Scribd
Upload
60 views

Volumes Thursday, March 11, 2010: Applications of Integration

The document discusses using integration to find the volume of irregular solids. It provides examples of finding the volume of a sphere, solids obtained by rotating regions about axes, and solids of revolution. The key steps are to (1) find the cross-sectional area function A(x) or A(y) depending on the axis of rotation, (2) set up the integral to represent the approximating sums, and (3) evaluate the integral to find the volume. Examples include finding the volume of a sphere, regions rotated about the x-axis, and solids rotated about lines other than the axes.

Uploaded by

CCSMATH
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
60 views

Volumes Thursday, March 11, 2010: Applications of Integration

The document discusses using integration to find the volume of irregular solids. It provides examples of finding the volume of a sphere, solids obtained by rotating regions about axes, and solids of revolution. The key steps are to (1) find the cross-sectional area function A(x) or A(y) depending on the axis of rotation, (2) set up the integral to represent the approximating sums, and (3) evaluate the integral to find the volume. Examples include finding the volume of a sphere, regions rotated about the x-axis, and solids rotated about lines other than the axes.

Uploaded by

CCSMATH
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 40

APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION

6.2
Volumes
Thursday, March 11, 2010
In this section, we will learn about:
Using integration to find out
the volume of a solid.
IRREGULAR SOLIDS

Let A(x) be the area of the cross-section of S


in a plane Px perpendicular to the x-axis and
passing through the point x, where a ≤ x ≤ b.

 Think of slicing S
with a knife
through x and
computing the
area of this slice.
IRREGULAR SOLIDS

We divide S into n ‘slabs’ of equal width ∆x


using the planes Px1, Px2, . . . to slice the solid.

 Think of slicing a loaf of bread.


IRREGULAR SOLIDS

If we choose sample points xi* in [xi - 1, xi], we


can approximate the i th slab Si (the part of S
that lies between the planes Px 1 and Px ) by a
i i
cylinder with base area A(xi*) and ‘height’ ∆x.
DEFINITION OF VOLUME

Let S be a solid that lies between x = a


and x = b.
If the cross-sectional area of S in the plane Px,
through x and perpendicular to the x-axis,
is A(x), where A is a continuous function, then
the volume of S is:
n
V  lim  A( xi *)x   A( x) dx
b

x  a
i 1
VOLUMES

When we use the volume formula


b
V   A( x)dx , it is important to remember
a
that A(x) is the area of a moving
cross-section obtained by slicing through
x perpendicular to the x-axis.
SPHERES Example 1

Show that the volume of a sphere


of radius r is
V  r .
4
3
3
SPHERES Example 1

If we place the sphere so that its center is


at the origin, then the plane Px intersects
the sphere in a circle whose radius, from the
Pythagorean Theorem,
is:
y r x2 2
SPHERES Example 1

So, the cross-sectional area is:


A( x)   y   (r  x )
2 2 2
SPHERES Example 1

Using the definition of volume with a = -r and


b = r, we have:

V   A( x) dx     r  x  dx
r r
2 2
r r
r
 2  (r  x ) dx
2 2
(The integrand is even.)
0
r
 2 x  3
 3 r  3
 2  r x    2  r  
 3 0  3
 r
4
3
3
SPHERES

The figure illustrates the definition of volume


when the solid is a sphere with radius r = 1.
 From the example, we know that the volume of
the sphere is 43   4.18879
 The slabs are circular cylinders, or disks.
SPHERES

The three parts show the geometric


interpretations
n n
of the Riemann sums

i 1
A( xi )x    (1  xi )x when n = 5, 10,
i 1
2 2

and 20 if we choose the sample points xi*


to be the midpoints xi .
SPHERES

Notice that as we increase the number


of approximating cylinders, the corresponding
Riemann sums become closer to the true
volume.
VOLUMES Example 2

Find the volume of the solid obtained by


rotating about the x-axis the region under
the curve y  x from 0 to 1.

Illustrate the definition of volume by sketching


a typical approximating cylinder.
VOLUMES Example 2

The region is shown in the first figure.


If we rotate about the x-axis, we get the solid
shown in the next figure.
 When we slice through the point x, we get a disk
with radius x .
VOLUMES Example 2

The area of the cross-section is:

A( x)   ( x )2   x

The volume of the approximating cylinder


(a disk with thickness ∆x) is:

A( x)x   xx
VOLUMES Example 2

The solid lies between x = 0 and x = 1.

1
So, its volume is: V   A( x)dx
0
1
   xdx
0
1
x   2
  
2 0 2
VOLUMES Example 3

Find the volume of the solid obtained


by rotating the region bounded by y = x3,
y = 8, and x = 0 about the y-axis.
VOLUMES Example 3

As the region is rotated about the y-axis, it


makes sense to slice the solid perpendicular
to the y-axis and thus to integrate with
respect to y.

 Slicing at height y,
we get a circular
disk with radius x,
where x  3 y
VOLUMES Example 3

So, the area of a cross-section through y is:

A( y)   x   ( y )   y
2 3 2 2/ 3

The volume of the approximating


cylinder is:
A( y)y   y y 2/ 3
VOLUMES Example 3

Since the solid lies between y = 0 and


y = 8, its volume is:
8
V   A( y ) dy
0
8
   y dy
23
0

 3
5 8
96
 5 y
3

  0 5
VOLUMES Example 4

The region R enclosed by the curves y = x


and y = x2 is rotated about the x-axis.

Find the volume of the resulting solid.


VOLUMES Example 4

The curves y = x and y = x2 intersect at


the points (0, 0) and (1, 1).

 The region between them, the solid of rotation, and


cross-section perpendicular to the x-axis are shown.
VOLUMES Example 4

A cross-section in the plane Px has the shape


of a washer (an annular ring) with inner
radius x2 and outer radius x.
VOLUMES Example 4

Thus, we find the cross-sectional area by


subtracting the area of the inner circle from
the area of the outer circle:

A( x)   x   ( x )
2 2 2

  (x  x )
2 4
VOLUMES Example 4
1
Thus, we have: V  
0
A( x) dx
1
   ( x  x ) dx 2 4
0
1
x x  3 5
   
3 5 0
2

15
VOLUMES Example 5

Find the volume of the solid obtained


by rotating the region in Example 4
about the line y = 2.
VOLUMES Example 5
Again, the cross-section is a washer.
This time, though, the inner radius is 2 – x
and the outer radius is 2 – x2.
VOLUMES Example 5

The cross-sectional area is:


A( x)   (2  x )   (2  x)
2 2 2
VOLUMES Example 5

So, the volume is:


1
V   A( x) dx
0

    2  x   (2  x)  dx
1
2 2 2
0 
    x  5 x  4 x  dx
1
4 2
0
1
x x x  8
5 3 2
  5  4  
5 3 2 0 5
SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION

The solids in Examples 1–5 are all


called solids of revolution because
they are obtained by revolving a region
about a line.
SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION

In general, we calculate the volume of


a solid of revolution by using the basic
defining formula

V   A  y  dy
b d
V   A( x) dx or
a c
SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION

We find the cross-sectional area


A(x) or A(y) in one of the following
two ways.
WAY 1

If the cross-section is a disk, we find


the radius of the disk (in terms of x or y)
and use:
A = π(radius)2
WAY 2

If the cross-section is a washer, we first find


the inner radius rin and outer radius rout from
a sketch.
 Then, we subtract the area of the inner disk from
the area of the outer disk to obtain:
A = π(outer radius)2 – π(outer radius)2
SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION Example 6

Find the volume of the solid obtained


by rotating the region in Example 4
about the line x = -1.
SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION Example 6

The figure shows the horizontal cross-section.


It is a washer with inner radius 1 + y and
outer radius 1  y .
SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION Example 6

So, the cross-sectional area is:

A( y )   (outer radius)   (inner radius)


2 2

    1  y 
2
  1 y
2
SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION Example 6

The volume is:


1
V   A( y )dy
0


  
 1  y  dy
1 2
   1 y
2
0
 

 
1
   2 y  y  y dy 2
0
1
 4 y 2 y 2 y3  
3

     
 3 2 3
0
2
VOLUMES Example 9

The volume is:


4
V   A( x) dx
4

16  x 2
1
 
4 4
 dx   16  x dx2
4 0
2 3 3
4
1  x  128 3
 16 x  3  
3 0 3 3

You might also like