Scribd
Upload
44 views

Em Waves

This document provides an overview of electromagnetic radiation components. It discusses how the electric and magnetic fields that make up electromagnetic radiation can be derived from scalar and vector potentials, which are functions of charge density and current density. It also describes how these fields behave at large distances from their sources and how they can be expressed in terms of frequency components for monochromatic sources. The document calculates the radiated energy and power from these radiation fields and discusses their behavior in the long-distance approximation. Finally, it provides an example of calculating the radiated power from a dipole antenna modeled as a sinusoidal current distribution.

Uploaded by

rajeevbansal1807
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
44 views

Em Waves

This document provides an overview of electromagnetic radiation components. It discusses how the electric and magnetic fields that make up electromagnetic radiation can be derived from scalar and vector potentials, which are functions of charge density and current density. It also describes how these fields behave at large distances from their sources and how they can be expressed in terms of frequency components for monochromatic sources. The document calculates the radiated energy and power from these radiation fields and discusses their behavior in the long-distance approximation. Finally, it provides an example of calculating the radiated power from a dipole antenna modeled as a sinusoidal current distribution.

Uploaded by

rajeevbansal1807
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

Module I: Electromagnetic waves

Lecture 9: EM radiation
Amol Dighe

Outline

Electric and magnetic fields: radiation components

Energy carried by radiation

Radiation from antennas

Coming up...

Electric and magnetic fields: radiation components

Energy carried by radiation

Radiation from antennas

~ and B
~ from A
~ and
E
Now that we know
Z
1
(~x0 , t ) 3 0
d x ,
(~x, t) =
40
|~x ~x0 |

Z ~ 0
J(~x , t ) 3 0
d x
|~x ~x0 |
(1)
~ = A/t
~
~ =A
~ to obtain
We can calculate E
and B
~
~
E(~x, t) and B(~x, t). However note the subtle point:



=x
=
,
,
(2)
x i
t
t
t

~ ~x, t) = 0
A(
4

~x

whereas (x , t ) and ~J(~x0 , t ) are specified in terms of the


retarded time t .
~0

Hence, well have to use



(~x0 , t )

x i
t
0
~
J(~x , t )


x i
t

=
=


(~x0 , t ) t

t
x i t

~J(~x0 , t ) t


t
x i

(3)

Intermediate derivatives: gradient of


Defining ~r ~x ~x0 = (r1 , r2 , r3 ) and r |~r|, we have


 

1
1
(~x0 , t )
0
0

~
~
=
(
x
,
t
)
+
(
x
,
t
)

(4)


i
i
i
x
r
x
r t
r x
t
t
Further using
 
1

x i r t

0
(~x , t )
i
x

=
=

ri
,
r3


t r
(~x0 , t ) 1 ri
=

,
t r dx i t
t
cr

(5)

we get

=
=
=


 

1

1 i

+ x
(~x, t ) d 3 x 0
(x , t )x

i
i
x
r t
r
x
t

Z 
0
0
~
~

1
(x , t )
r (x , t ) 3 0
r

d x
40
r2
cr
t

Z 
1
[(~x0 )]
[(
~x0 )] 3 0
2 r
d x
(6)
40
r
cr
1
40

Z 

~0

~
Intermediate derivatives: curl of A
Similar to the case of derivatives of , we have


~J t r

~ 0
~J(~x0 , t ) 1 ri

~x , t ) =
,
J(
=


x i
t r dx i
t
cr
t

(7)

And then
~
A

=
=

 

1
1 i
i
0
~
~
~
~

x
J(x , t ) + x
J(x, t ) d 3 x 0
x i r
r dx i
t
#
Z "~ 0
0
~
0
J(~x , t )
1 J(~x , t )
r +
r d 3 x 0
4
r2
cr
t
#
Z "~ 0

0
[J(~x )] r [~J(~x0 )] r
+
d 3x 0
(8)
4
r2
cr
0
4

Z 

Electric and magnetic fields

The electric field can now be calculated to be


~ ~x, t)
E(
~ ~x, t)
E(

=
=

1
40

~
A
t
[(~x0 )]
[(
~x0 )]
r
r +
2
r
cr

0 !
[~J(~
x )]
d 3 x 0 (9)
c2r

The magnetic field is


~ ~x, t)
B(
~ ~x, t)
B(

~
= A
!
Z
0
0
[~J(~x0 )]
[~J(~
x )]
=
r +
r d 3 x 0
4
r2
cr

(10)

~ ~x, t) and B(
~ ~x, t): behaviour at large |~x|
E(
~ ~x, t) and B(
~ ~x, t), there are terms that behave as 1/r 2
In both, E(
and there are terms that behave as 1/r . The former are
proportional to the sources, the latter are proportional to the rate
of change of sources.
When the sources are confined to a small region |~x0 | < d, then
for |~x| >> d, the 1/r terms dominate over the others. These are
the radiative components of the fields.
~ and B
~ fields are then
The radiative E
~ rad (~x, t)
E
~ rad (~x, t)
B

1
40

0
4

[(
~x0 )]
[~J(~x0 )]
r
d 3x 0
cr
c2r
!

[~J(~x0 )] r
d 3x 0
cr

For sufficiently large r , we can take ~r ~x.

(11)

(12)

For monochromatic sources


Monochromatic sources correspond to
(~x0 , t) = 0 (~x0 )eit and ~J(~x0 , t) = ~J0 (~x0 )eit .
(Real part always implicit)
This dependence implies
 0 
(~x ) = (~x0 , t ) = 0 (~x0 )ei(kr t) ,
h
i
~J(~x0 ) = ~J(~x0 , t ) = ~J0 (~x0 )ei(kr t) .

(13)
(14)

And hence
(~x, t)

~ ~x, t)
A(

Z
1
ei(kr t) 3 0
0 (~x0 )
d x ,
40
r
Z
i(kr t)
0
~J0 (~x0 ) e
d 3x 0
4
r

The potentials also then have the same frequency .

(15)

~ rad and B
~ rad in terms of ~J only
E
Given the continuity equation
0 ~J(~x0 , t) + (
~x0 , t) = 0 ,

(16)

it is clear that if [~J(~x0 )] is known everywhere, so is [(


~x0 )], and
~ and B
~ fields can be written in terms of ~J only.
the radiative E
For monochromatic sources, Some algebraic manipulation using
the above result yields (See Panofsky-Phillips)
~ rad (~x, t)
B

~ rad (~x, t)
E

Z ~ 0
[J(~x )] r 3 0
d x
r
Z ~ 0
1
([J(~x )] r) r 3 0
d x
2
40 c
r
1
40 c 3

(17)
(18)

Note that 0 /(4) = 1/(40 c 2 ), one can use any combination.

Frequency components of radiation fields


~ rad (~x, t) and E
~ rad (~x, t) give the radiation
Fourier components of B
fields in terms of their frequency components:

Brad (~x)

Erad (~x)

Z 
 ikr
i
~J (~x0 ) ~k e d 3 x 0
4c 2
r
Z 
 eikr
i
(~J (~x0 ) ~k) r
d 3x 0
40 c
r

(19)
(20)

If the sources are monochromatic, the above directly give the


~ and B
~ fields. We shall use this in calculating
corresponding E
the power radiated by periodically time-varying charges and
currents.

Coming up...

Electric and magnetic fields: radiation components

Energy carried by radiation

Radiation from antennas

Energy from a radiation pulse


~ =E
~ H,
~ which gives the power
The Poynting vector is N
radiated per unit area along it.
~ is
Total energy radiated per unit area normal to N
Z
Z
~ ~x, t)dt =
~ ~x, t) H(
~ ~x, t)dt
N(
E(
(21)

Z
~ rad eit d H
~ rad0 ei0 t d 0 dt
E
=

, 0 ,t=
Z
~ rad
E
2

~ rad d + 2
H

~ rad H
~ rad d
E

(22)
~ ~x, t) and H(
~ ~x, t) are real, E
~ = E
~ and H
~ = H
~.
But since E(

Then
Z

~ ~x, t)dt = 2
N(

Z
0

~ rad (H
~ rad ) d + c.c.
E

(23)

Calculating radiated energy for a pulse


~ rad and H
~ rad = B
~ rad /0 obtained
Substituting the expressions for E

earlier, after a bit of algebra, gives


~ rad (H
~ rad ) =
E

1
(4)2

Z
2
 eikr

0 ~
3 0
0
~
~
d
x
J
(
x
)


r
0
r

~ = r 2 r is
Total radiated energy across a surface d S
Z
~ rad (H
~ rad ) d r 2 d r + c.c.
U = 2 E

(24)

(25)

2
r Z Z 
 ikr


0
1
~J (~x0 ) ~k e d 3 x 0 dr 2 d (26)



4 0
r

In other words,
dU
1
=
d
4

Z
2


0 ~
0
ikr 3 0
~
~
J
(
x
)

k
e
d
x



0

(27)

Average power radiated by a monochromatic source


Here we calculate the average radiated power /area over a cycle:
1
T

Z
0

~ ~x, t)dt = 1
N(
T

~ ~x, t) H(
~ ~x, t)dt
E(

(28)

where T is the periodicity of the wave.


~ rad (~x, t) = E
~ rad eit and H
~ rad (~x, t) = H
~ rad eit , the
Since E
0
0
averaging gives
hNi =
=

1 rad
E H0rad
2 0
r
1 1
0
2 (4)2 0

Z 
2
 ikr


~J0 (~x0 ) ~k e d 3 x 0 r



r

(29)

The average power radiated is then


dhPi
1 1
=
d
2 (4)2

Z
2


0 ~ 0
ikr
3
0
~
J0 (~x ) k e d x

0

(30)

Long-distance approximation
When |~x| >> |~x0 |, then we have
kr = k |~x ~x0 | k |~x| ~k ~x0

(31)

Then for a radiation pulse,


dU
1
=
d
4

Z
2


0 ~
0
i~k~x0 3 0
~
~
J (x ) k e
d x

0

And for a monochromatic source,


2
r Z 


dhPi
1 1
0
0
i~k~x0 3 0
~
~
~
=
J0 (x ) k e
d x
d
2 (4)2 0

(32)

(33)

This can be used in many instances, for example for radiation


from antennas, as will be seen in later chapters.

Coming up...

Electric and magnetic fields: radiation components

Energy carried by radiation

Radiation from antennas

Dipole antenna from a coaxial cable


Feeding through a coaxial cable:

An antenna may be represented as a monochromatic sinusoidal


current with frequency :
 

I0
L
~J0 (~x0 ) =
z
(x 0 )(y 0 ) sin k
|z 0 |
(34)
sin(kL/2)
2
(Note: direction of current is the same for z > 0 and z < 0)

Calculating power radiated


We have ~x0 = (0, 0, z 0 ). Using azimuthal symmetry, we choose
r = (sin , 0, cos ), so that ~k = k (sin , 0, cos ), so that
 

~J0 (~x0 ) ~k = I0 k sin (x 0 )(y 0 ) sin k L |z 0 |

y
sin(kL/2)
2
~k ~x0 = kz 0 cos
(35)
Then we get
Z



(~J0 (~x0 ) ~k)ei~k~x0 d 3 x 0





 
2I0
kL cos
kL
=
cos
cos
(36)
sin sin(kL/2)
2
2
This can be used to calculate the radiation pattern.

Dependence of radiation pattern on kL


In the large wavelength limit, kL  1
Z



(~J(~x0 ) ~k)ei~k~x0 d 3 x 0 = I0 kL sin


2

(37)

The average power radiated is then


dhPi
d

=
=

2
r Z 


1 1
0
~J0 (~x0 ) ~k ei~k~x0 d 3 x 0


2 (4)2 0
r
1 1
0
(I0 kL)2 sin2
(38)
8 (4)2 0

Dipole radiation pattern !


As kL increases, stronger angular dependences appear.
Check CDF demo at
http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/DipoleAntennaRadiationPattern/

Antenna patterns: dipole

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/
ps7183/ps469/prod_white_paper0900aecd806a1a3e.html

Antenna patterns: patch

(Note: scale in dB)


http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/
ps7183/ps469/prod_white_paper0900aecd806a1a3e.html

Antenna patterns: patch array

(Note: scale in dB)


http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/
ps7183/ps469/prod_white_paper0900aecd806a1a3e.html

Antenna patterns: yagi

(Note: scale in dB)


http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/
ps7183/ps469/prod_white_paper0900aecd806a1a3e.html

Antenna patterns: dish

(Note: scale in dB)

http://www.antenna-theory.com/antennas/main.php

Recap of topics covered in this lecture

~ and B
~ fields in the presence of moving sources
E
~ and B:
~ the 1/r behaviour that
Radiative components of E
dominates at large distances
Poynting vector and power radiated by EM waves
Long distance approximation for radiated power
Radiation patterns in antennas

You might also like