CIS 190: C/C++ Programming

Lecture 9
Vectors, Enumeration,
Overloading, and More!
1

Outline

Access Restriction
Vectors
Enumeration
Operator Overloading
New/Delete
Destructors
Homework & Project
2

Principle of Least Privilege

what is it?

Principle of Least Privilege

every module
process, user, program, etc.

must have access only to the information and

resources
functions, variables, etc.

that are necessary for legitimate purposes

(i.e., this is why variables are private)

Access Specifiers for Date Class

class Date {
public:
void OutputMonth();
int GetMonth();
int GetDay();
int GetYear();
void SetMonth(int m);
void SetDay (int d);
void SetYear (int y);
private:
int m_month;
int m_day;
int m_year;
};
5

Access Specifiers for Date Class

class Date {
public:
void OutputMonth();
int GetMonth();
int GetDay();
int GetYear();
void SetMonth(int m);
void SetDay (int d);
void SetYear (int y);
private:
int m_month;
int m_day;
int m_year;
};

should all of these

functions really be
publicly accessible?

Outline

Access Restriction
Vectors
Enumeration
Operator Overloading
New/Delete
Destructors
Homework & Project
7

Vectors
similar to arrays, but much more flexible
C++ will handle most of the annoying bits

provided by the C++ Standard Template

Library (STL)
must #include <vector> to use

Declaring a Vector
vector <int> intA;
empty integer vector, called intA

intA

Declaring a Vector
vector <int> intB (10);
integer vector with 10 integers,
initialized (by default) to zero

intB

10

Declaring a Vector
vector <int> intC (10, -1);
integer vector with 10 integers,
initialized to -1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

intC

11

Vector Assignment
unlike arrays, can assign one vector to another
even if theyre different sizes
as long as theyre the same type
intA = intB;

12

Vector Assignment
unlike arrays, can assign one vector to another
even if theyre different sizes
as long as theyre the same type
intA = intB;
size 0
size 10

(intA is now 10 elements too)

13

Vector Assignment
unlike arrays, can assign one vector to another
even if theyre different sizes
as long as theyre the same type
intA = intB;
size 0
size 10

(intA is now 10 elements too)

intA
14

Vector Assignment
unlike arrays, can assign one vector to another
even if theyre different sizes
as long as theyre the same type
intA = intB;
size 0
size 10

(intA is now 10 elements too)

intA = charA;
15

Vector Assignment
unlike arrays, can assign one vector to another
even if theyre different sizes
as long as theyre the same type
intA = intB;
size 0
size 10

(intA is now 10 elements too)

intA = charA;
NOT okay!
16

Copying Vectors
can create a copy of an existing
vector when declaring a new vector
vector <int> intD (intC);

-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1

intC

17

Copying Vectors
can create a copy of an existing
vector when declaring a new vector
vector <int> intD (intC);

-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1

intC
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1

intD
18

Accessing Vector Members

we have two different methods available
square brackets:
intB[2] = 7;

.at() operation:
intB.at(2) = 7;

19

Accessing Vector Members with []

function just as they did with arrays in C
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
intB[i] = i; }

20

Accessing Vector Members with []

function just as they did with arrays in C
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
intB[i] = i; }

intB

21

Accessing Vector Members with []

function just as they did with arrays in C
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
intB[i] = i; }

intB

but there is still no bounds checking

going out of bounds may cause segfaults
22

Accessing Vector Members with .at()

the.at() operator uses bounds checking
will throw an exception when out of bounds
causes program to terminate
we can handle it (with try-catch blocks)
well cover these later in the semester

slower than [], but much safer

23

Passing Vectors to Functions

unlike arrays, vectors are by default
passed by value to functions
a copy is made, and that copy is passed to the
function
changes made do not show in main()

but we can explicitly pass vectors by reference

24

Passing Vectors by Reference

to pass vectors by reference, nothing changes in
the function call:
// function call:
// good for passing by value
// and for passing by reference
ModifyV (refVector);

which is really handy! (but can also cause

confusion about whats going on, so be careful)
25

Passing Vectors by Reference

but to pass a vector by reference, we do
need to change the function prototype:
// function prototype
// for passing by value
void ModifyV (vector < int >

ref);

what do you think needs to change?

26

Passing Vectors by Reference

but to pass a vector by reference, we do
need to change the function prototype:
void
void
void
void
void

ModifyV
ModifyV
ModifyV
ModifyV
ModifyV

(vector&< int > ref);

(vector <&int > ref);
(vector < int&> ref);
(vector < int > &ref);
(vector&<&int&> &ref);

what do you think needs to change?

27

Passing Vectors by Reference

but to pass a vector by reference, we do
need to change the function prototype:

void ModifyV (vector < int > &ref);

28

Multi-Dimensional Vectors
2-dimensional vectors are essentially
a vector of vectors
vector < vector <char> > charVec;

29

Multi-Dimensional Vectors
2-dimensional vectors are essentially
a vector of vectors
vector < vector <char> > charVec;

this space in between the two

closing > characters is required
by many implementations of C++

30

Accessing Elements in 2D Vectors

to access 2D vectors, just chain accessors:
square brackets:
intB[2][3] = 7;

.at() operator:
intB.at(2).at(3) = 7;

31

Accessing Elements in 2D Vectors

to access 2D vectors, just chain accessors:
square brackets:
intB[2][3] = 7;

you should be using

the .at() operator
though, since it is
much safer than []

.at() operator:
intB.at(2).at(3) = 7;

32

resize()
void resize (n, val);

33

resize()
void resize (n, val);
n is the new size of the vector
if larger than current
vector size is expanded
if smaller than current
vector is reduced to first n elements

34

resize()
void resize (n, val);
val is an optional value
used to initialize any new elements

if not given, the default constructor is used

35

Using resize()
if we declare an empty vector, one way we can
change it to the size we want is resize()
vector < string > stringVec;
stringVec.resize(9);

36

Using resize()
if we declare an empty vector, one way we can
change it to the size we want is resize()
vector < string > stringVec;
stringVec.resize(9);
or, if we want to initialize the new elements:

stringVec.resize(9, hello!);
37

push_back()
add a new element at the end of a vector
void push_back (val);

38

push_back()
add a new element at the end of a vector
void push_back (val);

val is the value of the new element that will

be added to the end of the vector
charVec.push_back(a);
39

resize() vs push_back()
resize() is best used when you know the
exact size a vector needs to be

push_back() is best used when elements

are added one by one

40

resize() vs push_back()
resize() is best used when you know the
exact size a vector needs to be
like when you have the exact number of
songs a singer has in their repertoire

push_back() is best used when elements

are added one by one

41

resize() vs push_back()
resize() is best used when you know the
exact size a vector needs to be
like when you have the exact number of
songs a singer has in their repertoire

push_back() is best used when elements

are added one by one
like when you are getting train cars from a user
42

size()
unlike arrays, vectors in C++ know their size
due to C++ managing vectors for you

size() returns the number of elements in

the vector it is called on
does not return an integer!
you will need to cast it

43

Using size()
int cSize;
// this will not work
cSize = charVec.size();

44

Using size()
int cSize;
// this will not work
cSize = charVec.size();
//you must cast the return type
cSize = (int) charVec.size();

45

Livecoding
lets apply what weve learned about vectors

declaration of multi-dimensional vectors

.at() operator
resize(), push_back()
size()

LIVECODING

46

Outline

Access Restriction
Vectors
Enumeration
Operator Overloading
New/Delete
Destructors
Homework & Project
47

Enumeration
enumerations are a type of variable used to
set up collections of named integer constants
useful for lists of values that are tedious to
implement using #define or const
#define
#define
#define
#define

WINTER
SPRING
SUMMER
FALL

0
1
2
3
48

Enumeration Types
two types of enum declarations:
named type
enum seasons {WINTER, SPRING,
SUMMER, FALL};

unnamed type
enum {WINTER, SPRING,
SUMMER, FALL};
49

Named Enumerations
named types allow you to create variables of
that type, use it in function arguments, etc.
// declare a variable of
//
the enumeration type seasons
//
called currentSemester
enum seasons currentSemester;
currentSemester = FALL;
50

Unnamed Enumerations
unnamed types are useful for naming
constants that wont be used as variables

51

Unnamed Enumerations
unnamed types are useful for naming
constants that wont be used as variables
int userChoice;
cout << Please enter season: ;
cin >> userChoice;
switch(userChoice) {
case WINTER:
cout << brr!; /* etc */
}
52

Benefits of Enumeration
named enumeration types allow you to
restrict assignments to only valid values
a seasons variable cannot have a value other
than those in the enum declaration

unnamed types allow simpler management of

a large list of constants, but dont prevent
invalid values from being used
53

Outline

Access Restriction
Vectors
Enumeration
Operator Overloading
New/Delete
Destructors
Homework & Project
54

Function Overloading
last class, covered overloading constructors:

and overloading other functions:

void PrintMessage (void);
void PrintMessage (string msg);

55

Operators
given variable types have predefined behavior
for operators like +, -, ==, and more
for example:

stringP =
if (charX
intA =
intD +=
}

stringQ;
== charY) {
intB + intC;
intE;
56

Operators
would be nice to have these operators also
work for user-defined variables, like classes
we could even have them as member
functions!
allows access to member variables and functions
that are set to private

this is all possible via operator overloading

57

Overloading Restrictions
cannot overload ::,

.,

*, or ? :

cannot create new operators

overload-able operators include
=, >>, <<, ++, --, +=, +,
<, >, <=, >=, ==, !=, []

58

Why Overload?
lets say we have a Money class:
class Money {
public: /* etc */
private:
int m_dollars;
int m_cents;
} ;
59

Why Overload?
and we have two Money objects:

Money cash(700, 65);

Money bills(99, 85);

60

Why Overload?
and we have two Money objects:
// we have $700.65 in cash, and
// need to pay $99.85 for bills
Money cash(700, 65);
Money bills(99, 85);

61

Why Overload?
and we have two Money objects:
// we have $700.65 in cash, and
// need to pay $99.85 for bills
Money cash(700, 65);
Money bills(99, 85);
what happens if we do the following?
cash = cash - bills;
62

Why Overload?
and we have two Money objects:
// we have $700.65 in cash, and
// need to pay $99.85 for bills
Money cash(700, 65); cash is now 601
Money bills(99, 85); dollars and -20

cents, or $601.-20

what happens if we do the following?

cash = cash - bills;
63

Why Overload?
that doesnt make any sense!
whats going on?

64

Why Overload?
the default subtraction operator provided by
the compiler only works on a nave level
subtracts bills.m_dollars from
cash.m_dollars
and subtracts bills.m_cents from
cash.m_cents

65

Why Overload?
the default subtraction operator provided by
the compiler only works on a nave level
subtracts bills.m_dollars from
cash.m_dollars
and subtracts bills.m_cents from
cash.m_cents

this isnt what we want!

so we must write our own subtraction operator
66

Operator Overloading Prototype

Money operator- (const Money &amount2);

67

Operator Overloading Prototype

Money operator- (const Money &amount2);

were returning
an object of
the class type

68

Operator Overloading Prototype

Money operator- (const Money &amount2);
this tells the
compiler that
we are
overloading
an operator

were returning
an object of
the class type

69

Operator Overloading Prototype

Money operator- (const Money &amount2);
this tells the
compiler that
we are
overloading
an operator

were returning
an object of
the class type

and that its

the subtraction
operator

70

Operator Overloading Prototype

Money operator- (const Money &amount2);
this tells the
compiler that
we are
overloading
an operator

were returning
an object of
the class type

and that its

the subtraction
operator

were passing in a
Money object

71

Operator Overloading Prototype

Money operator- (const Money &amount2);
this tells the
compiler that
we are
overloading
an operator

were returning
an object of
the class type

and that its

the subtraction
operator

were passing in a
Money object as a
const

72

Operator Overloading Prototype

Money operator- (const Money &amount2);
this tells the
compiler that
we are
overloading
an operator

were returning
an object of
the class type

and that its

the subtraction
operator

were passing in a
Money object as a
const and by
reference

73

Operator Overloading Prototype

Money operator- (const Money &amount2);
this tells the
compiler that
we are
overloading
an operator

were passing in a
Money object as a
const and by
reference

why would we
want to do that?
were returning
an object of
the class type

and that its

the subtraction
operator

74

Operator Overloading Definition

Money operator- (const Money &amount2)
{
int dollarsRet, centsRet;
int total, minusTotal;
//

how would you solve this?

return Money(dollarsRet, centsRet);

}
75

When to Overload Operators

do the following make sense as operators?
(1)
(2)

today = today + tomorrow;

if (today == tomorrow)

76

When to Overload Operators

do the following make sense as operators?
(1)
(2)

today = today + tomorrow;

if (today == tomorrow)

only overload an operator for a class that

makes sense for that class
otherwise it can be confusing to the programmer

use your best judgment

77

Outline

Access Restriction
Vectors
Enumeration
Operator Overloading
New/Delete
Destructors
Homework & Project
78

new and delete

replace malloc() and free() from C
keywords instead of functions

dont need them for vectors

vectors can change size dynamically

mostly used for

dynamic data structures (linked list, trees, etc.)
pointers
79

Using new and delete

Date *datePtr1, *datePtr2;
datePtr1 = new Date;
datePtr2 = new Date(7,4);
delete datePtr1;
delete datePtr2;

80

Managing Memory in C++

just as important as managing memory in C!!!
just because new and delete are easier to
use than malloc and free, doesnt mean
they cant be prone to the same errors
losing pointers
memory leaks
when memory should be deleted (freed)
81

Outline

Access Restriction
Vectors
Enumeration
Operator Overloading
New/Delete
Destructors
Homework & Project
82

Refresher on Constructors
special member functions used to create
(or construct) new objects
automatically called when an object is created
implicit:
explicit:

Money cash;
Money bills (89, 40);

initializes the values of all data members

83

Destructors
destructors are the opposite of constructors
they are used when delete() is called on an
instance of a user-created class
compiler automatically provides one for you
but it does not take into account dynamic memory

84

Destructor Example
lets say we have a new member variable of our
Date class called m_next_holiday
pointer to a string with the name of the next holiday
class Date {
private:
int
m_month;
int
m_day;
int
m_year;
string *m_next_holiday ;
};
85

Destructor Example
we will need to update the constructor
Date::Date (int m, int d, int y,
string next_holiday) {
SetMonth(m);
SetDay(d);
SetYear(y);
m_next_holiday = new string;
*m_next_holiday = next_holiday;
}
86

Destructor Example
we will need to update the constructor
what
other
Date::Date (int m,
int
d, changes
int y, do
string
we *next_holiday)
need to make to a {
SetMonth(m); class when adding a
new member variable?
SetDay(d);
SetYear(y);
m_next_holiday = new string;
*m_next_holiday = next_holiday;
}
87

Destructor Example
we also now need to create a destructor of
our own:
~Date();

// our destructor

destructors must have a tilde in front

like a constructor:
it has no return type
same name as the class
88

Basic Destructor Definition

the destructor needs to free any dynamically
allocated memory
most basic version of a destructor
Date::~Date() {
delete m_next_holiday;
}
89

Ideal Destructor Definition

clears all information and sets pointers to NULL
Date::~Date() {
// clear member variable info
m_day = m_month = m_year = 0;
*m_next_holiday = ;
// free and set pointers to NULL
delete m_next_holiday;
m_next_holiday = NULL;
}

90

Ideal Destructor Definition

why arent we
clears all information and sets pointers to NULL
using the mutator
functions here?
Date::~Date() {
// clear member variable info
m_day = m_month = m_year = 0;
*m_next_holiday = ;
// free and set pointers to NULL
delete m_next_holiday;
m_next_holiday = NULL;
}

91

Outline

Access Restriction
Vectors
Enumeration
Operator Overloading
New/Delete
Destructors
Homework & Project
92

Homework 6
Classy Trains
last homework!!!

practice with implementing a C++ class

more emphasis on:
error checking
code style and choices
93

Project
final project will be due December 2nd
two presentation days:
December 2nd, 6-7:30 PM, Towne 100 (Tue)
December 3rd, 1:30-3 PM, Towne 319 (Wed)

you cant use late days for project deadlines

details will be up before next class
94

Project
project must be completed in groups (of two)
groups will be due October 29th on Piazza
if you dont have a group, youll be assigned one

start thinking about:

who you want to work with
what sort of project you want to do
what you want to name your group
95