TLID407C Load

and unload cargo

Learner Guide
Contents
What this Learner’s Guide is about ........................................ 1  
Planning your learning ........................................................... 2  
How you will be assessed ...................................................... 5  

Section 1............................................................................................. 7  
What are the loading regulations? ......................................... 7  

Section 2........................................................................................... 31  
How do you put the loading regulations into practice?......... 31  

Section 3........................................................................................... 53  
How do you tie the load down and protect it? ...................... 53  

Section 4........................................................................................... 65  
How do you unload a truck?................................................. 65  

Additional resources ....................................................................... 71  

Feedback on activities .................................................................... 75  

 TLID407C Load and unload goods/cargo

What this Learner’s Guide is about

This  Learner’s  Guide  is  about  the  skills  and  knowledge  required  to  load  
and  unload  goods  and  cargo,  including  loading  and  unloading  goods,  
securing  and  protecting  the  load  and  completing  all  required  
documentation.    

Persons  achieving  competence  in  this  unit  will  need  to  fulfil  all  of  the  
relevant  State/Territory  regulations  and  codes  concerning  the  loading  
and  unloading  of  cargo,  including  mass  and  loading  regulations  and  
regulations  dealing  with  oversize  and  overmass  permits.  

The  Elements  of  Competency  from  the  unit  TLID407C  Load  and  unload  
goods/cargo  covered  in  this  Learner’s  Guide  are  listed  below.  
Load  and  unload  goods/cargo  
Secure  and  protect  load  
Complete  documentation  
This  unit  of  competency  is  from  the  Transport  and  Logistics  
Training  Package  (TLI07).  

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TLID407C Load and unload goods/cargo

Planning your learning

It  is  important  to  plan  your  learning  before  you  start  because  you  may  
already  have  some  of  the  knowledge  and  skills  that  are  covered  in  this  
Learner’s  Guide.  This  might  be  because:  
• you  have  been  working  in  the  industry  for  some  time,  
and/or  
• you  have  already  completed  training  in  this  area.  

Together  with  your  supervisor  or  trainer  use  the  checklists  on  the  
following  pages  to  help  you  plan  your  study  program.  Your  answers  to  
the  questions  in  the  checklist  will  help  you  work  out  which  sections  of  
this  Learner’s  Guide  you  need  to  complete.  

This  Learner’s  Guide  is  written  with  the  idea  that  learning  is  made  more  
relevant  when  you,  the  learner,  are  actually  working  in  the  industry.  
This  means  that  you  will  have  people  within  the  enterprise  who  can  
show  you  things,  discuss  how  things  are  done  and  answer  any  
questions  you  have.  Also  you  can  practise  what  you  learn  and  see  how  
what  you  learn  is  applied  in  the  enterprise.  

If  you  are  working  through  this  Learner’s  Guide  and  have  not  yet  found  
a  job  in  the  industry,  you  will  need  to  talk  to  your  trainer  about  doing  
work  experience  or  working  and  learning  in  some  sort  of  simulated  
workplace.    

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Section 1: Loading regulations

Are  you  able  to:   Yes   No  

1. explain  why  loading  regulations  are  
needed?        
2. say  who  makes  the  regulations?        
3. describe  which  documents  you  need  to  
know  about?          
4. describe  the  regulations  for  loading  a  
truck?        
5. describe  the  regulations  for  unusual  loads?        
6. interpret  the  international  cargo  symbols?        

Section 2: Putting loading regulations into

practice

Are  you  able  to:   Yes   No  

1. arrange  different  loads  on  a  platform?        
2. use  slings  for  lifting?        
3. deal  with  unusual  loads?        

Section 3: Tying the load down and protecting it

Are  you  able  to:   Yes   No  

1. explain  the  regulations?        
2. describe  the  different  types  of  equipment?        
3. describe  the  legal  safety  requirements?        
4. describe  safety  requirements?        
5. tie  down  and  protect  a  load?        
6. perform  a  safety  check?        
7. check  load  documentation?        

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Section 4: Unloading a truck

Are  you  able  to:   Yes   No  

1. describe  the  general  rules  for  unloading  a  
truck?        
2. unload  a  truck  safely?        

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How you will be assessed

Assessment  of  this  Unit  of  Competency  will  include  observation  of  real  
or  simulated  work  processes  using  workplace  procedures  and  
questioning  on  underpinning  knowledge  and  skills.  It  must  be  
demonstrated  in  an  actual  or  simulated  work  situation  under  
supervision.  

You  will  be  required  to:  

• identify  regulatory  authorities  in  your  state/territory  
• identify  international  cargo  symbols  
• load  restrain  and  unload  goods/cargo  safety  and  within  
relevant  regulations.  

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Section 1

What are the loading regulations?

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Section outline

Areas  covered  in  this  section  

The  reasons  for  loading  regulations  

What  the  regulations  are  and  who  makes  them  

Which  documents  you  need  to  know  about  

International  cargo  symbols  

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 TLID407C Load and unload goods/cargo

Why do you need loading regulations?

The  loading  regulations  are  the  laws,  rules  and  codes  which  tell  you  
how  to  make  sure  that  your  load  is  safe.    

The  regulations  are  carefully  worked  out  making  sure  that  the  vehicle  
can  be  driven  safely.    

It  is  impossible  to  drive  safely,  or  to  keep  a  load  on  the  vehicle  if:  
• the  load  is  too  heavy  for  the  vehicle  
• the  vehicle  is  not  suited  to  the  load  
• the  load  is  stacked  too  high  
• the  load  moves  around  when  you  brake  or  corner.  

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TLID407C Load and unload goods/cargo

Activity 1: Why do loads move?

Talk about load movement with your work mates. Have you seen a
fallen load? What was it caused by?
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If a load is not stacked and tied down securely, what can start it
moving?
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There is feedback on this activity at the back of this Learner’s

Guide.

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 TLID407C Load and unload goods/cargo

The  regulations  and  codes  covering  loading  and  unloading  of  transport  
vehicles  are  designed  firstly  with  your  safety  in  mind.  The  regulations  
cover:  
• dimension  and  weight  regulations  
• loading  safety  requirements  
• special  requirements  for  loads  exceeding  normal  limits.  

If  your  load  is  safely  stacked  and  tied  down  it  does  not  move,  fall  or  
spill.    

If  your  load  is  safe:    

• you  are  safe  from  injury    
• the  public  is  safe  from  injury  
• the  load  is  safe  from  damage  
• the  load  cannot  damage  buildings  or  equipment  
• the  load  will  arrive  safely  at  its  destination.  

Common  sense  tells  you  that  when  you  are  stacking  a  load,  the  
heaviest  items  should  go  at  the  bottom.    

The  regulations  tell  you  the  weight  limits  and  give  you  more  detail  
about  the  safest  way  to  load  vehicles  so  that  no-­‐one  is  injured  and  the  
load  arrives  in  good  condition.  

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TLID407C Load and unload goods/cargo

Activity 2: Why do we need loading regulations?

In your own words, give three reasons why loading regulations are
needed.
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 TLID407C Load and unload goods/cargo

Who makes the regulations?

Regulations  and  guidelines  are  updated  and  amended  from  time  to  
time.    

Check  to  make  sure  you  have  the  most  up-­‐to-­‐date  and  correct  
information  by  phoning  the  agencies  listed.  

Commonwealth  regulations  

Commonwealth  regulations  are  made  by:  

The  Department  of  Transport    

Federal  Office  of  Road  Safety  

The  Commonwealth  regulations  and  state/territory  regulations  may  be  

slightly  different.    

In  some  states  the  mass  or  weight  allowed  may  be  less  than  the  
national  regulations.  You  should  always  check  the  regulations  for  any  
states/territories  you  are  driving  through  to  make  sure  that  you  do  not  
exceed  limits.  

National  guidelines  

The  National  Road  Transport  Commission  is  responsible  for  making  a  

set  of  guidelines  for  all  aspects  of  road  transport.    

These  guidelines  will  be  the  same  nationally  and  agreement  will  have  
to  be  reached  between  the  state/territory  authorities  where  there  are  
differences.  Eventually  the  regulations  will  be  the  same  nationally.  This  
should  stop  any  confusion  caused  by  having  different  regulations  in  
each  state/territory.  The  guidelines  are  being  produced  from  1996  
onwards  so  you  should  check  and  ask  for  the  latest  update  on  
regulations.  

National  Road  Transport  Commission    

Level  5/326  William  Street    

MELBOURNE  VIC  3000    

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State/territory  regulations  

Regulations  are  made  and/or  enforced  in  each  state/territory  by  the  
state  government  department  or  authority  responsible  for  Road  
Transport.  government  departments  are  occasionally  re-­‐organised  and  
re-­‐named  and  you  may  need  to  check  with  a  work  colleague  to  find  the  
correct  authority  for  your  state/territory.    

In  1996  the  authorities  in  each  state/territory  were:  

• New  South  Wales  
Roads  and  Traffic  Authority.  
• Tasmania  
Department  of  Transport.    
• Western  Australia    
Department  of  Main  Roads.  
• South  Australia  
Department  of  Transport,  SA.  
• Northern  Territory    
Department  of  Transport  and  Works,  NT.  
• Queensland  
Department  of  Main  Roads  QLD.  
• ACT  
Department  of  Transport  and  Regional  Development  
Land  Transport  Policy  Division.  
• Victoria    
Roads  Corporation  (VicRoads).  

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Activity 3: Where do you get your information from?

Choose a regular long trip made by your company. Which

states/territories are covered? Who would you contact to find out
about national and state/territory regulations for this trip?
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There is feedback on this activity at the back of this Learner’s

Guide.

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Which documents do you need to know about?

National  guidelines  

The  National  guidelines  for  loading,  securing  and  tying  down  loads  are  
set  out  in  the  following  documents:  
• The  Load  Restraint  Guide    
The  guide  is  published  by  the  Australian  Government  Publishing  
Service  and  is  available  from:  
− The  Australian  Government  Publishing  Service  in  your  
state/territory.  
− The  Federal  Office  of  Road  Safety.  
− The  National  Road  Transport  Commission.  
• Road  Transport  Reform  (Mass  and  Loading)  Regulations  
Available  from  the  Australian  Government  Publishing  Service  in  
your  state/territory.  
• Road  Transport  Reform  (Heavy  Vehicle  Standards)  
Regulations  
Available  from  the  Australian  Government  Publishing  Service  in  
your  state/territory.  
• The  Australian  Dangerous  Goods  Code    
Available  from  the  Australian  Government  Publishing  Service  in  
your  state/territory.  
• Users  Guide  to  the  Australian  Dangerous  Goods  Code    
Available  from  Road  Transport  Training  Australia.  

State/territory  regulations  

The  state/territory  regulations  may  differ.  You  need  to  phone  the  
relevant  authority  in  your  state/territory  to  get  a  copy  of  the  current  
state/territory  regulations.  These  are  currently  undergoing  change  so  
that  a  list  provided  here  would  soon  be  out-­‐dated.  

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Activity 4: Which regulations and guidelines do you need?

Get copies of all the regulations that cover your state/territory i.e.
national and state/territory regulations.

List the documents here:

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There is feedback on this activity at the back of this Learner’s

Guide.

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TLID407C Load and unload goods/cargo

Advisory  manuals  and  leaflets      

• Australian  Truck  Drivers  Manual  
National  Road  Transport  Training  Committee.  
• Your  state/territory  Workcover  Authority  may  issue  safety  
guides.  For  example  in  New  South  Wales  the  following  
guides  are  produced:    
− Safety  Guide  for  loading  and  unloading  logs.      
− Safety  Guide  for  manual  unloading  of  long  items  using  a  
crowbar.  

Company  documents  and  policies  

If  you  are  carrying  fragile,  dangerous  or  unusual  loads  then  there  may  
be  some  particular  company  policies  about  handling,  loading  and  tying  
down.    

There  will  be  general  information  for  most  of  the  goods  transported  in  
the  form  of:  
• manufacturers  advice:  
− leaflets,  manuals  and  brochures  produced  by  the  manufacturer  
giving  specifications  of  the  product  relevant  to  loading  
• your  organisation’s  quality  procedures:  
− manual  covering  company  policy  and  procedures  for  providing  
quality  service  
• your  organisation’s  safety  policy  and  procedures  
− company  policy  and  procedures  covering  occupational  health  
and  safety  and  safe  work  practices  when  loading  and  
unloading.  

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Activity 5: Find your workplace documents

Ask your trainer for help with this activity.

Locate all the manufacturer or company generated documents

relating to loading and unloading instructions, policy and
procedures in your workplace. If there are too many you may
restrict this exercise to 10 documents.

List the name of the document and the location it can be found in:

Document Location
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Read the documents and discuss the contents with your trainer.

Are there any company policies or procedures that you should

know and practice?

What are they?

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What are the regulations for loading a vehicle?

The  mass  and  loading  regulations  apply  to  vehicles  or  combinations  
weighing  over  4.5  tonnes  and  applies  on  all  roads,  footpaths,  nature  
strips  and  car  parking  areas.    

You  need  to  know  the  regulations  because  you  can  be  fined  if  your  
load  does  not  comply  with  the  regulations.  

If  the  vehicle  is  overloaded  or  the  load  is  not  secured  properly  the  
driver  and  the  owner  are  guilty  of  an  offence.  

The  penalty  for  a  single  offence  may  be:  

• up  to  $3000  for  an  individual  driver  or  owner  
• up  to  $15,000  for  a  body  corporate.  

You  need  to  know  the  GCM  or  GVM  of  any  vehicle  you  are  loading  or  
driving.  

GCM  (Gross  Combination  Mass)    

− The  sum  of  the  maximum  loaded  mass  of  the  vehicle  and  of  
any  trailers  or  vehicles  that  can  be  legally  towed  at  any  one  
time,  as  specified  by  the  manufacturer.  The  GCM  is  usually  
marked  on  a  plate  on  the  trailer.  

GVM  (Gross  Vehicle  Mass)  

− The  maximum  loaded  mass  of  the  vehicle  -­‐  as  specified  by  the  
manufacturer  or  the  vehicle  registration  authority.  

The  general  rules  for  loading  a  vehicle  are:  

• you  must  have  a  suitable  vehicle  for  the  load  you  are  going  
to  carry  
• the  mass  or  weight  of  a  vehicle  plus  load  must  not  exceed  
the  GCM  
• the  mass  or  weight  of  the  vehicle  plus  any  load  must  not  
exceed  the  GVM  
• the  mass  or  weight  on  a  tyre  must  not  exceed  the  load  
capacity  specified  by  the  manufacturer  
• the  mass  or  weight  on  an  axle  group  or  single  axle  must  
not  exceed  the  limits  -­‐  for  details  on  axle  limits  and  axle  
spacing,  refer  to  the    Road  Transport  Reform  (Mass  and  
Loading)  Regulations  

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• the  total  mass  or  weight  of  a  vehicle  (excluding  road  trains  
and  B-­‐doubles)  must  not  exceed  42.5  tonnes  
• the  load  should  not  stick  out  more  than  1.2  metres  from  
the  front,  150  mm  from  the  sides  of  a  vehicle  
• a  warning  should  be  attached  to  any  load  projecting  more  
than  1.2  metres  from  the  rear  of  the  vehicle  
• there  should  be  no  projections  from  the  vehicle  that  can  
cause:  
− danger  to  a  person    
− damage  to  property  
− breach  of  the  Road  Transport  Reform  (heavy  vehicle  
standards)  Regulations  
• the  load  should  be  placed  on  the  vehicle  so  that:  
− the  vehicle  is  stable  
− the  load  will  not  fall  or  be  dislodged  from  the  vehicle  
− the  load  is  restrained  appropriately  
− the  vehicle  steering  performance  is  good  
− the  vehicle  braking  performance  is  good.    

It  is  a  lot  to  remember  and  the  regulations  are  much  more  detailed.  

To  break  this  down  here  is  a  checklist  you  can  photocopy  and  use  to  
help  you.    

Remember  that  the  regulation  or  specification  may  be  different  for  
different  vehicles  and  loads:  

 Check   Regulation  or  specification   Checked  

GVM      

GCM      

Axles  or  axle  groups      

Tyres      

Projections      

Load  restraint      

Vehicle  performance      

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Activity 6: What are the general rules for loading a vehicle?

How do you memorise things?

Some people find it helpful to write them down and then say them
over and over again till they can say them without having to look.

Write the general rules in your own words and then say them over
a few times.
_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

There is feedback on this activity at the back of this Learner’s

Guide.

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The  specific  regulations  will  vary  according  to  the:  

• type  of  vehicle  
• type  of  load.  

You  need  to  know  the  regulations  for  the  types  of  loads  that  your  
organisation  regularly  carries.  

You  should  be  able  describe  them  exactly.    

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Activity 7: Workplace knowledge

Talk to one of the experienced drivers or loaders in your

organisation, or your trainer. Select a vehicle which is about to be
loaded. Observe the loading operation and get the following
information from the driver/loader/trainer.

What is the load?

_______________________________________________________________

Which vehicle is being used?

_______________________________________________________________

Why is this vehicle chosen for the job?

_______________________________________________________________

How is the load being arranged on the platform?

_______________________________________________________________

Why is it arranged this way?

_______________________________________________________________

What is the total weight of the load?

_______________________________________________________________

What is the total height of the load?

_______________________________________________________________

What is the weight over each axle?

_______________________________________________________________

How is the load being secured?

_______________________________________________________________

Why is it being secured that way?

_______________________________________________________________

What type of rope or chain is being used?

_______________________________________________________________

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 TLID407C Load and unload goods/cargo

What regulations are being followed in this loading operation?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Memorise these regulations.

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Who is responsible for following the

regulations?

The  regulations  tell  you  what  should  be  done,  but  who  should  do  
them?    

The  responsibility  is  shared  between:  

• the  driver  
• the  person  in  charge  of  loading  the  truck  
• the  vehicle  owner  
• the  freight  consigner.  

Some  operations  are  the  responsibility  of  one  person,  sometimes  the  
responsibility  is  shared.  

The  responsibilities  are:  

• make  sure  the  correct  vehicle  is  chosen  for  the  type  of  load  
• make  sure  the  vehicle,  including  the  trailer,  in-­‐built  locking  
systems,  etc.  are  in  good  working  order  
• provide  information  on  the  weight  of  the  load  
• provide  information  on  the  centre  of  mass  of  each  item  in  
the  load  
• place  each  item  safely  on  the  vehicle.  

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Activity 8: What are your responsibilities?

Write down your responsibilities as a loader, using the list on the

previous page.
_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Write down your responsibilities as a driver, using the list on the

previous page.
_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

There is feedback on this activity at the back of this Learner’s

Guide.

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What are the regulations for unusual loads?

There  are  special  regulations  covering:  

• loads  exceeding  normal  limits  
• dangerous  goods  
• live  loads    
− bulk  liquids  
− wet  concrete  
− passengers.  

The  authorities  listed  at  the  beginning  of  this  section  will  have  the  
relevant  state/territory  regulations  covering  these  specialised  loads.    

For  dangerous  goods  the  following  publications  are  useful:  

• The  Australian  Dangerous  Goods  Code,  6th  edition  
− from  the  Australian  Government  Printing  Service  in  your  
state/territory.  
• Users  Guide  To  The  Australian  Dangerous  Goods  Code.    

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What are the International cargo symbols?

Check  all  sides  of  a  box  or  carton  for  any  symbols  or  instructions.  The  
symbols  should  be  large  and  clear  and  are  usually  in  the  vertical  faces  
of  the  load.  

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Activity 9: Can you identify these symbols?

Write the letter of the correct symbol next to it’s meaning:

Meaning Symbol letter
Heavy weight this end
Keep dry
.......kg max.
Centre of mass
Sling here
This way up
Use no hooks
Keep away from heat
Fragile handle with care

There is feedback on this activity at the back of this Learner’s

Guide.

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 TLID407C Load and unload goods/cargo

Section 2

How do you put the loading

regulations into practice?

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Section outline

Areas  covered  in  this  section  

How  you  arrange  the  load  on  the  platform  
How  you  lift  a  load  
How  you  deal  with  unusual  loads    

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How do you load a vehicle?

Loading  a  vehicle  involves:  

• selecting  the  correct  vehicle  for  the  load  
• preparing  the  load  for  placing  onto  or  in  the  vehicle  
• arranging  the  load  on  the  vehicle  safely    
• preparation  and  planning  lead  to  excellent  and  safe  
performance.      

How do you choose the right vehicle for the

job?

The  vehicle  must  have:  

• a  suitable  design  for  the  load  
• enough  load  space/area  on  the  platform  
• enough  load  capacity  (can  carry  the  weight).  

For  example:  
• a  load  with  a  high  centre  of  mass  should  be  carried  on  a:  
− drop  frame  trailer  
− low  loader  
• a  long  load  should  be  carried  on  a  vehicle  with  a  long  
enough  body  to  prevent  hangover.    

If  a  short  hangover  cannot  be  avoided  a  red  flag  should  be  attached  to  
the  end  of  the  load.  

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Activity 10: Select the right vehicle for the job

Which of the following vehicles would you select for carrying the
loads listed below?

List of vehicles, you can select any vehicle more than once:
• low loader
• skeletal semi-trailer
• tray and tarps
• tip-truck
• pantechnicon
• refrigerated vehicle
• tanker.

Write the name of the vehicle next to the load you would use it for.

Load Vehicle

Logs

Grader

Hanging meat

Palletised freight

Loose gravel

Container

Chemical fluid

Polystyrene blocks

There is feedback on this activity at the back of this Learner’s

Guide.

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What is the height limit for the load?

The  height  of  the  load  must  not  be  greater  than:  
• the  limits  set  down  in  the  Road  Transport  Reform  (Heavy  
Vehicle  Standards)  Regulations  
• bridges  or  overhead  wires  likely  to  be  met  on  the  journey.  

What is the weight limit for the load?

The  weight  of  the  load  must  not  be  greater  than:  
• the  vehicle  manufacturer’s:    
− rated  axle  load  capacity  
− rated  Gross  Vehicle  Mass  (GVM)  
− rated  Gross  Combination  Mass  (GCM),  if  applicable  
• the  requirements  of  the  Road  Transport  Reform  (Mass  and  
Loading)  Regulations.    

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Activity 11: Height and weight limits

Do this check on 3 different types of vehicle which are loaded and

ready to leave your depot:

Vehicle 1 Vehicle 2 Vehicle 3

Type of vehicle

Load

GVC or GCM

Actual total mass

Height limit

Actual height

Axle limits

Axle mass

Tyre limits

Tyre mass

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 TLID407C Load and unload goods/cargo

How do you place the load safely?

You  need  to  reduce  the  risk  of  overturning  on  corners    

To  do  this  you  need  to  arrange  the  load  carefully.  

The  centre  of  mass  is  the  centre  of  gravity  or  centre  of  balance  of  a  
load,  or  of  individual  items  in  a  load.    

The  load  should  be  put  on  the  platform  so  that  the  centre  of  mass  is  as  
near  as  possible  to  the  centreline.  

Load  the  heaviest  objects  first  and  place  them  along  the  centreline  of  
the  platform.    

A  load  should  be  positioned  so  that  it  is  flush  with  the  headboard  
where  possible.    

If  the  load  is  heavy  the  even  distribution  of  weight  is  more  important.  
Use  dunnage  or  blocks  to  keep  the  load  in  position.  

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The  weight  should  be  placed  as  low  down  as  possible.    

It  is  best  to  place  heavy  items  next  to  each  other  along  the  centre  line  
and  at  the  base  of  the  load.    

You  need  to  prevent  fragile  items  from  being  crushed,  for  example  
during  heavy  braking.    

If  the  load  has  some  heavy  items  and  some  fragile  items,  the  heavy  
items  should  be  placed  near  the  headboard  and  the  fragile  ones  
loaded  behind  them.  

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 TLID407C Load and unload goods/cargo

Activity 12: Loading a vehicle

Ask your trainer to organise a practical exercise where you have to

work out the order of placing the load onto the platform.

Type of vehicle
_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

List each item in the load, it’s weight and dimensions:

Item Mass Dimensions

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

(Trainer to mark half of these items for following activity)

Draw your plan of where you will load the items here:

Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3

© Australian National Training Authority 2003 Page 39

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TLID407C Load and unload goods/cargo

You  need  to  have  enough  weight  on  steer  axles.    

This  helps  to  prevent  the  trailer  from  swaying  or  vibrating.  To  do  this  
you  need  to  arrange  the  bulk  of  the  weight  in  front  of  the  rear  wheels.  

Put  another  way,  the  centre  of  mass  of  the  load  should  be  in  front  of  
the  centre  of  the  rear  axle  group  of  the  truck  or  trailer.  

For  safe  steering  performance  the  ground  weight  of  the  steer  axle  of  a  
truck  or  prime  mover  should  be  at  least  a  fifth  or  20%  of  the  total  
ground  weight  of  the  truck  over  all  its  axles.  

What other things do you need to know when

loading your truck?
• Check  the  manufacturers  specifications  always.  There  may  
be  information  on  the  packaging,  or  leaflets  or  brochures  
provided  with  the  goods.    
• Load  redistribution.  If  you  are  delivering  to  more  than  one  
site  you  need  to  either:  
− loads  goods  so  that  the  partial  unload  can  be  done  without  
affecting  the  mass  limits  or  restraint  requirements,  or  
− re-­‐arrange  the  load  after  each  delivery  to  ensure  that  you  
continue  to  comply  with  all  the  regulations.  

Page 40 © Australian National Training Authority 2003

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 TLID407C Load and unload goods/cargo

Activity 13: Redistribution of a load

Ask you trainer to nominate half of the list of goods in activity 11 for
a first deliver.

Plan your redistribution of the remaining load here:

Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3

© Australian National Training Authority 2003 Page 41

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TLID407C Load and unload goods/cargo

How do you lift a load?

Depending  on  the  type  of  load  and  the  vehicle  used  you  may  have  to  
lift  the  load:  
• manually  
• using  ropes,  slings  and  chains  
• using  specialised  machinery.  

An  important  note:  

Chains  and  ropes  that  are  used  for  restraining  loads  are  not    suitable  or  
strong  enough  for  lifting  loads.  Check  the  ropes  and  chains  you  are  
using.  

Manual lifting

Back  injury  can  be  caused  by  incorrect  lifting.  

Protect  your  back  by  learning  to  lift  the  correct  way.  

Always:  
• check  the  weight  of  the  load  before  you  lift  it  
• place  your  feet  next  to  the  load  
• get  a  secure  grip  on  the  load  
• keep  your  back  straight  
• use  the  muscles  in  your  legs  to  lift.  

Lifting using ropes, slings and chains

Whenever  you  are  using  ropes  slings  or  chains  to  lift  a  load  you  need  to  
know  the  SAFE  WORKING  LOAD,  SWL,  of  each  piece  of  equipment.  

For  a  new  piece  of  equipment,  under  normal  conditions,  the  SWL  will  
be  the  WORKING  LOAD  LIMIT,  WLL,  as  specified  by  the  manufacturer.    
The  WWL  should  be  displayed  on  any  rope  sling  or  chain  you  are  using  
for  lifting.  

It  is  your  responsibility  to  check  the  SWL  of  your  equipment,  which  can  
vary  from  the  WLL  because  of:  
• wear  

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 TLID407C Load and unload goods/cargo

• damage  
• knots  
− reduces  the  strength  of  a  lifting  rope  by  50%  
• angles  
− it  is  illegal  to  sling  a  load  with  an  angle  over  120  degrees  
• hitches  
− can  reduce  the  lifting  strength  by  20  to  50%.  

Equipment  for  lifting  has  a  safety  factor:  

• Slings  used  to  support  people  ............................................................ 10  
• Fibre  slings  (webbing  and  round  types) .............................................    8  
• Fibre  rope  slings...................................................................................    6  
• Wire  rope  slings ...................................................................................    5  
• Alloy  chain  slings..................................................................................    4  

The  working  load  limit  is  equal  to  the  breaking  load  divided  by  the  
safety  factor.  

© Australian National Training Authority 2003 Page 43

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Activity 14: Safe working loads

Explain in your own words:

Working Load Limit

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Safe Working Load

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Collect 3 slings from your workplace, fill in the table below:

Type of sling Safe working load

There is feedback on this activity at the back of this Learner’s

Guide.

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 TLID407C Load and unload goods/cargo

Types of sling

You  need  to  choose  the  right  type  of  sling  for  your  load.  Chain  is  very  
strong  and  durable,  but  can  damage  a  soft  load,  natural  fibre  rope  
slings  fray  easily  and  should  not  be  used  on  loads  with  sharp  edges.  

These  are  the  properties  of  various  types  of  lifting  sling:  

Natural  fibre  rope  slings  

• easily  damaged  by  cuts,  chemicals,  damp,  heat  and  sunlight  
• need  packing  to  protect  against  sharp  edges  
• dry  out  ropes  naturally  

Synthetic  fibre  rope  slings  

• can  stretch  40%  before  breaking-­‐the  snap  and  recoil  can  cause  
serious  injury  
• can  be  damaged  by  cuts,  chemicals,  heat  and  sunlight.  

Synthetic  fibre  webbing  slings  

• these  include  double  eye  slings,  endless  slings  and  slings  fitted  with  
metal  end  pieces  
• the  outer  sleeve  should  be  made  of  the  same  material  as  the  inner  
fibre  so  that  internal  damage  and  wear  is  not  obscured  
• can  be  damaged  by  cuts,  chemicals,  heat  and  sunlight.  

Flexible  steel  wire  rope  slings  

• strong  light  and  durable  
• need  to  use  gloves  
• can  be  damaged  by  stretch,  water  (rust),  chemicals  
• wire  rope  clips  or  bulldog  clips  must  never  be  used  to  make  lifting  
slings.  

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Chain  
• Long  lasting,  not  damaged  by  sharp  corners,  heat,  water,  most  
chemicals  
• Expensive  and  heavy,  can  mark  loads  -­‐  needs  to  used  with  padding  
• If  SWL  is  hard  to  see,  you  can  calculate  it  using  the  formula:  
diameter  x  diameter  x  10  =  SWL  kg  
• If  you  are  sure  that  the  chain  is  alloy  chain  grade  T  or  8,    
SWL  Kg  =  diameter  x  diameter  x  30    
• You  can  shorten  chain  using  a  grab  hook  or  a  clutch  hook.  

Safety of slings

You  are  responsible  for  the  equipment  that  you  use,  so,  before  using  
any  lifting  equipment:  
• check  that  the  slings  are  marked  with  a  readable  WLL  or  
SWL  tag  
• do  not  use  hand  spliced,  untested  slings  
• do  not  use  bulldog  grips  
• if  a  sling  has  been  damaged,  remove  it  from  the  working  
area:  
− check  with  the  manufacturer  to  see  if  it  can  be  repaired  
− if  it  cannot  be  used,  cut  it  up  and  discard  it  
• inspect  slings  before  every  use  
• conduct  a  thorough  inspection  every  3  months:  
− check  with  a  full  safe  working  load    
• keep  a  sling  register,  record:  
− inspections  
− repairs    
− other  relevant  information  such  as  prolonged  exposure  to  
heat,  dampness.  

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Activity 15: Sling safety register

Start your own sling safety register.

List 5 slings that you use in your workplace, their safe working load
and any observations you make upon close inspection of the sling.

No. Type of sling SWL* Observations

1 wire rope sling 0.57 length = 1.5 m no stretch

very slight rust

no broken wires or kinks

* direct load

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Lifting using specialised machinery

Other  methods  of  lifting  loads  include:  

• fork  lift  machinery  
• cranes  
• hydraulic  tailgates  
• conveyors.  

Operation  of  this  type  of  equipment  may  require  a  separate  license  or  
certificate  of  competency.  

How do you load unusual cargo?

This  section  gives  some  general  points  on  loading  unusual  cargo.    

The  Load  Restraint  Guide  will  give  detailed  regulations  about  each  type  
of  cargo.    

If  you  are  moving  unusual  cargo  you  need  to  study  the  regulations  and  
follow  the  guidelines  exactly.  

You  need  to  take  care  in  preparing  goods  to  be  placed  on  the  vehicle.  
Wherever  possible  goods  should  be  packed  into  cases  or  on  pallets  or  
in  secure  bundles.  This  makes  loading  and  securing  on  the  vehicle  
easier  and  safer.  

Most  of  the  types  of  cargo  dealt  with  here  will  also  need  to  be  
secured,  protected  or  restrained  in  some  way.  

Containers    

When  placing  a  load  in  a  container  the  general  rules  apply:  

• heavy  goods  should  be  spread  evenly  over  the  floor  area  
• light  goods  should  be  placed  on  top  of  heavy  goods  
• if  the  container  is  not  full,  the  load  must  be  secured  within  
the  container  to  prevent  any  movement  during  
transportation.  

Most  containers  are  built  to  ISO  standards  and  have  corner  castings  
for  lifting  and  for  attaching  to  twist-­‐locks  on  specialised  container  
carriers.    

Remember  that  an  empty  container  rides  higher  than  a  full  one.  

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Cargo  on  pallets  

Pallets  should  be  checked  regularly  to  make  sure  that  they  are  in  good  
condition.    The  pallet  needs  to  be  strong  enough  to  carry  the  load.    

You  need  to  prepare  pallets  for  loading  by  stacking  and  securing  the  
goods  so  that  no  movement  occurs  on  the  pallet.    

The  pallets  must  then  be  stacked  and  secured  on  the  vehicle  so  that  
they  cannot  move  during  transportation.  

Construction  equipment  

Check  the  manufacturer’s  recommendations  for  loading  the  machine.  

There  should  be  instructions  for  preventing  movement  of  attachments  
such  as  buckets,  jibs,  booms,  slewing  superstructures  and  cabs.  

All  loose  items  should  be  removed  from  the  machine  and  secured  to  
the  platform  of  the  carrier.    

The  suspension  unit  of  the  machine  should  be  locked.  

Relieve  the  pressure  in  the  hydraulic  system  of  the  machine.  You  can  
do  this  by  moving  all  control  levers  through  all  positions  with  the  
engine  off  and  the  machine  stowed,  do  this  at  least  twice.    

Cap  any  exhaust  stacks  on  the  machine  to  protect  the  turbo  charger.  

Check  the  clearance  of  a  low  loader,  with  the  machine  stowed,  there  
may  be  danger  of  grounding.  Clearance  should  not  be  less  than  1/20th  
of  the  distance  between  adjacent  axles.    

Timber  

There  are  different  regulations  for  loading:    

• log  timber  
• processed  timber  products.  

Refer  to  the  Load  Restraint  Guide  Section  C2  pages  61-­‐67  if  you  handle  
this  type  of  cargo  in  your  workplace.  

Log  timber  

Specialised,  purpose  built  vehicles  should  be  used  to  transport  log  
timber.  These  include  timber  jinkers  and  skeletal  trailers  including  pole  
trailers,  skeletal  semi-­‐trailers  and  B-­‐doubles.    

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These  vehicles  have  special  restraints  fitted  to  ensure  no  movement  of  
the  logs  in  transportation.    For  example,  the  outer  logs  in  a  stack  have  
to  be  restrained  by  a  minimum  of  two  stanchions.  
• Place  the  logs  end  to  end,  this  helps  the  load  to  build  up  
evenly.    
• The  top  outside  logs  should  not  be  higher  than  the  
stanchion.    
• The  inner  top  logs  may  be  half  the  log  diameter  above  the  
stanchion  height.    
• Cradle  short  logs  in  the  middle  of  longer  logs.  

Processed  timber    

Processed  timber  may  be  carried  in  loose  or  packaged  form.    

Lashings  are  not  needed  on  a  vehicle  with  head,  side  and  tailboards  of  
suitable  strength.  The  timber  should  be  loaded  and  packed  tightly  to  
prevent  movement.    (Refer  to  the  guidelines  for  logs.)  

Processed  timber  such  as  loose  sheets  of  light  plywood  will  always  
need  to  be  secured  as  they  can  be  moved  by  airflow.  

Loose  building  materials  

Some  materials  are  carried  loose,  for  example  sand,  rubbish  or  asphalt.  
These  loads  need  to  be  prepared  and  placed  to  prevent  shedding.  
• The  body,  sides,  tailgates  and  body  to  chassis  attachments  
on  the  vehicle  should  be  in  good  condition.  
• If  no  tarpaulin  is  to  be  fitted,  the  load  should  always  be  100  
millimetres  below  any  side  of  the  vehicle.    
• Doors  to  bulk  bins  must  be  closed.  

Pipe  loads  

Where  possible  pipes  should  be  bundled  and  secured  together  prior  to  
loading.  

Loose  pipes  greater  than  2.5  metres  in  length  should  be  loaded  
lengthwise.    

Metal  and  asbestos  or  plastic  pipe  is  loaded  lengthwise  with  hardwood  
layers  between  each  layer  of  pipe.  The  ends  of  the  front  load  of  pipe  
should  be  flush  with  the  headboard.  

Concrete  pipe  should  be  loaded  across  the  vehicle,  if  possible  given  the  
length  and  weight  allowances.  

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Live  loads  

A  live  load  cannot  be  completely  secured  and  can  move  about  within  
the  load  space.  For  example:  
• bulk  liquids  
• livestock  
• hanging  meat  
• wet  concrete.  

The  stability  of  the  vehicle  can  be  improved  by  restricting  movement  
as  much  as  is  possible.  

For  bulk  liquids:  

• put  baffles  in  the  tank  
• put  the  liquid  in  several  smaller  tanks  
• make  sure  tanks  are  empty  or  full.  

Livestock  should  be  loaded  in  purpose  built  crates  allowing  very  little  
movement.  This  reduces  the  risk  of  injury  to  the  animal  and  increases  
the  stability  of  the  vehicle.  

Dangerous  goods  

The  person  in  charge  of  loading  or  unloading  dangerous  goods  must:  
• not  load  leaking  or  damaged  packages  
• ensure  that  goods  are  stowed  according  to  the  regulations  
in  section  7  of  the  Australian  Dangerous  Goods  Code  (ADG  
Code)  
• ensure  that  incompatible  goods  are  not  on  the  same  
vehicle,  unless  segregated  by  an  approved  device    (refer  to  
ADG  Code,  section  7.2.3)  
• ensure  that  the  driver  has  a  copy  of  the  shipping  
document  conforming  to  the  requirements  in  the  ADG  
Code,  section  4.  
• ensure  that  the  vehicle  is  marked  clearly  and  correctly  if  
required  -­‐  see  ADG  code  section  3  
• follow  safety  precautions  for  entering  enclosed  spaces,  
particularly  where  there  may  be  harmful  dust  or  vapour.  

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Activity 16: Unusual loads

Describe how you would load the following:

Container
_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Pallet
_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Logs
_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

There is feedback on this activity at the back of this Learner’s

Guide.

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Section 3

How do you tie the load down and

protect it?

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Section outline

Areas  covered  in  this  section  

What  load  restraining  regulations  must  you  follow  

The  types  of  restraining  equipment  that  is  used  

How  to  safely  restrain  and  check  a  load  

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What are the general rules?

Loads  must  be  restrained  to  stop  movement  during  transportation.    

• The  load  must  not  become  dislodged  from  the  vehicle.    
• The  load  should  not  move  about  on  the  vehicle.    

The  restraints  that  you  use  must  be  in  good  condition.  

Restraint  regulations    

In  order  to  meet  the  performance  criteria  laid  out  in  the  Load  Restraint  
Guide,  your  restraints  need  to  provide  each  of  the  following  
separately:  
• restraining  forces  equal  to  80%  of  the  weight  of  the  load  to  
prevent  the  load  shifting  forwards  (e.g.  during  forward  
braking)  
• restraining  forces  equal  to  50%  of  the  weight  of  the  load  to  
prevent  the  load  shifting  rearwards  (e.g.  during  braking  in  
reverse)  
• restraining  forces  equal  to  50%  of  the  weight  of  the  load  to  
prevent  the  load  shifting  sideways  (e.g.  during  cornering)  
• restraining  forces  equal  to  20%  in  addition  to  the  weight  of  
the  load  to  prevent  the  load  moving  vertical  relative  to  the  
vehicle.  

In  the  case  of  an  extremely  slippery  load,  where  there  is  no  friction,  for  
example,  steel  on  steel,  direct  lashings  need  to  be  used.  In  this  case  
the  strength  of  restraints  should  be:    
• in  the  forward  direction  =  twice  the  weight  of  the  load  
• sideways  =  the  weight  of  the  load    
• rearwards  =  the  weight  of  the  load.  

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Activity 17: Performance standards for load restraints

You are carrying a load of total weight 1.8 tonnes. What total
strength of restraints do you need to:
• prevent the load shifting forwards
_______________________________________________________________
• prevent the load shifting backwards
_______________________________________________________________
• prevent the load shifting sideways
_______________________________________________________________
• prevent the load from moving vertically in relation to the vehicle
_______________________________________________________________

There is feedback on this activity at the back of this Learner’s

Guide.

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What are the different types of restraining

equipment?

The  following  types  of  equipment  are  recommended  for  restraining  

loads  on  vehicles:    
• rope    
− the  most  suitable  rope  is  synthetic  rope,  polyethylene,  made  
from  staple  fibre  (silver)  
− beware  of  the  many  types  of  rope  available  which  are  unsafe  
and  unsuitable  for  restraining  loads  
− sisal  and  manilla  ropes  cannot  be  used  for  securing  loads  on  
vehicles  
• lashing  tensioners  and  connectors  
− webbing,  chain  and  wire  rope  lashing  assemblies  all  require  
good  quality  ,  undamaged  connectors  and  tensioners  
− powered  winches  are  useful  as  they  automatically  self-­‐tension  
during  transit  
• webbing  assemblies  
− should  be  compiled  of  load  rated  material  with  attached  or  
portable  ratchet  winches  
• chain  assemblies  
− high  tensile  chain  or  transport  chain,  yield  strength  650  to  700  
MPa  is  suitable  for  lashings,  but  not  for  lifting  loads  
− select  chain  tensioners  which  do  not  ‘kickback’,  for  extra  
operator  safety  
• wire  rope  and  attachments  
− steel  wire  rope,  with  end  fittings  and  tensioning  winches,  is  
good  for  loads  which  may  settle  in  transit,  the  lashing  is  more  
elastic  and  can  be  tightened    easily  
• strapping  
− steel  strapping  is  good  for  lashing  heavy  slippery  loads  on  to  
container  flats  
• clamps  and  latches  
− should  have  positive  locking  action  
• timber  
− can  be  used  for  dunnage,  chocks,  cradles  

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− should  be  the  right  shape  and  type  for  the  job  
− should  be  free  of  knots  and  splits  
− rounded  edges  will  prevent  wear  on  lashings  
• inter-­‐layer  packaging  
− increases  the  friction  between  layers  of  the  load,  for  example,  
anti-­‐slip  mats  
• separators  
− air  bags,  sometimes  called  pneumatic  load  control  systems  
− take  care  to  follow  the  manufacturers  specifications  and  
instructions  carefully  
− rubber  tyres.  

What are the safety requirements?

The  restraints  that  you  use  have  to  be  strong  enough  to  restrain  the  
load.  The  measurement  of  the  strength  of  the  restraint  is  provided  by  a  
set  of  standards.  Equipment  that  conforms  to  the  standards  will  be  
marked,  for  example:  
• Conforms  to  standard  AS2321  1979  Short  link  chain  for  
lifting  purposes.  
• The  relevant  standards  are  listed  in  the  Load  Restraint  
Guide,  Appendices,  Section  G2.  

As  the  standards  are  updated  from  time  to  time,  you  will  need  to  have  
a  current  copy  of  the  Load  Restraint  Guide,  and  Current  copies  of  the  
standards.  

When  you  are  buying  equipment,  you  need  to  know  what  the  current  
standard  is,  so  that  you  do  not  buy  or  use  equipment  that  did  conform  
to  a  standard  which  has  now  been  updated.  

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Activity 18: Safety standards for restraining equipment

What types of restraining equipment do you use in your workplace?

Make an inventory of the all the types of restraining equipment

available in your work area, write the items in the table below.

Check in the Load Restraint Guide for the standard that each piece
of equipment should comply with. Write the relevant standard next
to the item on your list.

Check that each piece of equipment does comply with the relevant
standard.

Item Standard Check 

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How do you select and use the equipment?

Once  you  have  identified  the  different  types  of  equipment  and  the  
safety  standards  for  each,  you  need  to  know  how  to  use  them.    

Always  check  your  equipment  for  any  signs  of  wear  and  tear.  If  you  
have  the  any  doubt  about  the  condition  of  rope,  chain,  wire,  strapping,  
webbing  or  attachments  do  not  use  the  equipment.    

More  detailed  information  on  selecting,  checking  and  using  equipment  

can  be  found  in  the  Load  Restraint  Guide  Section  B2.    

Which  equipment  do  you  use  for  different  types  of  load?  

Light  loads  
• rope  
• tarpaulin.  

Heavy  individual  objects  

• chains  
• webbing  
• steel  strapping  -­‐  especially  for  very  heavy  objects  as  this  can  be    
pre-­‐tensioned  
• wire  rope.  

Crushable  loads,  or  loads  that  settle  in  transit  

• ropes  
• webbing.  

Timber  logs  
• chain  and  webbing,  combined.  

Sharp  or  abrasive  loads  

• chain  
• steel  strapping.  

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How do you use the equipment?

Lashings  
• protect  from  wear  and  tear  by  using  packing  material,  or  sleeves  
where  they  touch  other  lashings  or  the  load  
• attach  lashings  to  the  vehicle  at  the  tie  rail  support  joint  
• position    winches  on  alternate  sides  of  the  vehicle  along  the  load  
• use  separate  tie  down  lashings  
• knot  ropes  correctly  using  the  round  turn  and  two  half  hitches  or  
the  clove  hitch  and  half  hitch.  

Webbing  
• protect  from  sharp  edges,  chemicals  and  heat  
• wind  strapping  evenly  on  winches  

Chains  and  tensioners  

• check  for  knots,  twists  and  unusual  joins  as  well  as  wear  and  tear  on  
links  
• use  the  correct  tensioning  equipment  for  the  type  of  chain.  

Wire  rope  and  winches  

• protect  against  sharp  edges  
• make  sure  the  rope  is  not  bent  near  a  clamp  or  splice.  

How do you do a safety check?

You  need  to  check  that:  

• projection  from  the  front,  sides  and  rear  of  the  vehicle  are  
within  the  limits  
• the  mass  of  the  total  vehicle  and  over  each  individual  axle  
or  axle  groups  are  within  the  limits  
• the  amount  of  restraint  meets  the  performance  standards  
• the  vehicle  steering  and  braking  performance  is  good.  

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Activity 19: Load a vehicle and perform safety check

For this activity your trainer will arrange for you to:
• lift or place a complete load on a vehicle
• restrain the load
• perform a safety check
• drive the vehicle 25 kilometres (or ask your trainer to drive the
vehicle)
• recheck the load.

Ask your trainer to:

• observe your loading activity
• check the load before it is driven off
• make observations on your loading performance.

Discuss the observations with your trainer.

Photocopy the following page so that you can repeat this activity on
different loads.

Checklist for loading Yes No

Is the load platform wide enough?
Is the load platform long enough?
Is the load platform clean, dry, free from grease?
Is the front of the load pushed right up to the front rack or
headboard?
Do you have enough lashings?
Do you have enough anchorage points?
Are the lashings in good condition?
Have you used wedges and chocks?
Are the lashings strong enough?
If it is a loose load, have you used a tarpaulin?
Have you checked that the overall weight of the load is legal?
Have you checked that the weight over each axle is legal?

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Checklist for loading Yes No

Have you tightened the lashings?
Are any projection from the vehicle within limits?
Do you need a warning flag?
Have you checked whether the is load too high?

Trainer’s observations on loading performance:

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

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Checking your load

You  should  check  your  load  to  make  sure  that  any  slight  movement  is  
checked  by  re-­‐arranging  or  retensioning  the  restraints.  

Your  load  will  exert  force  against  the  restraints  every  time  you  change  
the  conditions.  

If  you  are  stationery  and  move  off  the  load  will  pull  backwards,  trying  
to  stay  still.  

If  you  are  moving  forwards  and  then  brake  the  load  will  push  forwards,  
trying  to  continue  moving.  

If  you  corner  sharply,  the  load  will  pull  in  the  direction  you  were  
originally  travelling.  

You  need  to  check  your  load:    

• before  moving  off  
• after  25  kilometres  
• when  you  do  tyre  checks  
• every  time  you  add  or  remove  a  load  
• after  emergency  braking  
• after  driving  over  bumps  
• after  a  sharp  turn.  

Check  your  transportation  and  load  documentation.  You  should  check  

to  make  sure  that  your  load  documentation  has  been  completed  in  
accordance  with  company  requirements.    The  documentation  may  
cover:  
• the  necessary  dangerous  goods  documentation  
• load  sheets  
• invoices  
• manifests  
• load  weight  information  (weighbridge  dockets)  
• licences  
• consignment  notes.  

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Section 4

How do you unload a truck?

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Section outline

Areas  covered  in  this  section  

The  general  rules  for  unloading  a  vehicle  

Practical  unloading  

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What are the general rules for unloading a

vehicle?

Safety  is  the  prime  concern  when  you  are  unloading  a  vehicle.    

Although  you  have  taken  the  greatest  care  to  ensure  that  the  load  has  
not  shifted  during  transportation,  you  can  never  be  absolutely  sure  
that  the  load  is  as  secure  as  when  you  set  off.    

As  you  are  driving  you  need  to  stop  to  check  the  load  at  intervals.  If  
you  observe  any  load  movement  you  will  need  to  stop  and  
unload/reload  the  freight.  

When  you  are  unloading  a  vehicle  you  need  to:  

• find  a  suitable  unloading  area    
• observe  the  safety  precautions  for  unloading.  

Find a suitable unloading area

If  you  are  on  the  destination  site  you  will  be  directed  to  the  unloading  
bay.    

If  you  have  to  unload  on  a  public  road  you  need  to:  
• be  aware  of  your  own  personal  safety  
• find  a  level  site  where  possible  
• if  you  have  to  park  on  a  slope  
− chock  all  the  wheels  on  one  axle    
− turn  the  steering  wheel  to  full  lock      
• switch  on  the  parking  lights  
• barricade  off  the  unloading  area.  

Safety precautions while unloading

• Walk  around  the  vehicle  checking  the  load  and  the  
restraints  for  any  sign  of  movement  or  damage.  
• Clear  the  area  of  personnel.  
• Untension  winches  and  tensioners  slowly,  watching  for  
any  movement  of  the  freight.  

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• Remove  restraints  or  open  doors  slowly,  watching  for  any  

movement  of  the  freight.  
• Unload  from  the  right  side  of  the  vehicle  first.  Road  
camber  tends  to  make  freight  shift  slightly  to  the  left.  
• Make  sure  that  all  dock  levellers,  bridge  plates,  vehicle  tail  
lifts  are  in  good  working  order  and  keep  your  hands  clear  
of  machinery.  
• If  you  are  only  taking  off  part  of  the  load,  re-­‐arrange  your  
load  to  comply  with  regulations.  
• Clean  the  platform,  pack  away  all  equipment.  

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Activity 20: Observe unloading

Observe a vehicle unloading activity in your workplace.

Take detailed notes about the way in which the vehicle is unloaded.

What type of load is being taken off?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Where, and how is the vehicle parked?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

What restraints can you see?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

What does the unloader do first?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Describe the unloading in detail as you observe it:

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Do you have any questions about this unloading activity?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Ask your trainer to answer these questions.

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Activity 21: Practical unloading

Your trainer will arrange for you to unload a vehicle, clean the
platform and stow all equipment away. Your trainer will observe this
task.

What type of load are you taking off?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Where, and how is the vehicle parked?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

What restraints can you see?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

What will you do first?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Describe the unloading in detail as you performed it:

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Does your trainer have any observations to make about this

unloading activity? Note these down.
_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

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Additional
resources

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Web  sites:  
• National  Road  Transport  Commission    
http://www.ntc.gov.au  
• Australian  Transport  Safety  Board    
http://www.atsb.gov.au  
• Road  Transport  Authority  (NSW)    
http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au  
• VicRoads  (Vic)    
 
http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au  
• Department  of  Transport  &  Regional  Services    
http://www.dotars.gov.au  
• NSW  Workcover  
http://www.workcover.nsw.gov.au  
• Queensland  Rural  Fire  Service  
http://www.ruralfire.qld.gov.au  
• Victorian  Workcover  Authority  (including  publications  section)  
http://www.workcover.vic.gov.au/dir090/vwa/home.nsf  
• Attorney  General’s  Department  (relevant  legislation)  
http://www.scaletext.law.gov.au      

Organisations:    
• National  Road  Transport  Commission    
PO  Box  13105,  Law  Courts,  Victoria,  Australia  8010    
(Level  5,  326  William  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria,  Australia  3000)    
Telephone:  03  9321  8444  Facsimile:  03  9326  8964  
• Standards  Australia  
19  –  25  Raglan  St  
South  Melbourne,  Victoria  
Telephone  (03)  9693  3555  
• Commonwealth  Bookshop  
109  Queens  St  
Melbourne,  Victoria  
Telephone  (03)  9670  4224  

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Paper-­‐based  resources:  
• Load  Restraint  Guide,  Federal  Office  of  Road  Safety  &  National  
Road  Transport  Commission,  Commonwealth  of  Australia,  1994  
• Australian  Dangerous  Goods  Code,  Federal  Office  of  Road  Safety  &  
National  Road  Transport  Commission,  Commonwealth  of  Australia,  
Volume  1  &  2,  6th  edition,  1998  
• What’s  New  in  Dangerous  Goods  Transport?,  Department  of  
Minerals  and  Energy  (WA),  1999  

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Feedback on
activities
The responses provided in this section are suggested responses.
Because every workplace is different, your responses may vary
according to your specific workplace procedures, the equipment
available and the nature of the business.

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Activity 1: Why do loads move?

If a load is not stacked and tied safely it can start moving by:
• driving over bumps/potholes
• turning
• braking
• accelerating.

Activity 3: Where do you get your information from?

• The Department of Transport, Federal Office of Road Safety

• The National Road Transport Commission
• The authority listed as covering the states/territories you are
driving through

Activity 4: Which regulations and guidelines do you need?

• The Load Restraint Guide

• The Road Transport Reform (Mass and Loading) Regulations
• The Road Transport Reform (Heavy Vehicle Standards)
Regulations
• The Australian Dangerous Goods Code
• The User’s Guide to the Dangerous Goods Code

Activity 6: What are the general rules for loading a truck?

• Suitable vehicle
• Mass does not exceed GVM/GCM
• Mass on tyres does not exceed manufacturers load capacity
• Mass on axles or axle groups does not exceed limits in Road
Transport (Mass and Loading) regulations
• Total mass does not exceed 42.5 tonnes
• Load does not project more than
− 1.2 metres from the front of the vehicle
− 15mm from the side of the vehicle.
• Warning flag attached if load projects more that 1.2 metres from
the rear of the vehicle

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• Adequate restraints are used to comply with performance

standards set out in the Load Restraint Guide

Activity 8: Who is responsible?

• For making sure that the vehicle used is suitable for the load?
− vehicle operator
− driver
− loader
• For giving the driver and the loader information on the weight of
the load?
− consignor
• For giving the driver and the loader information on the centre of
mass of the load?
− consignor
• For making sure that the load is placed safely on the vehicle?
− person in charge of loading
− driver

Activity 9: Can you identify these symbols?

Meaning Symbol letter

Heavy weight this end G
Keep dry F
.......kg max. H
Centre of mass I
Sling here C
This way up D
Use no hooks B
Keep away from heat E
Fragile handle with care A

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Activity 10: Select the right vehicle for the job

Load Vehicle

Logs Skeletal semi-trailer

Grader Low loader

Hanging meat Refrigerated vehicle

Palletised freight Pantechnicon

Loose gravel Tip-truck

Container Skeletal semi-trailer

Chemical fluid Tanker

Polystyrene blocks Tray and tarps

Activity 14: Safe working loads

The working load limit is the manufacturer’s recommended limit for

that sling when in good condition and used properly.

The safe working load is the load limit for that sling taking into
account:
• wear and tear
• knots
• hitches
• angles.

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Activity 16: Unusual loads

Containers
• general rules of loading apply within the container
− spread heavy goods evenly on the floor
− light goods on top of heavy goods
− use dunnage packing and blocks to prevent load movement
if the container is not full.

Pallet
• check that the pallet is in good condition and can bear the
weight of the load
• stack and secure the goods on the pallet so that the goods
cannot move
• stack and secure the pallets on the vehicle so that the pallets
cannot move.

Logs
• place logs end to end
• top outside logs should not be higher than the stanchion
• cradle short logs in the middle of longer logs.

Activity 17: Performance standards for load restraints

For a load of total mass 1.8 tonnes, you need:

• 1.44 tonnes of restraint to prevent forward movement
• 0.9 tonnes of restraint to prevent rearward and sideways
movement
• 0.36 tonnes of restraint to prevent the load from lifting up from
the vehicle.

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