Chapter 35: The Digestive

and Endocrine Systems

35.1 - Following Digestion of a Meal
In this section . . .
In this section . . .
The Functions of the Digestive System
In this section . . .
The Functions of the Digestive System
A Journey through the Digestive tract
Functions of the Digestive System
Functions of the Digestive System

Break down (disassemble) food into small molecules to be

used as energy
Functions of the Digestive System

Break down (disassemble) food into small molecules to be

used as energy
4 Steps
Functions of the Digestive System

Break down (disassemble) food into small molecules to be

used as energy
4 Steps
Ingestion: taking in food
Functions of the Digestive System

Break down (disassemble) food into small molecules to be

used as energy
4 Steps
Ingestion: taking in food
Digestion: mechanically and chemically breaking
down food
Functions of the Digestive System

Break down (disassemble) food into small molecules to be

used as energy
4 Steps
Ingestion: taking in food
Digestion: mechanically and chemically breaking
down food
Absorption: taking into body cells
Functions of the Digestive System

Break down (disassemble) food into small molecules to be

used as energy
4 Steps
Ingestion: taking in food
Digestion: mechanically and chemically breaking
down food
Absorption: taking into body cells
Elimination: getting rid of waste
A Journey through the Digestive
tract
What happens in your mouth
What happens in your mouth
Tongue moves food around
What happens in your mouth
Tongue moves food around
Chewing helps starting the mechanical breakdown
process
What happens in your mouth
Tongue moves food around
Chewing helps starting the mechanical breakdown
process
Chemical digestion begins
What happens in your mouth
Tongue moves food around
Chewing helps starting the mechanical breakdown
process
Chemical digestion begins
Salivary glands secrete Saliva
What happens in your mouth
Tongue moves food around
Chewing helps starting the mechanical breakdown
process
Chemical digestion begins
Salivary glands secrete Saliva
Contains the enzyme amylase: Breaks down starch
What happens in your mouth
Tongue moves food around
Chewing helps starting the mechanical breakdown
process
Chemical digestion begins
Salivary glands secrete Saliva
Contains the enzyme amylase: Breaks down starch

Tongue shapes food into a ball and moves it to the

back of the mouth
What happens in your mouth
Tongue moves food around
Chewing helps starting the mechanical breakdown
process
Chemical digestion begins
Salivary glands secrete Saliva
Contains the enzyme amylase: Breaks down starch

Tongue shapes food into a ball and moves it to the

back of the mouth
Swallowing forces food into esophagus
A Journey through the Digestive tract
The Esophagus
The Esophagus
Muscular tube that connects your mouth to your
stomach
The Esophagus
Muscular tube that connects your mouth to your
stomach
Moves food by peristalsis: series of smooth muscle
contractions
The Esophagus
Muscular tube that connects your mouth to your
stomach
Moves food by peristalsis: series of smooth muscle
contractions
Occur in waves: a mix of circular and longitudinal muscle
contractions and relaxations
The Esophagus
Muscular tube that connects your mouth to your
stomach
Moves food by peristalsis: series of smooth muscle
contractions
Occur in waves: a mix of circular and longitudinal muscle
contractions and relaxations
Epiglottis
The Esophagus
Muscular tube that connects your mouth to your
stomach
Moves food by peristalsis: series of smooth muscle
contractions
Occur in waves: a mix of circular and longitudinal muscle
contractions and relaxations
Epiglottis
Closes opening to the respiratory tract
The Esophagus
Muscular tube that connects your mouth to your
stomach
Moves food by peristalsis: series of smooth muscle
contractions
Occur in waves: a mix of circular and longitudinal muscle
contractions and relaxations
Epiglottis
Closes opening to the respiratory tract
Talking or laughing while you eat can cause the epiglottis to
open - then you choke and cough
A Journey through the Digestive
tract
Stomach
Stomach
Muscular pouch-like enlargement of the digestive
tract
Stomach
Muscular pouch-like enlargement of the digestive
tract
Both physical and chemical digestion
Stomach
Muscular pouch-like enlargement of the digestive
tract
Both physical and chemical digestion
3 layers of involuntary muscles - physically breaks
down food
Stomach
Muscular pouch-like enlargement of the digestive
tract
Both physical and chemical digestion
3 layers of involuntary muscles - physically breaks
down food
Produces digestive juice that contains digestive
enzymes
Stomach
Muscular pouch-like enlargement of the digestive
tract
Both physical and chemical digestion
3 layers of involuntary muscles - physically breaks
down food
Produces digestive juice that contains digestive
enzymes
Food remains in your stomach for approximately
two to four hours
Stomach
Chemical digestion in the stomach
Chemical digestion in the stomach
Inner lining contains millions of glands
Chemical digestion in the stomach
Inner lining contains millions of glands
Secrete gastric juice: mixture of chemicals
Chemical digestion in the stomach
Inner lining contains millions of glands
Secrete gastric juice: mixture of chemicals
Pepsin and hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Chemical digestion in the stomach
Inner lining contains millions of glands
Secrete gastric juice: mixture of chemicals
Pepsin and hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Pepsin
Chemical digestion in the stomach
Inner lining contains millions of glands
Secrete gastric juice: mixture of chemicals
Pepsin and hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Pepsin
Chemical digestion of proteins
Chemical digestion in the stomach
Inner lining contains millions of glands
Secrete gastric juice: mixture of chemicals
Pepsin and hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Pepsin
Chemical digestion of proteins
Needs acidic environment (provided by HCl :pH 2)
Chemical digestion in the stomach
Inner lining contains millions of glands
Secrete gastric juice: mixture of chemicals
Pepsin and hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Pepsin
Chemical digestion of proteins
Needs acidic environment (provided by HCl :pH 2)

Stomach lining is protected by mucus

Chemical digestion in the stomach
Inner lining contains millions of glands
Secrete gastric juice: mixture of chemicals
Pepsin and hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Pepsin
Chemical digestion of proteins
Needs acidic environment (provided by HCl :pH 2)

Stomach lining is protected by mucus

Food leaves the stomach with the consistency of
tomato soup and enters the small intestine
Chemical digestion in the stomach
The Small Intestine
The Small Intestine
Approximately 6 m long and 2.5 cm diameter
The Small Intestine
Approximately 6 m long and 2.5 cm diameter
Muscle contraction causes more mechanical
breakdown
The Small Intestine
Approximately 6 m long and 2.5 cm diameter
Muscle contraction causes more mechanical
breakdown
Enzymes in the small intestine break down
carbohydrates and proteins
The Small Intestine
Approximately 6 m long and 2.5 cm diameter
Muscle contraction causes more mechanical
breakdown
Enzymes in the small intestine break down
carbohydrates and proteins
First 25 cm of the small intestine is called the
duodenum
The Small Intestine
Approximately 6 m long and 2.5 cm diameter
Muscle contraction causes more mechanical
breakdown
Enzymes in the small intestine break down
carbohydrates and proteins
First 25 cm of the small intestine is called the
duodenum
Receives enzymes from the pancreas and liver via
ducts
The Small Intestine and
Friends
The Pancreas
The Pancreas
Secretes digestive enzymes (and hormones)
The Pancreas
Secretes digestive enzymes (and hormones)
Breaks down carbohydrates, proteins and fats
The Pancreas
Secretes digestive enzymes (and hormones)
Breaks down carbohydrates, proteins and fats
Pancreatic juices are Alkaline (Basic), which
neutralizes the acidity of the food and stops the
action of pepsin
The Small Intestine and
Friends
Liver
Liver
Secretes Bile
Liver
Secretes Bile
Substance that helps to break down fats
Liver
Secretes Bile
Substance that helps to break down fats
Stored in a small organ called the gallbladder
Liver
Secretes Bile
Substance that helps to break down fats
Stored in a small organ called the gallbladder
High levels of cholesterol in the diet can
cause gallbladder to become inflamed and
gallstones to form
The Small Intestine and
Friends
The Small Intestine
The Small Intestine
Liquid food remains in the small intestine for 3 to
5 hours
The Small Intestine
Liquid food remains in the small intestine for 3 to
5 hours
Moved by peristalsis
The Small Intestine
Liquid food remains in the small intestine for 3 to
5 hours
Moved by peristalsis
Contains thousands of fingerlike structures called
villi
The Small Intestine
Liquid food remains in the small intestine for 3 to
5 hours
Moved by peristalsis
Contains thousands of fingerlike structures called
villi
Increases surface area, which increases absorption
The Small Intestine
Liquid food remains in the small intestine for 3 to
5 hours
Moved by peristalsis
Contains thousands of fingerlike structures called
villi
Increases surface area, which increases absorption
Food molecules enter the villi, diffuse into blood vessels
and then enter the bloodstream
The Small Intestine
The Large Intestine
The Large Intestine
Also called the colon
The Large Intestine
Also called the colon
Approximately 1.5 m long and 6.5 cm in diameter
The Large Intestine
Also called the colon
Approximately 1.5 m long and 6.5 cm in diameter
Indigestible material enters the large intestine
The Large Intestine
Also called the colon
Approximately 1.5 m long and 6.5 cm in diameter
Indigestible material enters the large intestine
Water is absorbed, leaving behind more solid
material
The Large Intestine
Also called the colon
Approximately 1.5 m long and 6.5 cm in diameter
Indigestible material enters the large intestine
Water is absorbed, leaving behind more solid
material
Vitamin B and K are synthesized by anaerobic
bacteria in the large intestine and absorbed into
the body as needed
The Large Intestine
The Large Intestine
The remaining indigestible material (feces)
reaches the rectum after 18 to 24 hours in the
large intestine
The Large Intestine
The remaining indigestible material (feces)
reaches the rectum after 18 to 24 hours in the
large intestine
Eliminated through the anus
The Large Intestine
The remaining indigestible material (feces)
reaches the rectum after 18 to 24 hours in the
large intestine
Eliminated through the anus
Your meal’s entire journey takes 24 to 33
hours.
In Review . . .
In Review . . .
The Functions of the Digestive System
In Review . . .
The Functions of the Digestive System
A Journey through the Digestive tract
Chapter 35: The Digestive
and Endocrine Systems
35.2 - Nutrition
In This Section . . .
In This Section . . .
The Vital Nutrients
In This Section . . .
The Vital Nutrients
Calories and Metabolism
The Vital Nutrients
The Vital Nutrients
Carbohydrates
The Vital Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Fats
The Vital Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
The Vital Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Minerals
The Vital Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins
The Vital Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins
Water
The Vital Nutrients
The Vital Nutrients
We get these nutrients from the five main food groups
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Starches: found in
bread, cereal, potatoes,
rice, corn, beans, pasta
Carbohydrates
Starches: found in
bread, cereal, potatoes,
rice, corn, beans, pasta
Sugars: found in fruits
Carbohydrates
Starches: found in
bread, cereal, potatoes,
rice, corn, beans, pasta
Sugars: found in fruits
Broken down into
simple sugars (glucose,
fructose, galactose)
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Some is stored as glycogen in the liver
Carbohydrates
Some is stored as glycogen in the liver
Cellulose (fiber) isn’t digestible by humans
Carbohydrates
Some is stored as glycogen in the liver
Cellulose (fiber) isn’t digestible by humans
Helps eliminate waste
Carbohydrates
Some is stored as glycogen in the liver
Cellulose (fiber) isn’t digestible by humans
Helps eliminate waste
Foods: Pasta, fresh-baked bread, corn on the cob
Fats
Fats
Essential building block of
the cell membrane
Fats
Essential building block of
the cell membrane
Helps to make hormones
Fats
Essential building block of
the cell membrane
Helps to make hormones
Protects body organs
Fats
Essential building block of
the cell membrane
Helps to make hormones
Protects body organs
Protects against cold
Fats
Essential building block of
the cell membrane
Helps to make hormones
Protects body organs
Protects against cold
Broken down into fatty
acids and glycerol
Fats
Fats
Some fatty acids end up in the liver
Fats
Some fatty acids end up in the liver
Stored as
Fats
Some fatty acids end up in the liver
Stored as
Glycogen
Fats
Some fatty acids end up in the liver
Stored as
Glycogen
Fat throughout the body
Fats
Some fatty acids end up in the liver
Stored as
Glycogen
Fat throughout the body
Foods: meats, nuts, dairy products, cooking oils
Proteins
Proteins
Needed to make enzymes,
antibodies, hormones and
substances involved in
blood clotting
Proteins
Needed to make enzymes,
antibodies, hormones and
substances involved in
blood clotting
Part of muscles and cell
structures
Proteins
Needed to make enzymes,
antibodies, hormones and
substances involved in
blood clotting
Part of muscles and cell
structures
Broken down into amino
acids
Proteins
Needed to make enzymes,
antibodies, hormones and
substances involved in
blood clotting
Part of muscles and cell
structures
Broken down into amino
acids
Some carried to the liver
and made into fats and
glucose (as last resource)
Proteins
Proteins
Most used for protein synthesis
Proteins
Most used for protein synthesis
Body needs 20 amino acids
Proteins
Most used for protein synthesis
Body needs 20 amino acids
Only makes 12 naturally
Proteins
Most used for protein synthesis
Body needs 20 amino acids
Only makes 12 naturally
Found in meats, dried beans, whole grains,
eggs and dairy products
Minerals and Vitamins
Minerals and Vitamins
Minerals:
Minerals and Vitamins
Minerals:
Inorganic substances
Minerals and Vitamins
Minerals:
Inorganic substances
Serves as building material
Minerals and Vitamins
Minerals:
Inorganic substances
Serves as building material
Takes part in Chemical Reactions
Minerals and Vitamins
Minerals:
Inorganic substances
Serves as building material
Takes part in Chemical Reactions
Vitamins
Minerals and Vitamins
Minerals:
Inorganic substances
Serves as building material
Takes part in Chemical Reactions
Vitamins
Organic substances
Minerals and Vitamins
Minerals:
Inorganic substances
Serves as building material
Takes part in Chemical Reactions
Vitamins
Organic substances
Required for growth and metabolism
Vitamins
Vitamins
Two groups:
Vitamins
Two groups:
Fat-soluble
Vitamins
Two groups:
Fat-soluble
Can be stored in liver
Vitamins
Two groups:
Fat-soluble
Can be stored in liver
Too much can be toxic
Vitamins
Two groups:
Fat-soluble
Can be stored in liver
Too much can be toxic
Water soluble
Vitamins
Two groups:
Fat-soluble
Can be stored in liver
Too much can be toxic
Water soluble
Not stored
Water
Water
Makes up 60% of RBCs
Water
Makes up 60% of RBCs
Makes up 75% of muscle
cells
Water
Makes up 60% of RBCs
Makes up 75% of muscle
cells
Facilitates chemical reactions
Water
Makes up 60% of RBCs
Makes up 75% of muscle
cells
Facilitates chemical reactions
Helps maintain body’s
internal temperature
Water
Makes up 60% of RBCs
Makes up 75% of muscle
cells
Facilitates chemical reactions
Helps maintain body’s
internal temperature
Your body looses 2.5 L of
water/day (exhalation, sweat,
urine)
Calories and Metabolism
Calories and Metabolism
Energy content of food is measured in calories
Calories and Metabolism
Energy content of food is measured in calories
Units of heat
Calories and Metabolism
Energy content of food is measured in calories
Units of heat
1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature
of 1 mL of water by 1oC.
Calories and Metabolism
Energy content of food is measured in calories
Units of heat
1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature
of 1 mL of water by 1oC.
The need of an individual varies from person to person.
Depends on
Calories and Metabolism
Energy content of food is measured in calories
Units of heat
1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature
of 1 mL of water by 1oC.
The need of an individual varies from person to person.
Depends on
Metabolism
Calories and Metabolism
Energy content of food is measured in calories
Units of heat
1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature
of 1 mL of water by 1oC.
The need of an individual varies from person to person.
Depends on
Metabolism
Body mass
Calories and Metabolism
Energy content of food is measured in calories
Units of heat
1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature
of 1 mL of water by 1oC.
The need of an individual varies from person to person.
Depends on
Metabolism
Body mass
Age
Calories and Metabolism
Energy content of food is measured in calories
Units of heat
1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature
of 1 mL of water by 1oC.
The need of an individual varies from person to person.
Depends on
Metabolism
Body mass
Age
Sex
Calories and Metabolism
Energy content of food is measured in calories
Units of heat
1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature
of 1 mL of water by 1oC.
The need of an individual varies from person to person.
Depends on
Metabolism
Body mass
Age
Sex
Level of physical activity
Calories and Metabolism
Calories and Metabolism
In general, males need more calories per day than
females
Calories and Metabolism
In general, males need more calories per day than
females
Teenagers need more than adults
Calories and Metabolism
In general, males need more calories per day than
females
Teenagers need more than adults
Active people need more than inactive people
Calories and Metabolism
In general, males need more calories per day than
females
Teenagers need more than adults
Active people need more than inactive people
Excess calories is stored as body fat
Calories and Metabolism
In general, males need more calories per day than
females
Teenagers need more than adults
Active people need more than inactive people
Excess calories is stored as body fat
Taking in fewer calories than your body can
metabolize results in loss of weight
In Review . . .
In Review . . .
The Vital Nutrients
In Review . . .
The Vital Nutrients
Calories and Metabolism
Chapter 35: The Digestive
and Endocrine Systems
Section 35.3: The Endocrine System
In This Section . . .
In This Section . . .
Control of the Body
In This Section . . .
Control of the Body
The Endocrine Glands
In This Section . . .
Control of the Body
The Endocrine Glands
Negative Feedback Control
In This Section . . .
Control of the Body
The Endocrine Glands
Negative Feedback Control
Specific Examples
Control of the Body
Control of the Body
Internal control of the body is directed by two
systems:
Control of the Body
Internal control of the body is directed by two
systems:
The Nervous System
Control of the Body
Internal control of the body is directed by two
systems:
The Nervous System
The Endocrine System
Control of the Body
Control of the Body
The Endocrine System
Control of the Body
The Endocrine System
Made up of endocrine glands
Control of the Body
The Endocrine System
Made up of endocrine glands
Release chemicals directly into the
bloodstream - act as messengers in the body
Hypothalamus

by Life Science Databases(LSDB)

Hypothalamus
Portion of the brain

by Life Science Databases(LSDB)

Hypothalamus
Portion of the brain
Controls the pituitary gland

by Life Science Databases(LSDB)

Hypothalamus
Portion of the brain
Controls the pituitary gland
Connected by nerves and blood
vessels

by Life Science Databases(LSDB)

Hypothalamus
Portion of the brain
Controls the pituitary gland
Connected by nerves and blood
vessels
Sends messages to the pituitary
gland

by Life Science Databases(LSDB)

Hypothalamus
Portion of the brain
Controls the pituitary gland
Connected by nerves and blood
vessels
Sends messages to the pituitary
gland
Pituitary glands then releases its
chemicals
by Life Science Databases(LSDB)
Hypothalamus
Portion of the brain
Controls the pituitary gland
Connected by nerves and blood
vessels
Sends messages to the pituitary
gland
Pituitary glands then releases its
chemicals
by Life Science Databases(LSDB)
Stimulates other endocrine glands
to secrete theirs.
Hormones
Hormones
Chemicals secreted by endocrine glands
Hormones
Chemicals secreted by endocrine glands
Conveys information to cells in the body
Hormones
Chemicals secreted by endocrine glands
Conveys information to cells in the body
Bind to receptors on plasma membranes, or in
the nuclei of target cells
The Endocrine Glands
The Endocrine Glands
Located throughout the body
The Endocrine Glands
Located throughout the body
Most are controlled by the pituitary gland
The Endocrine Glands
Located throughout the body
Most are controlled by the pituitary gland
Master endocrine gland
An Example
An Example
Human Growth Hormone (HGH).
An Example
Human Growth Hormone (HGH).
Low blood sugar is detected
An Example
Human Growth Hormone (HGH).
Low blood sugar is detected
Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary to release HGH
An Example
Human Growth Hormone (HGH).
Low blood sugar is detected
Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary to release HGH
Liver converts glycogen into glucose and release
glucose into blood
An Example
Human Growth Hormone (HGH).
Low blood sugar is detected
Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary to release HGH
Liver converts glycogen into glucose and release
glucose into blood
Increased sugar causes hypothalamus to slow
stimulation of pituitary
Negative Feedback Control
Negative Feedback Control
I.e. thermostat.
Negative Feedback Control
I.e. thermostat.
Temperature drops
Negative Feedback Control
I.e. thermostat.
Temperature drops
Thermostat stimulates
heater to increase output
Negative Feedback Control
I.e. thermostat.
Temperature drops
Thermostat stimulates
heater to increase output
Temperature rises,
thermostat stops
stimulating the heater, so
it shuts off.
Negative Feedback Control
I.e. thermostat.
Temperature drops
Thermostat stimulates
heater to increase output
Temperature rises,
thermostat stops
stimulating the heater, so
it shuts off.
Cycle continues
Negative Feedback Control
Negative Feedback Control

Most endocrine glands operate under negative

feedback systems
Negative Feedback Control

Most endocrine glands operate under negative

feedback systems
I.e. HGH
Control of blood water levels
Control of blood water levels

Lets say you are working out in the gym.

Control of blood water levels

Lets say you are working out in the gym.

Water level in your blood goes down.
Control of blood water levels

Lets say you are working out in the gym.

Water level in your blood goes down.
Hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to
release antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Control of blood water levels

Lets say you are working out in the gym.

Water level in your blood goes down.
Hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to
release antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
ADH reduces amount of water in urine by
causing the absorption of water in the kidneys.
Control of blood water levels

Lets say you are working out in the gym.

Water level in your blood goes down.
Hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to
release antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
ADH reduces amount of water in urine by
causing the absorption of water in the kidneys.
If the body gets over-hydrated, hypothalamus
stops stimulating the release of ADH
Control of blood glucose levels
Control of blood glucose levels
When you eat, blood glucose levels rise.
Control of blood glucose levels
When you eat, blood glucose levels rise.
Pancreas releases insulin.
Control of blood glucose levels
When you eat, blood glucose levels rise.
Pancreas releases insulin.
Insulin causes liver and muscle cells to take in
glucose.
Control of blood glucose levels
When you eat, blood glucose levels rise.
Pancreas releases insulin.
Insulin causes liver and muscle cells to take in
glucose.
Lowers blood glucose levels.
Control of blood glucose levels
When you eat, blood glucose levels rise.
Pancreas releases insulin.
Insulin causes liver and muscle cells to take in
glucose.
Lowers blood glucose levels.
When levels go down, pancreas releases
glucagon.
Control of blood glucose levels
When you eat, blood glucose levels rise.
Pancreas releases insulin.
Insulin causes liver and muscle cells to take in
glucose.
Lowers blood glucose levels.
When levels go down, pancreas releases
glucagon.
Glucagon causes the release of glucose from the
liver
Hormone Action
Hormone Action
Steroid Hormones
Made from lipids (lipid soluble)
Binds to receptors inside the cell
Hormone Action
Steroid Hormones
Made from lipids (lipid soluble)
Binds to receptors inside the cell
Amino Acid Hormones
Made from Amino Acids
Binds to receptors on the cell membrane
I am STRESSED OUT!!
I am STRESSED OUT!!
The Adrenal Gland is involved in preparing your
body for stressful situations
I am STRESSED OUT!!
The Adrenal Gland is involved in preparing your
body for stressful situations
Located on top of the kidneys
I am STRESSED OUT!!
The Adrenal Gland is involved in preparing your
body for stressful situations
Located on top of the kidneys
Has 2 parts:
Inner Portion
Outer Portion
The Adrenal Gland
The Adrenal Gland
Outer portion releases steroid
hormones like glucocorticoids
and aldosterone
The Adrenal Gland
Outer portion releases steroid
hormones like glucocorticoids
and aldosterone
Increases available glucose and
raises blood pressure
The Adrenal Gland
Outer portion releases steroid
hormones like glucocorticoids
and aldosterone
Increases available glucose and
raises blood pressure

Inner portion secretes the amino

acid hormones epinephrine
(adrenaline) and norepinephrine
The Adrenal Gland
Outer portion releases steroid
hormones like glucocorticoids
and aldosterone
Increases available glucose and
raises blood pressure

Inner portion secretes the amino

acid hormones epinephrine
(adrenaline) and norepinephrine
Increases heart rate, BP and rate of
respiration
Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
Thyroid gland
Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
Thyroid gland
Regulates metabolism,
growth and development
Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
Thyroid gland
Regulates metabolism,
growth and development
Secretes calcitonin - causes
the release of calcium
Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
Thyroid gland
Regulates metabolism,
growth and development
Secretes calcitonin - causes
the release of calcium
Parathyroid gland
Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
Thyroid gland
Regulates metabolism,
growth and development
Secretes calcitonin - causes
the release of calcium
Parathyroid gland
Secretes parathyroid
hormone (PTH) - causes
kidney to absorb calcium
and magnesium
In Review . . .
In Review . . .
Control of the Body
In Review . . .
Control of the Body
The Endocrine Glands
In Review . . .
Control of the Body
The Endocrine Glands
Negative Feedback Control
In Review . . .
Control of the Body
The Endocrine Glands
Negative Feedback Control
Specific Examples