I am not

understand this
concept can
anybody
xplain me i am
using X as 3*3
matrix and h as
Comment only
3*3 matrix...I
runned the
aghil vinayak
program got
output but t is
1*6 matrix but
ishould be 3*3
18
May Dhrubajyoti
201 Das
5

Good

24
Sep Muhammad
201 Azeem
4

function y=my_conv(x,h)
x2=h;
lx=length(x);
lh=length(h);
if lx>lh
x2=[x2 zeros(1,lx-lh)];
else
x=[x zeros(1,lh-lx)];
end
y=zeros(1,lx+lh-1);
x=fliplr(x);
for i=1:length(y)
if i<=length(x)
y(i)=sum(x(1,length(x)-i+1:length(x)).*x2(1,1:i));
else
j=i-length(x);
y(i)=sum(x(1,1:length(x)-j).*x2(1,j+1:length(x2)));
end
end
figure
stem(y);

15 Sharifa
Mar Yasheen
201
4

I excuted Priya's written program but got error saying X

must be same length as Y and even in
subplot(2,2,1);stem(x1,x);

Comment
only

Comment
only

Please help me out where am going wrong

15
Mar Zulqadar
201 Hassan
4

good

23
Feb
Priya
201
4

clc
clear all
close all
x=input('Enter the first sequence: ');
l1=input('Enter the lower limit: ');
u1=input('Enter the upper limit: ');
x1=l1:1:u1;
h=input('Enter the second sequence: ');
l2=input('Enter the lower limit: ');
u2=input('Enter the upper limit: ');
h1=l2:1:u2;
l=l1+l2;
u=u1+u2;
n=l:1:u;
s=numel(n);
i=1;
for i=1:s
y(i)=0;
for k=1:numel(x)
if (i+1-k)<=0
y(i)=y(i)+(x(k)*0);
else if (i+1-k)>numel(h)
y(i)=y(i)+(x(k)*0);
else
y(i)=y(i)+(x(k)*h(i+1-k));
k=k+1;
end
end
end
i=i+1;
end
disp(y);
subplot(2,2,1);stem(x1,x);
title('First sequence');xlabel('n');ylabel('x(n)');
subplot(2,2,2);stem(h1,h);
title('Second Sequence');xlabel('n');ylabel('h(n)');
subplot(2,2,[3 4]);stem(n,y);
title('Convoluted sequence');xlabel('n');ylabel('y(n)');

Comment
only

28 assad
Jan
201
4

X = input('Enter x: '); %input vector X and H

H = input('Enter h: ') ;
LenX = length(X); %defining their lenghts
LenH = length(H);
y = zeros(1,LenX+LenH); %defing vector y of zeroes and of
size
% lenth of X + length of H
t = zeros(1,LenH); % definign a vector t of same length as H
for i = 1:LenH+LenX-1 % Running a for loop from 1 to
length of Y -1
if i<=LenX % till I IS Lesser then length of X i.e overlap
about to begin
t(1)= X(i); % put x(i) on t(1) later it is shifted forwards in the
vector t i.e. later t(2)=t(1)
for j = 1:LenH % in the if condition a for loop from 1 to
length of H
y(i) = y(i) + H(j)*t(j); % summing for all H(j)*t(j) and
putting it at y(1) or y(2) or Y(i) in first iteration
% i.e. for i=1 only firt multiplication would
% be non zero rest all zeroes.
end
for k = LenH:-1:2 % shifting old value of t(i) to t(i+1) now
there would me 1+ non zeroes values in t
% this cycle would continue until i is lesser then
% length X i.e. overlap increasing every iteration less
% and less non zero vales in t every iteration
t(k) = t(k-1);
end
else % now when all of the T is non zero which means 100%
overlap in else overlap would start to decrease between T
and H
% T is basically X
t(1)= 0;
for j = 1:LenH % Now we start filling up Zeroes in T i.e.
overlap began to decrease now and each iteration it would
decrease
% i.e T moving to left until there is no more
% over lap
y(i) = y(i) + (H(j)*t(j)); % in this for loop we multiply all
respective vales of h and t and add the
% putting it at y(1) or y(2) or Y(i) in first iteration
end

Comment
only

for k = LenH:-1:2 %% here just like similar loop above t

where we were filling up t with vales of x
%now we are filling up zeroos in t i.e. over lap decreasing
t(k) = t(k-1);
end
end
end
ly=length(y)
indices=[ly]
for i=1:ly
indices(i)=i;
end
disp (y); %displays vector y.
disp (indices); % displays vector indices.
stem(y);
ylabel('Y[n]');
xlabel('[n]');
title('Convolution without conv function');
23 Aghil Vinayak
Sep
x = input('Enter x: ');
201
h = input('Enter h: ') ;
3
Ni = length(x);
Nh = length(h);
y = zeros(1,Ni+Nh);
t = zeros(1,Nh);
for i = 1:Ni+Nh-1
if i<=Ni
t(1)= x(i);
for j = 1:Nh
y(i) = y(i) + h(j)*t(j);
end
for k = Nh:-1:2
t(k) = t(k-1);
end
else
t(1)= 0;
for j = 1:Nh
y(i) = y(i) + (h(j)*t(j));

Comment
only

end
for k = Nh:-1:2
t(k) = t(k-1);
end
end
end
stem(y);
30
Mar
sonali
201
3
21
Feb Rama Krishna
201 Tata
3
function [y] = myconv( x,h )

17
Feb Abdul-Rauf
201 Mujahid
3

m=length(x);
n=length(h);
x=[x,zeros(1,n)];
h=[h,zeros(1,m)];
for i=1:n+m-1
y(i)=0;
for j=1:m
if(i-j+1>0)
y(i)=y(i)+x(j)*h(i-j+1);
end
end
end

26
Dec
Aiman Sultan thanx :)
201
2
22
Nov
Nirjhar Roy nice
201
2
15 Mohammad
Comment
Nov reza nilchiyan good Job man, how can we put this code in the box with the only

201
2

rectangular shape input in simulink?

28
May muskan
201 kanwal
2
24
Apr
can you make it using function so that we should give two
tehseen sattar
201
input argument to the function and we return the output ...
2

Comment
only

12
Thank-you Duane, exactly what I was looking for.
Apr
Jos(10584) this program is very useful to me, so your
chiangmai4121
201
comment is wrong. Thanks again Duane, keep ignoring
2
haters like Jos
20
Jan
Mohit Gaur
201
2
12
Oct Tim
2011
23
Sep hamsa dhia
2011
30
jyotibasu
Jun
yaranal
2011
14
Jul ROHIT
201 ALHAT
0
27
Mar
imran shezad
200
9
24
Mar
Jos (10584)
200
9
23 Duane
Mar Hanselman
200
9

Why are there two inputs, x and h?

good gob well done
fine..

good job man.....

A typical example of a file that has no use for others, written

in poor C-style code. Do not bother to download!
The content of the M-file is:
% A GENERALAZED CONVOLUTION COMPUTING
CODE IN MATLAB WITHOUT USING MATLAB

Comment
only

BUILTIN FUNCTION conv(x,h)

close all
clear all
x=input('Enter x: ')
h=input('Enter h: ')
m=length(x);
n=length(h);
X=[x,zeros(1,n)];
H=[h,zeros(1,m)];
for i=1:n+m-1
Y(i)=0;
for j=1:m
if(i-j+1>0)
Y(i)=Y(i)+X(j)*H(i-j+1);
else
end
end
end
Y
stem(Y);
ylabel('Y[n]');
xlabel('----->n');
title('Convolution of Two Signals without conv function');

Otro*****************************************
function conv_322(x,x_start,h,h_start,delta);
% conv_322(x,x_start,h,h_start,delta);
%
% Convolution support function for the Signals and Systems course,
% EE-322 at the United States Naval Academy {EE Department}.
% Calculates and plots the numeric convolution integral, y(t) =
x(t)*h(t).
% The input, x(t), and the impulse response, h(t), are also plotted.
% For the result to be accurate ... delta must be sufficiently small.
%
% x
- sampled version of the input function
% x_start - input function start time (in seconds)
% h
- sampled version of the impulse response function
% h_start - impulse response function start time (in seconds)
% delta - time interval between samples (in seconds) ... delta t

%
% 7 September 1998, last rev 23 September 1998
% copyright (c) 1998, written by CDR Thad Welch {USNA}
% w/ help from Midshipman 2/C Trevor Laughter
expand=0.1;
total_length=length(x)+length(h)-1;
t=x_start+h_start+delta*(0:total_length-1);
t_min=min([x_start h_start t]);
t_max=max([x_start+delta*length(x) h_start+delta*length(h) t]);
y=delta*conv(x,h);
y_min=min([x h y]);
y_max=max([x h y]);
tmin=t_min-expand*(t_max-t_min);
tmax=t_max+expand*(t_max-t_min);
ymin=y_min-expand*(y_max-y_min);
ymax=y_max+expand*(y_max-y_min);
x_time=x_start+delta*(0:length(x)-1);
h_time=h_start+delta*(0:length(h)-1);
subplot(3,1,1)
plot([tmin t(1)-delta t tmax],[0 0 y 0],'b')
grid
title('Convolution of x(t) and h(t)')
ylabel('output, y(t)')
%axis([tmin tmax ymin ymax])
subplot(3,1,2)
plot([tmin x_time(1)-delta x_time x_time(length(x_time))+delta tmax],[0 0
x 0 0],'r')
grid
ylabel('input, x(t)')
%axis([tmin tmax ymin ymax])
subplot(3,1,3)
plot([tmin h_time(1)-delta h_time h_time(length(h_time))+delta tmax],[0 0
h 0 0],'g')
grid
xlabel('time (seconds)')
ylabel('impulse response, h(t)')
%axis([tmin tmax ymin ymax])

otro*****************************

Convolution without using conv in MATLAB

LINEAR SYSTEMS :
A system is linear, if it satisfies the superposition principle i.e. response of the system to a
weighted sum of signals is equal to the corresponding weighted sum of responses (outputs)
of the system to each of the individual input signals. Mathematically, if

x[n]=ax1[n]+bx2[n]
The response of the linear system is :

y[n]=ay1[n]+by2[n]
TIME INVARIANT SYSTEMS :
A system is time invariant if its input/output characteristic does not change with time. A
system is time invariant or shift invariant if and only if

x[n]y[n]
x[nk]y[nk]
LINEAR CONVOLUTION :
Convolution is a mathematical operation just like multiplication, integration and addition
etc. The addition operation takes two numbers and produces a third one, while convolution
takes two signals and produce a third signal. For Linear Time Invariant systems (LTI), the
convolution operation can be defined as :

y[n]=x[n]h[n]
where * denotes the convolution operation.
or

y[n]=k=x[k]h[nk]
where

x[n] = input signal

h[n] = impulse response of the LTI system

y[n]= output signal

h[n k] = impulse response shifted in time by a value k

If the input x[n] to the LTI system is [n] (delta) i.e. x[n] = [n] , the output y[n] of the
LTI system is the impulse response of the LTI system i.e. y[n] = h[n] . The delta
function has a value of one at n = 0, while it is zero for n 0.

The
impulse response of the LTI system is denoted by h[n] i.e.

CONVOLUTION PROCESS :

EXAMPLE : Write MATLAB code to implement the convolution process without

using the conv command ?
Answer :
x=input('Enter x: ');
h=input('Enter h: ');
n=length(x);
k=length(h);
x1=[x, zeros(1,k)]; h1=[h,zeros(1,n)]; % zero padding of both x[n] and
h[n] if size of x[n] size of h[n]
for r =1: n+ k -1
y(r) = 0;
for i=1:n
if(r - i+1> 0)
y(r) = y(r) + x1(i)*h1(r -i+1);
m(r) = y(r);
else
end
end
end
display('Output is:' ); m
stem(m); grid;
ylabel('y[n]');
xlabel('n');
title('Convolution without using conv function');

OUT PUT :

Enter x: [ 8 3 1 2]
Enter h: [ 2 7 1 3 1]
Output is:
m =
16

62

31

38

32

PLOT OF CONVOLUTION :

CONVOLUTION USING BUILT IN FUNCTION conv :

The result of above example can be obtained by using the built in function conv. The
MATLAB code is given as :
N1=input('Enter Length of x=');
N2=input('Enter Length of h=');
x=input('Enter Sequence x[n]=');
h=input('Enter Sequence h[n]=');
y=conv(h,x)
stem(y); grid;
ylabel('y[n]');
xlabel('n');
title('Convolution using conv function');

OUTPUT :
Enter
Enter
Enter
Enter

Length of x= 4
Length of h= 5
Sequence x[n]= [ 8 3 1 2]
Sequence h[n]= [ 2 7 1 3 1]

y =
16

62

31

38

32

PLOT OF CONVOLUTION USING conv :

Otro**************************
function = convol2(I, K)
I = double(I);
%Se obtiene el tamao en n,m y n1,m1 respectivamente, de la imagen (Ima) y
del kernel (K).
[n m]=size(I);
[n1 m1]=size(K);
%Verifica que el tamao del kernel sea mayor a la imagen.
if n>n1 && m>m1
%Se calcula el padding de cada kernel.
pad=(n1-1)/2;
%Rota el kernel a 180.
K=rot90(K,2);
%Se crea una matriz que contendr a la imagen, para insertarle ceros
alrededor dependiendo del padding.
zIm=zeros(n+(pad*2), m+(pad*2));
zIm(pad+1:n+pad,pad+1:m+pad)=I;
[n m] = size(zIm);
%Se crean variables auxiliares

I0 = zeros();
for x = pad+1: n-pad
for y=pad+1: m-pad
aux1 = zIm(x-pad: x+pad, y-pad: y+pad);

aux2 = aux1 .* K;

I0(x,y) = sum(aux2(

);

end
nd %Devuelve la imagen a su tamao original, quitandole el padd
ng. I = I0(pad+1: n-pad,pad+1: m-p
d); I = uint8

%Error que envia al ser mayor el kernel que la ima

en.
lse display('erro
');
nd
nd Les anexo una pequea funcin para hacer la convolucin en matlab, au
nque ya hay una predefinida. Espero les si
a.