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Can You Predict The Location of Volcanoes?: Basaltic Basaltic Andesitic

This document discusses different types of volcanoes and volcanic eruptions. It begins by explaining the three main types of magma - basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic - and how their composition influences eruption styles. Basaltic magma produces effusive eruptions due to its low viscosity, while andesitic and rhyolitic magmas are more viscous and explosive due to higher gas content. The document then describes several volcano types including shield volcanoes, composite/stratovolcanoes, cinder cones, lava domes, and caldera complexes. It provides examples of each type and discusses their characteristic features. The final sections cover additional topics like submarine volcanism at mid-ocean

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Natassa Adi Putri
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45 views

Can You Predict The Location of Volcanoes?: Basaltic Basaltic Andesitic

This document discusses different types of volcanoes and volcanic eruptions. It begins by explaining the three main types of magma - basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic - and how their composition influences eruption styles. Basaltic magma produces effusive eruptions due to its low viscosity, while andesitic and rhyolitic magmas are more viscous and explosive due to higher gas content. The document then describes several volcano types including shield volcanoes, composite/stratovolcanoes, cinder cones, lava domes, and caldera complexes. It provides examples of each type and discusses their characteristic features. The final sections cover additional topics like submarine volcanism at mid-ocean

Uploaded by

Natassa Adi Putri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1/31/2013

Can you predict the location of volcanoes?

What is causing this eruption?


What factors influence its character?

A volcano is any landform from which lava, gas, or ashes,


escape from underground or have done so in the past.

There are three common


types of magma:
We learned from
Chapter 5 that
magma (and lava)
can be felsic,
intermediate, or
mafic. How does
magma chemistry
influence the nature
of volcanic
eruptions?

BASALTIC
Basaltic lava flows easily because of its
low viscosity (low gas content). The
low viscosity is due to low silica content.

ANDESITIC

Aa - rough, fragmented lava


blocks called clinker

RHYOLITIC
Pahoehoe - smooth, shiny, and
ropy surface

There are three common


types of magma:

There are three common


types of magma:

BASALTIC
BASALTIC
ANDESITIC
RHYOLITIC

ANDESITIC
Andesitic magma erupts explosively because
it tends to have high gas content. It is
viscous and therefore traps gas, builds
pressure and explosively erupts. High
viscosity is related to high silica content

Rhyolitic magma erupts catastrophically because


it has high gas content. It is viscous and therefore
traps gas, builds pressure and explosively erupts.
High viscosity is related to high silica content an
abundance of silica polymers (chains etc.) leads to
the high viscosity.

RHYOLITIC

Rhyolitic lava flow

Mount St. Helens, 1980

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Comparison of common magma types

EXPLOSIVE
ERUPTIONS are
fueled by violent
releases of
volcanic gas

Pyroclastic debris is produced by explosive eruption


Tephra = airborne
Pyroclastic Flow =
gravity-driven down
the slopes

A cataclysmic
Plinian-style
eruption
(schematic
drawing)

Reunion Island

EFFUSIVE
ERUPTIONS
RELATIVELY FLUID LAVA
FLOW
DETERMINED BY:
viscosity (low)
temperature (high)
gas content of magma
(low)

http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/ultimate-guide-to-volcanoes-pyroclastic-flow.html

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjL7UjogUaI

1/31/2013

Volcanic products?
Lava, gas, pyroclastic debris
A
1000 to 1100C

Gases released from a volcano can be as


deadly as the hot, fiery lava.

Phoehoe
1100 to 1200C

Volcanoes can be classified into 6 major types

TYPES OF PYROCLASTIC DEBRIS

based on their size, shape, and origin

Large-scale Volcanic Terrains


no central vent
network of source material
generally massive

ASH

PUMICE

VOLCANIC BOMBS

Central Vent Volcanoes


central vent
summit crater
flank eruptions
fissure eruptions

LAPILLI
VOLCANIC BLOCK

WELDED TUFF

COMPARISON OF SIX TYPES OF VOLCANOES

SHIELD VOLCANOES ARE A TYPE OF


CENTRAL VENT VOLCANO.

Mauna Loa

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Shield Volcano
Mauna Kea

Low silica, low gas magma originates in the mantle.


Fluid, basaltic lava results in Aa and Pahoehoe.
Low viscosity creates broad, gentle slopes.
Sometimes, Phreatomagmatic eruptions (rapid expansion of steam) occur
when lava contacts water.

Hawaii
Eight main islands are exposed tips of the Hawaiian Ridge.
Age range is modern to ~6 million years old.
Volcanoes develop on the Pacific Plate as it moves across the Hawaiian Hotspot.

Hawaii
Hawaiian volcanoes progress through pre-shield Lihi, shield Mauna Loa and
Klauea, post-shield Mauna Kea, Huallai, and Haleakal, erosional Kohala,
Lnai, and Waianae, and rejuvenated Koolau and West Maui stages.
As the islands age, they erode and subside, becoming atolls and seamounts.

Kauai
Ni'ihau
Waianae

Lihi Seamount

Koolau
Mauna Loa
Lnai

Wailau
West Maui

Haleakal
Kahoolawe

Kohala

Huallai

Mauna Kea

Mauna Loa

Klauea
Lihi

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Diamond Head

Geologists have known for years that


pieces of the two shields that make Oahu
have been missing

Maps of the seafloor indicate that massive landslides have occurred

Koolau
Shield
Our islands are carved
by massive landslides

Waianae
Shield

Measurements show
the south flank of Kilauea is
moving 10 cm/yr to the SE
1975 Kalapana quake shifted
the flank 8 m horizontal
and 3 m vertical

Over 17different landslides have


been identified
Koolau reconstructed

Will the south shore of the Big Island slide?...it already is!

1/31/2013

Atoll formation

Volcanoes can be classified into 6 major types


based on their size, shape, and origin

Large-scale Volcanic Terrains


no central vent
network of source material
generally massive

Central Vent Volcanoes


central vent
summit crater
flank eruptions
fissure eruptions

Cinder Cones

Composite Volcano or Stratovolcano

Layered with lava


Flows and ashfall
Deposits massive
explosions

high lava fountains on the vents


of shield volcanoes.

composed of pyroclastic debris.


caused by high gas content.

Mount Mageik,
Katmai National Park

FEATURES OF STRATOVOLCANOES
(composite volcanoes)

Mt. Fuji

Alternating
andesitic lava
flows and layers
of explosively
ejected
pyroclastics.
Magma is
intermediate,
making the lava
viscous and
difficult to erupt.
Explosive
eruptions due to
buildup of gases.

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Steep slopes
Explosive
Irregular outline from past explosions
Andesite magma
Relatively high silica content

Lava Dome a plug


that prevents eruption

Pressure builds behind


the plug until it blows
What happens when
the plug is blown?
Plinian-style
eruptiondont stick
around to watch

Mt. Mayon, Philippines


Sticky silica-rich
magma controls
volcano shape,
explosivity, and
behavior

Pyroclastic flows

Major atmospheric impacts


Volcano is blasted to pieces

Lahar

Mt. Pinatubo - 1991

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FEATURES OF RHYOLITE CALDERA COMPLEXES


High-silica, high-gas magmas.
Massive explosions (most
explosive of all types).

Aniakchak Caldera

Rhyolite Caldera Complexes Are Central


Vent Volcanoes.

Collapse, producing an
inverse volcano,
or Caldera (Spanish for
cauldron).

Large-scale volcanic terrains


lack a central vent

Monogenetic Fields

San Francisco Volcanic Field

Poorly understood.
Multiple vents and cinder cones.
Erupt at different times.
Grow laterally.
Usually a single magma source
Low magma supply

San Francisco Volcanic Field

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Large Igneous Province


Fed by massive mantle plumes
Caused by flood basalts (especially fluid basaltic lavas)
Discharge over time through long fissures (cracks).
Create large plateaus.

Flood Basalts large igneous province


Very fluid lava erupting rapidly and with great volume over thousands of years.
Columbia River basalts, Deccan Traps, Siberian Traps
Do LIPs mark beginning of hotspots?

Columbia River Basalts

submarine volcanism

Mid-ocean
Ridges

develop at Spreading Centers


Basaltic flow creates global
network of interconnected ridges

Spreading Center Volcanism

Most volcanoes are associated with spreading center


volcanism, arc volcanism, or intraplate volcanism

Arc Volcanism Explosive rhyolitic, andesitic, and basaltic lavas, divergent plate
margins, mid-ocean ridges

Spreading Center Volcanism Fluid basaltic lavas, divergent plate margins, midocean ridges

Intraplate Volcanism aka midplate volcanism, shield volcanoes, rhyolite


caldera complexes, and monogenetic fields

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