
forever (Baucher et al., 2011). Moreover, massive global deforestation is not only caused by deforestation of
tropical forests in developing countries, but also deforestation of natural forests in developed countries. Forest
area reduction occurs mainly in Tasmania, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brazil, Finland, and Australia. Boreal forests
consisting of conifer and deciduous trees in Canada and Russia are also threatened.
The pulp and paper industry is one of the main players (USA, Canada, Sweden, Finland, and Japan) of
deforestation (Paper Facts, 1985). As in most other regions and the world as a whole, historically, growth in
pulp and paper production and consumption has been far higher than in other product sectors (Environmental
Group, 2006). In the AsiaPacific region, consumption has increased fourfold since 1980 from 35 million to 130
million tons in 2005. Production has increased by almost just as much, from 30 million it increased to 95 million
tons over the same period (FAO CDR, 2007). See Fig.1.1. for more details.

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Paperless Campus: The Real Contribution towards a Sustainable Low Carbon Society

Globally, paper consumption increases by 3% per year (DeRosa, 2007). Currently, global paper
consumption is around 350 million tons (TAPPI, 2001). The paper industry itself consumes 35% of all trees
(Ecology, 2013). We have to cut one tree to produce 16.7 reams (equal to 8,333.3 sheets) to 22.6 reams (equal to
8,350 sheets) of paper (Conserve Tree, 1988). In general, over 900 million trees are cut annually for paper
industries (Green America, 2004). On average, individual consumption of paper is currently around 4,873.1
sheets per year per student (or equal to 0.6 trees per year per student) (In Forum, 2014).
Through the process of photosynthesis1, trees remove from 100 to 120 billion tons of carbon each year
(Conserve Earth, 2014). Trees help remove carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the main industrial factories
(automobiles, manufacturing, airplanes,). Like the other manufacturing industries, the papermaking process
simultaneously contributes significantly to the pollution of water and air, and deactivates the carbon cycle and
losses the carbon sink. Paper production factories emit 6.5 pounds of CO 2 with respect to the production of one
ream of paper. Annually, it emits 80 million tons of CO2 per year (DeRosa, 2007). Each tree, used in making
paper, removes about one metric ton of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere every year. In Canada and USA, the
pulp and paper industry is the third largest industrial polluter releasing over 100 million kgs of toxic waste every
year (Dudley et al., 1996). Sweden and Finland's pulp industries are the largest sources of pollutions during
papermaking processes in northern Baltic (Soderholm and Bergquist, 2012). Likewise, energy consumption for
transporting pulp and paper inputs and outputs takes (10%-20%) of total operating costs (Blanco et al., 2004).
The increasing trend of paper production and consumption leads to more serious future negative
environmental impacts. Some alternative measures can play an important role to reduce paper in the working
place and academic arena for the protection of the forests and up gradation of the environment. Some
organizations and offices have already introduced e-office and provide services to its customers through
electronically. Speediness, transparence, cost effectiveness, accuracy, versatility, diligence, large volumes of
data storage capacity and reduction of paper usage are the principal criterion of an e-office. Paperless campus
also performs the liking activities of e-office. The paperless campus is a new pedagogical approach where most
of the pedagogic activities are dependent on electronic gadgets (computer, internet, copier, scanner, and
projector). Electronic books, an e-learning campus, digital libraries, computer-based learning, data-base
management systems, video conferences, distance learning, smart card applications, web mail, teleconference
and web-based applications are common components of a paperless campus. It works by alleviating the amount
of times one physically handles documents, while maximizing the efficiency of the work by being able to
retrieve information electronically and at the time that one needs it (Reaz et al., 2007). In short-run perspective,
it requires relatively high initial cost but in long-run perspective, it requires less maintenance cost. It also
reduces educational expenses because it is free from other associate coasts (printing services, delivery, mailing,
storage, processing, disposing and recycling). According to Lambert (n.d.),

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that
can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities.

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Paperless Campus: The Real Contribution towards a Sustainable Low Carbon Society
Lamar University of Texas, USA had struggled with increasing printing costs and tracking student
involvement data. To deal with such types of problems, this university has developed a web-based system.
Many daily academic activities and processes have now been taken through online. Within one year of
implementation of this project (2009/2010 - 2010/2011), the results are better than expected, in which copier
machine usage and costs of printing are reduced by 51.2% (from 81,095 copies to 39,613 copies). The outside
printing costs have also dropped and it is about 54.9% (from $2,325 to $1,048) respectively (OrgaSync, 2014).
Paperless campus always focuses on the usage of less paper and more gadgets to perform academic
activities. Using less paper is just as much about saving green as being green. It can save trees as well as the
environment. It promotes social capital and is contributing to avoid natural resource degradation. In addition,
paperless campus increases social or individual capability of students and professors and improves and expands
their communication.
Anaheim University of USA, Lamar University of USA, Western Governors University of USA, Yale
University of USA, Loyola University of USA, UK Open University, Hong Kong University, and Multimedia
University of Malaysia are the pioneers of the paperless University. Some of the other Universities in USA,
Canada, Japan and Australia have succeeded in conducting paperless campus.
The findings of this paper provide a robust basis for policy makers, researchers, and stakeholders for
further research and development of specific policies and plan in this field to lessen the degradation and
deforestation and increase the benefits of a paperless campus. In addition, the findings of this paper are also
helpful for the university that wants to establish a paperless campus in the future.
The general objective of this paper is to identify the web-based instruments or infrastructure 2 which is
helpful to establish a paperless campus. The specific objectives of this paper are to assess the feasibility of
paperless campus, compare between paper base and paperless academic activities and develop an approach for
the management strategy of a paperless campus.

II.

Literature Review

There are very few numbers of existing peer-reviewed studies focused on the necessary conditions of
the paperless campus and the negative impacts of paper usage on the environment in the world. There is a wide
range of universities attempting to go paperless. Some universities in USA, Canada, Japan, UK and Australia
took initiative and successfully established a paperless campus. Prior studies on paperless campus revealed that
the real paperless environment must begin at the cultural level. The paperless argument is a function neither of
budget nor of environmental issue. Rather, if any campus wants to go paperless, the change begins with culture
(Young, 2002). But this argumentum issue is not relevant for all universities in the world. Shifting the culture
and campus social norms from the paper-based student evaluations to a paperless system is no easy task. There
are certain significant barriers like achieving a high return from students and maintaining the integrity of the
data for our tenure candidates (Bellevue College, 2014).
Most of the universities, especially in developing and under developed countries, have also wished to
establish paperless campus. There initiatives are definitely laudable but there exist several weaknesses in the
implementation of the establishment of a proper paperless campus. Developing and under developed countries
have strong cultural level to quickly adapt their stakeholders with the paperless environment but they have
financial deficiencies to set up the paperless campus in their respective universities. Furthermore, paperless
academic activities depend upon the performance of continuous electricity. But continuous electricity in
developing and underdeveloped countries is rare in practice. As a consequence, a paperless campus doesnt get a
shape in reality. Financial and technical support from the government, mega gadget manufacturers, developing
partners and donor agencies plays an important role to establish a paperless campus. Sometimes, corporate
social responsibility (CSR) can also work in favor of a paperless campus and protect the forests and the
environment. None of the studies in the world have completely touched upon or have precisely spoken on the
issue/subject of a paperless campus and its requirement of the financial and technical supports. This paper will
try to focus on the paperless campus from the point of cultural, financial, technical and CSR points of view.

III.

Data And Methodology

3.1. Selected graduate school

Hiroshima University is one of the leading public universities in Japan. Among all of its 11 graduate
schools, graduate school for international development and cooperation (IDEC) is the largest and most
important graduate school in Hiroshima University. It was established in April, 1994 with a special mission of
actively nurturing experts to address the various challenging issues which are frequently faced by developing
countries. IDEC has brought together leading researchers and exceptional students from around the world. IDEC
2

Web-based instruments or infrastructure is basically channel which is responsible for upload and downloads the class routine, class note,
power point presentation, academic calendar, hand out, synopsis, cultural activities, advertisement of job market and so on.

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Paperless Campus: The Real Contribution towards a Sustainable Low Carbon Society
is consequently becoming a distinguished center of excellence in the field of international cooperation
studies with the 3 pillars of research and education: international peace cooperation, international environmental
cooperation and international educational cooperation. It has now 325 individuals (274 students, 38 teachers and
13 stuffs).
As an organization who dedicates its academic life towards a low carbon society, IDEC has made
efforts with regarding to paper consumption to reuse, recycle, and reduce paper usage. Through waste
management, professors, students and supporting staffs of IDEC have been trying to recycle paper. On reusing,
they are familiar to reuse one-sided used paper. And in terms of reducing, stakeholders of IDEC are
recommended to do two-sided printing. Furthermore, most of the professors conduct online examinations. They
prefer submissions of assignments and reports of the students through e-mail. Students and professors can
upload and download any important and relevant academic documents in/from the Web City3. All
stakeholders of IDEC also get information and news about class, vacations, festivals, found and lost, jobs,
scholarships, summer school, research, seminars, trainings, and internships through the Momiji4. IDEC
provides laptops and desktop computers for each student for their designated study years (2 years for masters
students and 3 year for doctoral students). The whole IDEC tries to eliminate its partial paper based academic
activities and incorporate full paperless academic activities to its area.
Although efforts have been exercised, however the results were less than expected. IDEC paper
consumption is not reduced yet, but still increasing on average by 1% per year. Figure 3.1 shows that IDEC
paper consumption in 2009 was around 1,552.5 thousand sheets and reached 1,583.8 thousand sheets by 2011
which is almost approximately one third of per year global average students paper consumption. It is estimated
that globally per students consume around 4,873.1 sheets of paper in a year. It is equivalent to 0.6 trees per year
per student (Cleveland State University, 2014).

Moreover, what is more surprising is the fact that IDEC has to spend 5.6 times more for printing than
spending for paper, which is around 4.8 million Yen 5 in 2009, 5.0 million Yen in 2010, and 5.2 million Yen in
2011. Ink expense is also growing faster, 3.5% per year. Hence, IDEC expenses for paper and ink is still
increasing and reached almost 6.0 million Yen in 2011. Average individual expenses for paper and printer ink is
around 18,279 Yen per year per student (or 50.8 Yen per day, per student).
3.2. The data
To represents the population as a whole, a complete and accurate the sample framework is necessary.
In this paper, the sampling unit was the students in the IDEC. The sample size is n=118. This paper followed the
simple random sampling methods to collect cross-section data from the students. Personal interviews were
conducted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) guided structured questionnaire
survey to collect relevant data and information during the months (March-May) in 2012.
3.3. The analytical approach
A Probit or Normit model approach is used to identify the role of different initiatives for establishment of
paperless campus and to check robustness of the estimated parameters of the model. The Probit model is
suitable for binary response or decisions (Iqbal et al., 2014, p.54). It is also suitable for cumulative density
3

Web-based instruments or infrastructure is basically channel which is responsible for upload and downloads the class routine, class note,
power point presentation, academic calendar, handout, synopsis, cultural activities and advertisement of job market and so on.
4
Web-based instruments
5
Japanese Yen

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Paperless Campus: The Real Contribution towards a Sustainable Low Carbon Society
function that emerges from the normal cumulative function (CDF) 6 (Munizaga and Alvarez-Daziano, 2001).
Related continuous explanatory variables and including binary response are considered for investing and
comparing the probability of students attitude towards a low carbon society. The model assesses the factors that
influence the low carbon society as follows:

CS=0 +1 RIC+2 RS+3 BC+4 PAA+5 CSR+i

(1)

Where,
1. CS represents carbon sequestration and is considered as the dependent variable,
2. RIC represents respondents individual characteristics,
3. RS respondents sex (1=mail, 0=female),
4. BC represents the behavioral change of the respondents towards the academic activities (1= Yes for
behavioral change, 0=otherwise),
5. PAA represents paperless academic activities in the campus (1=Yes for paperless academic activities,
0=otherwise),
6. CSR represents corporate social responsibility (1=contributes to a paperless campus, 0=otherwise).
Like the other explanatory variables, the dependent variable holds the binary characteristics. The
Binary (one or zero response) variable is used to estimate in the following way, where carbon sequestration is
the result of the paperless campus =1, and 0=otherwise.

Pr(y=1)=(x)

(2)

Where, Pr denotes the probability and denotes the cumulative density function of the normal distribution
which gives the likelihood for both cases y=1 and y=0. x is known as the Probit score of equation (2).
For comparing the advantage and disadvantage of paper-based and paperless academic activities, this
paper also used the present-value (PV) approach of cost-benefit analysis (CBA). A natural starting point for a
discussion of investment demand is the rational of the PV criterion and its implications for the determinations of
investment (Branson, 1994, p.219). Present value is calculated by the current worth of a future sum of money or
stream of cash flow given a specific rate of return. Mathematical form of the present-value is given as follows:

PVt = - C+R t +

R t+1 R t+2
R
+
+ K K K K K K K K K K + t+n n
2
1+r (1+r)
(1+r)

(3)

Under the present-value criterion, any institution can compute a present value for possible projects it might
undertake and then rank the projects in order of their present values (PVs). This ranking is represented in Fig.
3.2.

If a variable x follows the normal distribution with mean and variance

f(x)=

1
2
2

-(x-)

, its probability density function (PDF) is

and its cumulative density function (CDF) is

f(x)=
-

1
2
2

e-(x-)

22

where xo is some specified

value of x.

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Paperless Campus: The Real Contribution towards a Sustainable Low Carbon Society

The vertical axis measures the present value of each investment relative to its cost and the horizontal
axis measures the real value of the sum of all investment projects. In order to maximize its present value the
firm should invest in all projects that have a PV > 0. This gives an equilibrium level of real investment for the
institutions of io where the present value of the marginal project is zero. If the expected benefits in each period
were to increase the curve shifts up and vice-versa.
3.4. Description of the variables that are used in the Probit model
This paper uses different variables in its model. These variables are described as follows:
CS: Carbon sequestration is the process of capture and long-term storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2)
(Sedjo and Sohngen, 2012).
RIC: Respondent individual characteristic includes the age of the respondent.
RS: Respondent sex that includes the sex of the students.
BC: Behavioral change of the stakeholders in the educational institutions always required less paper usage.
Reuse, recycle and reduce of papers usages are the common practice of behavioral change.
PAA: Paperless academic activities always required computer, web and internet based academic environment.
CSR: Corporate Social Responsibility is defined as the voluntary activities undertaken by a company either
private or government to operate in an economic, social and environmentally sustainable manner.
The above mentioned variables are used in the Probit model to quantify their impacts on the low carbon society
in the IDEC. Table 3.1 describes the used variables in the Probit model with their expected sign.
Table 3.1: Description of variables with expected sign
Dependent/Independent
Variable

CS (Carbon sequestration)

RIC (Respondents individual

characteristics)
RS (Respondents sex)

Category

Description

Dependent variable
Carbon absorption
Binary
1: carbon sequestration is the result of the paperless
campus
0: Otherwise
Independent variable
Continuous
Age of the students, professors and stuffs
Binary

BC (Behavioral change)

Binary

PAA (Paperless academic activities)

Binary

CSR (Corporate social responsibility)

Binary

1: Male
0: Female
1: Yes to change
0: Otherwise
1: Yes for online academic activities
0: Otherwise
1: Contributes to a paperless campus
0: Otherwise

Expected sign

(+/-)
(+/-)
(+)
(+)
(+)

(Source: Prepared by the author, 2012)

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Paperless Campus: The Real Contribution towards a Sustainable Low Carbon Society
IV.

Results and discussion

As shown in table 4.1 below, most of the variables are significant with expected sign at the 1%, 5% or 10%
levels.
Table 4.1: Regressions coefficient estimates for a low carbon society
Independent variable
RIC
RS
BC
PAA
CSR
Constant
Pseudo R2
n (Number of observations)

Coefficient
0.501325
0.189067
0.102891*
0.510902***
0.230085*
1.342160***
0.619225
118

P-value
0.2308
0.1167
0.0850
0.0012
0.0571
0.0000

*** Significant at 1% probability level, ** Significant at 5% probability level and * Significant at 10 %

probability level
(Source: Estimated by the authors, 2012)
According to the estimated results of the Probit model, all of the variables are significant except age and sex of
the respondents. Among all the significant variables, behavioral change of the students, professors and
supporting staffs of IDEC, their paperless academic activities and corporate social responsibility (CSR) are
positively correlated with the carbon sequestration which implies that increase in any of the significant variable
resulted in increase in the carbon sequestration. Similarly, decrease in any of the significant variable resulted in
decrease in the carbon sequestration. But we cannot saw anything about respondents sex and age. The
coefficients of the model ranges from 0.102891 to 0.510902 (except intercept/constant value) and the Pseudo R 2
value indicate that 61% of the variation of the carbon sequestration is explained by the associated variables.

The estimated value of present-value of paper-based and paperless academic activities of IDEC for the different
periods is shown in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2: Present values of paper-based and paper less academic project
Cost
Paper-based project
Paper-less Project

2
7

Return in
Period1
0
2

Return in
period2
0
2

Return in
Return in
period3. period5
0......... 0
2...2

PV
r=0
0
3

(Source: Estimated by the authors, 2012)

This paper did not consider the rate of interest because in Japan, the rate of interest is very low compare
to those of the other countries. Paper and ink of printer cost for the different years are assumed to be at constant
value for the paper-based projects. Paper-based academic activities destroyed forests and weakening of forest is
responsible for the degradation of the environment. As a consequence, paper-based projects did not make any
additional value or return. On the other hand, paperless projects had zero return, when it was being built. After
the starting year, paperless project was able to protect trees and forest and it didnt require more additional cost
for buy new computers and other related gadgets. As we know, on average, individual consumption of paper is
now around 4,873.1 sheets per year per student (or equal to 0.6 trees per year per student). Thus, every student
at the paperless campus are able to protect 0.6 trees and at DEC it will protect 195 trees (0.6 trees 325
students, professors and supporting staff) which has market value 1,950,000 (195 trees 10,000 worth of per
tree (assumed value)). This paper assumed that the market value 1,950,000 has weighted value 2. This paper
also assumed computer-based academic activities required 13,000,000 (40,000 worth of per computer 325
students, professor and supporting staffs) which has assumed weighted value 7. With r = 0, paperless projects
have a present discounted value 3, which is greater than the present discounted value of paper-based projects.

V.

Policy Options and Conclusion

Establishing a paperless university campus or an educational institution is not a difficult task.

Appropriate guidelines, strategies and policies can play an important role to establish a paperless campus.
Paperless campus provides quality education and research, reduces deforestation and forest degradation and
ensures a low carbon society. Some relevant actions can help to lead the educational institutions or university
campuses from paper-based to paperless. Based on the estimated results of the Probit model and present
discounted values, this paper suggests that every educational institution or university should shift its current
academic activities towards more environmental or low carbon-emitting activities.
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Paperless Campus: The Real Contribution towards a Sustainable Low Carbon Society
Sometimes behavioral changes of students, academicians, researchers, teachers, and supporting staffs
can also promote to establish a paperless campus. Reducing margins and font sizes or adjusting document
layouts to reduce the number of pages, skipping the cover sheet of any document or report, circulating
documents for editing or approvals electronically, printing on both sides of each sheet of paper, printing to
order, bringing computers to meetings instead of printing documents, sharing information by projecting it, using
a message program such as e-mail and face book to exchange information, and distributing meeting handouts
electronically can significantly reduce paper usages. Paperless academic activities and CSR from corporate or
government levels can also help to establish a paperless campus by practicing more e-learning based education
and providing free and cheap laptop, software, training and related activities. Students, teachers, supporting
staffs, government, development partners, internet providers, electronic gadget producer work as actors for the
establishment of a paperless campus.

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