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Property Spectrum of Engineering Materials

The document summarizes the spectrum of material properties for different engineering materials including metals, plastics, ceramics, and composites. It discusses four categories of material properties: 1) chemical properties related to material composition and structure, 2) physical properties pertaining to energy and matter interactions, 3) mechanical properties indicating suitability for mechanical applications based on response to forces, and 4) dimensional properties referring to shape, size, and tolerances. Several key properties are defined for each category, such as thermal conductivity and Poisson's ratio for physical properties, and tensile strength, hardness, and ductility for mechanical properties.

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Ariel Mark Pilotin
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1K views

Property Spectrum of Engineering Materials

The document summarizes the spectrum of material properties for different engineering materials including metals, plastics, ceramics, and composites. It discusses four categories of material properties: 1) chemical properties related to material composition and structure, 2) physical properties pertaining to energy and matter interactions, 3) mechanical properties indicating suitability for mechanical applications based on response to forces, and 4) dimensional properties referring to shape, size, and tolerances. Several key properties are defined for each category, such as thermal conductivity and Poisson's ratio for physical properties, and tensile strength, hardness, and ductility for mechanical properties.

Uploaded by

Ariel Mark Pilotin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Table 1.

Property Spectrum of Engineering Materials

MATERIAL
CHEMICAL

METALS

PLASTICS

o
o
CERAMICS o
o
o

COMPOSI
TES

Composition
Microstructure
Phases
Grain size
Corrosion
resistance
Inclusion
Composition
Fillers
Crystallinity
Molecular weight
Flammability
Spatial
configuration
Chemical
resistance
Composition
Porosity
Grain size
Crystalline
structure
Corrosion
resistance

Composition
Matrix/reinforcem
ent bond
Volume fraction of
reinforcement
Reinforcement
nature
Corrosion
resistance

MATERIAL PROPERTIES
PHYSICAL
MECHANICAL

Melting
point
Thermal
Magnetic
Electrical
Optical
Acoustic
Gravimetri
c
Color

DIMENSIONA
L
o Tensile/compressi Available:
ve properties
Shapes
o Toughness
Sizes
o Ductility
Surface
o Fatigue
texture
o Hardness
Manufacturin
o Creep resistance
g
o Shear strength
tolerances
Tensile/compres oManufacturin
g
sive properties
Heat distortion
tolerances
pV limit
oStability
toughness
oAvailable
sizes

Tensile/compressi
ve properties
Fracture
toughness
Hardness

Hardness
Creep
resistance

Available:
Shapes
Sizes
Surface
texture
Manufactur
ing
tolerances
Available:
oShapes
oSizes
oManufacturin
g
tolerances
oStability

The spectrum of material properties and how they apply to various material
systems (physical properties apply equally to all systems).
1. Chemical properties
- are material characteristics that relate to the structure of a material and
its formation from the elements.
1

2. Physical properties
pertain to the interaction of these materials with various forms of energy
and with other forms of matter
3. Mechanical properties
- are material characteristics that are displayed when a force is applied to
the material relative to the elastic or inelastic behavior of the material
- Indicate the suitability of a material for use in mechanical application:
carry load, absorb shock, resist wear, etc.
4. Dimensional properties
- refer to the shapes, sizes, manufacturing tolerances and finish
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
melting point point at which the material liquefies in heating or solidifies on
cooling
density, mass of a material per unit volume
= m/V
specific gravity, (sp.gr.) ratio of the mass or weight of solid or liquid to the
mass or weight of an equal volume of water
= m x/mw
thermal conductivity, k rate of heat flow/unit time in a homogeneous
material/unit area (std.cond)/unit temperature gradient in a direction
perpendicular to the area.
Q = kA[t/x]
Where: Q = quantity of heat flowing thru a material, BTU(watt)
Q
t = th tc = temperature differential
A = area thru which the heat will flow = width*length
x = thickness
thot oK
k = thermal conductivity, BTU-ft/hr/ft 2/oF [watt/mwidth

tcold
thermal expansion, (linear coefficient)
- the rate at which the material elongates when heated
- the rate is expressed as unit increase in length/unit increase in
temperature
= /t*L
Specific heat, c
- The ratio of the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit
mass of a substance 1o(oC or oF) to the heat required to raise the same
mass of water 1o
Q=
Poissons ratio,
mct
- Absolute value of the ratio of the transverse strain to the corresponding
axial strain in a body subjected to uniaxial stress
= d/L = c/t

c = d/di

t = L/Li

where: c = compressive strain


t = tensile strain

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Tensile strength ratio of the maximum load in tension to the original crosssection of test material
SU = FMAX/Ai
Yield strength the stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from
proportionality of stress and strain
Compressive strength maximum compressive stress that a material is capable
of withstanding
Flexural strength the outer fiber stress developed when a material is loaded as
a simply supported beam and deflected to a certain value of strain
Shear strength the stress required to fracture a material in a cross-sectional
plane that is parallel to the force applied.
Ss 40% St
Percent elongation the increase in the gage length measured after the
specimen fractures within the gage length
% e = Lf - Li
Li
Ductility
- is the degree to which a material will deform before the ultimate fracture and
the opposite of brittleness.
Ductile > 5%
Brittle 5%
Percent reduction the difference between the original area to the final area
measured after the fracture of the test specimen.
%R =( Ai Af)/Ai
Modulus of Elasticity a measure of rigidity/stiffness of a material; ratio of stress
to strain in a material
E=
Hardness, H resistance of a
material to plastic deformation
S/
usually indentation;
measured according to the
hardness teat undergone: Knoop, Brinell, Rockwell, Shore
H code: ASTM, ANSI(American Standards Institute) and ISO
Endurance Limit the maximum stress which a material can theoretically endure
an infinite number of stress cycle
Creep time dependent permanent strain under stress

Creep strength the constant nominal stress that will cause a specified quantity
of creep in a given time at constant temperature expressed in units of % in a
period of time(hours)
Stress rupture strength the nominal stress at fracture in a tension test at
constant load and constant temperature (usually elevated); complements creep
and shows the stress at which a part will fail under sustained load and at
elevated temperature
Impact strength amount of energy required to fracture a given volume of
material

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