1.

(a)

(b)

AB = b a

A1

CB = a + b

A1

AB CB = (b a)(b + a)

M1

= b2a2
= 0 since b=a

A1
R1

Note: Only award the A1 and R1 if working indicates that they

understand that they are working with vectors.
C is a right angle
so AB is perpendicular to CB i.e. AB

AG
[5]

2.

(a)

4
4


AB 1 , AC 3
3
1

A1A1

Note: Accept row vectors.

(b)

i
AB AC 4
4

j k 8

1 3 16
3 1 16

1

normal n = 2 so r
2

1 1 1

2 2 2
2 1 2

x + 2y + 2z = 7
Note: If attempt to solve by a system of equations:
Award A1 for 3 correct equations, A1 for eliminating a variable
and A2 for the correct answer.

M1A1

(M1)
A1

(c)

5
1


r = 3 2 (or equivalent)
7
2

A1

1(5 + ) + 2(3 + 2) + 2(7 + 2) = 7

9 = 18
= 2

M1
A1

8
1
Note: = if 16 is used.
4
16
distance = 2 12 2 2 2 2
=6

(d)

(i)

(ii)

(M1)
A1

1 2
1
8 16 2 16 2
AB AC
2
2
1
576 )
= 12 (accept
2

area =

(M1)
A1

EITHER

1
area height
3
1
=
12 6 = 24
3

volume =

(M1)
A1

OR
volume =
= 24

1
AD (AB AC)
6

M1
A1

(e)

AB AC 8 2 16 2 16 2

AC AD 4 3 1
4 1 6

M1

= 19i 20j + 16k

A1

EITHER

1 2
1
8 16 2 16 2
19 2 20 2 16 2
2
2
therefore since area of ACD bigger than area ABC implies that
B is closer to opposite face than D

M1
R1

OR
correct calculation of second distance as

144
2

19 20 2 16 2

which is smaller than 6

A1
R1

Note: Only award final R1 in each case if the calculations are correct.
[19]

3.

(a)

CB = b c, AC = b + c

A1A1

Note: Condone absence of vector notation in (a).

(b)

AC CB = (b + c) (b c)
2

= b c
= 0 since b=c

M1
A1
R1

Note: Only award the A1 and R1 if working indicates that they understand
that they are working with vectors.
so AC is perpendicular to CB i.e. ACB is a right angle

AG
[5]

4.

METHOD 1
equation of journey of ship S1
10
r1 = t
20
equation of journey of speedboat S2 ,setting off k minutes later
70
60

r2 = (t k )
30
30

M1A1A1

Note: Award M1 for perpendicular direction, A1 for speed, A1 for

change in parameter (e.g. by using t k or T, k being the time
difference between the departure of the ships).
10 70
60

solve t (t k )
20 30
30

(M1)

Note: M mark is for equating their two expressions.

10t = 70 60t + 60k
20t = 30 + 30t 30k

M1

Note: M mark is for obtaining two equations involving two different parameters.
7t 6k = 7
t + 3k = 3
28
k=
15
latest time is 11:52

A1
A1

METHOD 2
y

O
(A)

time 26 5
taken t
10 58

S (26,52) time taken

t-k
22 5
B (70,30)

SB = 22 5

M1A1

(by perpendicular distance)

SA = 26 5

M1A1

(by Pythagoras or coordinates)

26 5
t=
10 5
tk=
k=

22 5
30 5

28
leading to latest time 11:52
15

A1
A1
A1
[7]

5.

(a)

0 2 1 x 3

1 1 3 y 1
2 1 2 z k

0 2 1
1 1 3 = 0 2( 2 + 6) + ( 1 + 2) = 7
2 1 2
since determinant 0 unique solution to the system planes
intersect in a point

Note: For any method, including row reduction, leading to the explicit
6 5k 10 k 1 2k
,
,
solution
, award M1 for an attempt at
7
7
7
a correct method, A1 for two correct coordinates and A1 for
a third correct coordinate.

M1A1
R1
AG

(b)

a
2
1 a 1
2

1
3
a2

= a((a + 1)(a + 2) 3) 2(1(a + 2) + 6) + (1 + 2(a + 1))

M1(A1)
planes not meeting in a point no unique solution i.e. determinant = 0(M1)
a(a2 + 3a 1) + (2a 8) + (2a + 1) = 0
a3 + 3a2 + 3a 7 = 0
a=1

A1
A1
[5]

(c)

1 2 1 3 r1 r2

0 4 4 4
2 1 3 k

M1

3 2r1 r3
1 2 1

4
0 4 4
0 5 5 6 k

(A1)

3 4r3 5r2
1 2 1

4
0 4 4
0 0 0 4 4k

(A1)

for an infinite number of solutions to exist, 4 + 4k = 0 k = 1

A1

x + 2y + z = 3
y+z=1

M1

1
x 1


y 1 1
1
z 0

A1

Note: Accept methods involving elimination.

x 2
1 x 0
1



Note: Accept any equivalent form e.g. y 0 1 or y 2 1 .
z 1
1 z 1
1



x

Award A0 if y or r = is absent.
z

[14]

6.

(a)

x3 + 1 =

1
3

x 1

(1.26, 1) (= ( 3 2 , 1))

A1

(b)

f(1.259...) = 4.762...

(3

g(1.259...) = 4.762...

2
23

(3

2
23

A1
)

1
required angle = 2arctan

4.762...
= 0.414 (accept 23.7)

A1
M1
A1

Note: Accept alternative methods including finding the obtuse angle first.
[5]

7.

(a)

(b)

0 x
1

PQ 1, SR 5 y
1 z
3

point S = (1, 6, 2)
1

PQ 1
3

(M1)
A1

2

PS 4
1

A1

13

PQ PS 7
2

(c)

m = 2

A1

area of parallelogram PQRS = PQ PS (13) 2 7 2 (2) 2

M1

(d)

(e)

222 = 14.9

equation of plane is 13x + 7y 2z = d

substituting any of the points given gives d = 33
13x + 7y 2z = 33
0
13

equation of line is r = 0 7
0
2

Note: To get the A1 must have r = or equivalent.

A1

M1A1
A1

A1

(f)

169 + 49 + 4 = 33
33
=
(= 0.149...)
222

143 77 11
, , (= (1.93, 1.04, 0.297))
closest point is
74 74 37

(g)

angle between planes is the same as the angle between the normals
13 1 7 2 2 1
cos =
222 6
= 143 (accept = 37.4 or 2.49 radians or 0.652 radians)

M1
A1
A1

(R1)
M1A1
A1
[17]

8.

(a)

(b)

for using normal vectors

1 1

2 0 = 1 1 = 0
1 1

hence the two planes are perpendicular

(M1)
M1A1
AG

METHOD 1
EITHER
i

1 2 1 = 2i 2j 2k
1 0 1

M1A1

OR
a

if b is normal to 3, then
c

a + 2b c = 0 and a + c = 0
a solution is a = 1, b = 1, c = 1

M1
A1

THEN
3 has equation x y z = d
as it goes through the origin, d = 0 so 3 has equation x y z = 0
Note: The final (M1)A1 are independent of previous working.

(M1)
A1

METHOD 2
0 1 1

r = 0 s 2 t 0
0 1 1

A1(A1)A1A1
[7]

9.

(a + b)(a b) = a a + b a a b b b
=aabb
= |a|2 |b|2 = 0 since |a| = |b|
the diagonals are perpendicular

M1
A1
A1
R1

Note: Accept geometric proof, awarding M1 for recognizing OACB is a

rhombus, R1 for a clear indication that (a + b) and (a b) are the
diagonals, A1 for stating that diagonals cross at right angles and
A1 for hence dot product is zero.
Accept solutions using components in 2 or 3 dimensions.
[4]

10.

(a)

2y + 8x = 4
3x + 2y = 7
2x + 6 2x = 6

M1
A1

Note: Award M1 for attempt at components, A1 for two correct equations.

No penalty for not checking the third equation.
solving : x = 1, y = 2

(b)

A1

4 4

a + 2b= 3 2 2
2 2

4

= 7
6

a 2b 4 2 (7) 2 6 2
= 101

(M1)
A1
[5]

11.

(a)

(i)

(ii)

use of a b = abcos
a b = 1
a = 7, b = 5
1
cos =
35

the required cross product is

i
j k
6 3 2 = 18i 24j 18k

(M1)
(A1)
(A1)
A1

M1A1

0 3 4

(iii)

using r n = p n the equation of the plane is

18x 24y 18z = 12 (3x 4y 3z = 2)

(M1)
A1

(iv)

recognizing that z = 0
2
1
x-intercept = , y-intercept =
3
2

(M1)

2 1 1 1
area =
3 2 2 6

(b)

(i)

p p = ppcos 0
= p2

(ii)

consider the LHS, and use of result from part (i)

p + q2 = (p + q)(p + q)
=pp+pq+qp+qq
= p p + 2p q + q q
= p2 + 2p q + q2

(A1)
A1

M1A1
AG

M1
(A1)
A1
AG

(iii)

EITHER
use of p q pq
M1
2
2
2
2
so 0 |p + q| = p + 2p q + q p + 2pq+q2A1
take square root (of these positive quantities) to establish
A1
p + qp+q
AG
OR

M1M1
Note: Award M1 for correct diagram and M1 for correct labelling
of vectors including arrows.
since the sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side,
p + q > p + q
A1
when p and q are collinear p + q = p + q
AG
p + q p + q
[19]

12.

EITHER
using row reduction (or attempting to eliminate a variable)
2 1 3 2

3 1 2 2 2 R 2 3R1
1 2 a b 2 R3 R1

2 1
3
2

5 10 R 2 / 5
0 5
0 3 2a 3 2b 2

M1

A1

Note: For an algebraic solution award A1 for two correct equations in two variables.

2 1
3
2

1
2
0 1
0 3 2a 3 2b 2 R3 3R 2

2 1
3
2

1 2
0 1
0 0 2a 6 2b 8

Note: Accept alternative correct row reductions.

recognition of the need for 4 zeroes
so for multiple solutions a = 3 and b = 4

M1
A1A1

OR
2 1 3
3 1 2 0
1 2 a

2(a 4) + (3a + 2) + 3(6 + 1) = 0

5a + 15 = 0
a = 3
2 1 2
3 1 2 0
1 2
b

2(b + 4) + (3b 2) + 2(6 + 1) = 0

5b + 20 = 0
b = 4

M1

A1
M1
A1
A1
[5]

13.

(a)

EITHER
normal to plane given by
i
j k
2 3 2

M1A1

6 3 2
= 12i + 8j 24k
equation of is 3x + 2y 6z = d
as goes through (2, 3, 2) so d = 12
:3x + 2y 6z = 12

A1
(M1)
M1A1
AG

OR
x = 2 + 2 + 6
y = 3 + 3 3
z = 2 + 2 + 2
eliminating
x + 2y = 4 + 8
2y + 3z = 12
eliminating
3(x + 2y) 2(2y + 3z) = 12
: 3x + 2y 6z = 12
(b)

therefore A(4, 0, 0), B(0, 6, 0) and C(0, 0, 2)

M1A1A1
M1A1A1
AG
A1A1A1

Note: Award A1A1A0 if position vectors given instead of coordinates.

(c)

area of base OAB =

V=

(d)

1
12 2 = 8
3

M1
M1A1

3 1

2 0 = 3 = 7 1 cos
6 0

arccos

M1A1

3
7

so = 90 arccos

(e)

1
4 6 = 12
2

d = 4 sin =

3
= 25.4 (accept 0.443 radians)
7

12
(= 1.71)
7

M1A1

(M1)A1

(f)

8=

1 12
area area = 14
3 7

M1A1

Note: If answer to part (f) is found in an earlier part, award M1A1,

regardless of the fact that it has not come from their answers
to part (c) and part (e).
[20]

14.

(a)

use GDC or manual method to find a, b and c

obtain a = 2, b = 1, c = 3 (in any identifiable form)

(M1)
A1

(b)

use GDC or manual method to solve second set of equations

4 11t
7t
;y
obtain x =
, z = t (or equivalent)
2
2

(M1)
(A1)

2 5 .5

r = 0 t 3.5 (accept equivalent vector forms)

0 1

M1A1

Note: Final A1 requires r = or equivalent.

[6]

15.

(a)

4

a = 2 tothe plane
1

2

e 1 is parallel to the line
k

(A1)(A1)

Note: Award A1 for each correct vector written down, even if not identified.
line plane e parallel to a
4 2

1
since 2 t 1 k
2
1 k

(M1)A1

(b)

4(3 2) 2 1 = 1
2

(M1)(A1)

Note: FT their value of k as far as possible.

8
7

A1

5 8 3
P , ,
7 7 7

A1
[8]

16.

ab
sin 2 cos sin cos 2 1 sin 3 1

2
ab

2 2

(a)

cos =

(b)

a b cos = 0
sin 2 cos + sin cos 2 1 = 0

= 0.524
6

(c)

M1A1

M1
A1

METHOD 1
i

sin 2
cos

cos 2
sin

1
1

assuming =

(M1)

7
6

Note: Allow substitution at any stage.

i
3
2
3

j
1

2
1
2

1 1
= i
2 2

k
1

A1

3 1 1
3
3
3
j

k

2

2 2 2 2

=0
a and b are parallel
Note: Accept decimal equivalents.

A1
R1

METHOD 2
from (a) cos = 1 (and sin = 0)
ab=0
a and b are parallel

M1A1
A1
R1
[8]

17.

(a)

0
0
1



OM 2 , ON 1 and OP 2
1
2
2

(b)

1
1


MP 0 and MN 1,
1
0

(c)

A1A1A1

A1A1

j k 1
i

MP MN 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1

(M1)A1

1
MP MN
2

M1

(i)

area of MNP =

1
1
= 1
2
1
=

(ii)

3
2

A1

0
2


OA 0 , OG 2
2
0


2

AG 2
2

A1

since AG 2( MP MN ) AG is perpendicular to MNP

R1

(iii)

1 1 1

r 1 2 1
1 2 1

1

r 1 = 3 (accept x + y + z = 3)
1

(d)

2
2


r = 0 2
2
0


2 2 1

2 1 = 3
2 1

2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 3
5
=
6

M1A1

A1

A1

M1A1

A1

2
2
5
r = 0 2
0 6 2

M1

1 5 5
coordinates of point , ,
3 3 3

A1
[20]

18.

METHOD 1
for finding two of the following three vectors (or their negatives)
2
2
0



AB 2 , AC 2 , BC 0
1
2
1

(A1)(A1)

and calculating
EITHER
2

AB AC 0 2 1 2
2 2 2 4
i

area ABC =

1
AB AC
2

M1A1

M1

OR
i
j
k 2

BA BC 0 2 1 2
2 0 1 4
area ABC =

1
BA BC
2

M1A1

M1

OR
i
j k 2

CA CB 2 2 2 2
2 0 1 4
area ABC =

1
CA CB
2

M1A1

M1

THEN
area ABC =
=

24
2

A1
AG

N0

METHOD 2
for finding two of the following three vectors (or their negatives)
2
2
0



AB 2 , AC 2 , BC 0
1
2
1

(A1)(A1)

EITHER
cos A =

AB AC
AB AC

5 12

6
3

or
60
15

2
5

sin A =

A1

area ABC =

1
AB AC sin A
2

1
2
5 12
2
5

1
24
2

M1

A1

M1

AG

N0

OR
cos B =

BA BC

M1

BA BC

5 5

sin B =

24
24
or

25
5

area ABC =

1
BA BC sin B
2

1
24
5 5
2
25

1
24
2

1
5
A1
M1

A1
AG

N0

OR
CA CB

cos C =

CA CB

12 5

6
3

or
60
15

2
5

sin C =

area ABC =

A1

1
CA CB sin C
2

1
2
12 5
2
5

1
24
2

M1

M1

A1

AG

N0

METHOD 3
for finding two of the following three vectors (or their negatives)
2
2
0



AB 2 , AC 2 , BC 0
1
2
1



AB =

5 c, AC 12 2 3 b, BC 5 a
52 3 5
3 5
2

s=

area ABC =

(A1)(A1)
M1A1
M1

s ( s a )( s b)( s c)

( 3 5 )( 3 )( 5 3 )( 3 )

3(5 3)

A1

AG

N0

METHOD 4
for finding two of the following three vectors (or their negatives)
2
2
0



AB 2 , AC 2 , BC 0
1
2
1



AB = BC =

5 and AC = 12 2 3

(A1)(A1)
M1A1

ABC is isosceles

let M be the midpoint of [AC], the height BM =

area ABC =
=

53 2

2 3 2
2

M1
A1

AG

N0
[6]

19.

(a)

2
2


identifies a direction vector e.g. AB 1 or BA 1
1
1


identifies the point (1, 1, 2)
x 1 y 1 z 2

line l1:
2
1
1

(b)

2
1


r = 1 1
1
2

A1
A1
AG

1
1


r 2 2
1
3

1 + 2 = 1 + , 1 + = 2 + 2, 2 + = 3 +
equating two of the three equations gives = 1 and = 2
check in the third equation
satisfies third equation therefore the lines intersect
therefore coordinates of intersection are (1, 2, 1)

(M1)
A1A1
R1
A1

(c)

d1 = 2i + j + k, d2 = i + 2j + k
i j k
d1 d2 = 2 1 1 = i j + 3k

A1
M1A1

1 2 1
Note: Accept scalar multiples of above vectors.
(d)

(e)

equation of plane is x y + 3z = k
M1A1
contains (1, 2, 3) (or (1, 2, 1) or (1, 1, 2)) k = 1 2 + 3 3 = 6
A1
x y + 3z = 6
AG
1

direction vector of the perpendicular line is 1
3

3
1


r = 1 m 1
4
3

(M1)

A1

Note: Award A0 if r omitted.

(f)

(i)

find point where line meets plane

(3 m) (1 m) + 3( 4 + 3m) = 6
m=2
point of intersection is (1, 1, 2)

M1
A1
A1

(ii)

for T, m = 4
so T = (1, 3, 8)

(M1)
A1

(iii)

TT (3 1) 2 (1 3) 2 (4 8) 2

(M1)

= 176 ( 4 11)

A1
[22]

20.

consider a vector parallel to each line,

4
3


e.g. u = 2 and v 3
1
1


let be the angle between the lines
u v 12 6 1
cos =

uv
21 19
=

7
21 19

= 0.350...

7

so 0 = 69.5 or 1.21 rad or arccos

21
19

A1A1

M1A1
(A1)
A1

N4

Note: Allow FT from incorrect reasonable vectors.

[6]

21.

(a)

2
x
1 1 2

let A = 2 1 3 , X y and B 2
5
z
5 1 4

11 7 1
point of intersection is , , (or (0.917, 0.583, 0.25))
12 12 4

(b)

(M1)

A1

METHOD 1
(i)

(ii)

1 1 2

det 2 1 3 0
5 1 a

3a + 24 = 0
a=8

1 1 2 2

consider the augmented matrix 2 1 3 2

5 1 8 5

1 1
2 2 1 0 53 0

use row reduction to obtain 0 3 1 2 or 0 1 13 0

0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1

(or equivalent)
any valid reason
(e.g. as the last row is not all zeros, the planes do not meet)

M1
(A1)
A1

N1

M1

A1
R1
N0

METHOD 2
use of row reduction (or equivalent manipulation of equations)
1 1 2 2 1 1
2
2

1 2
e.g. 2 1 3 2 0 3
5 1 a 5 0 6 a 10 5

M1
A1A1

Note: Award an A1 for each correctly reduced row.

(i)

a 10 = 2 a = 8

(ii)

when a = 8, row 3 2 row 2

M1A1

N1

R1

N0
[8]

22.

(a)

OP = i + 2j k
the coordinates of P are (1, 2, 1)

(b)

EITHER

(M1)
A1

x = 1 + t, y = 2 2t, z = 3t 1
y2
z 1
t,
t
x 1 = t,
2
3
y 2 z 1

x1=
3
2

M1
A1
AG

N0

OR
x 1 1

y 2 t 2
z 1 3

M1A1

y 2 z 1

2
3

AG

x1=

(c)

(i)

2(1 + t) + (2 2t) + (3t 1) = 6 t = 1

(ii)

coordinates are (2, 0, 2)

M1A1

A1

Note: Award A0 for position vector.

(iii)

distance travelled is the distance between the two points

2

(2 1) (0 2) (2 1) 14 (= 3.74)

(M1)
(M1)A1

N1

(d)

(i)

distance from Q to the origin is given by

d(t) =

t 4 (1 t ) 2 (1 t 2 ) 2 (or equivalent)

e.g. for labelled sketch of graph of d or d2

(ii)

M1A1
(M1)(A1)

the minimum value is obtained for t = 0.761

A1

the coordinates are (0.579, 0.239, 0.421)

A1

N3

Note: Accept answers given as a position vector.

(e)

(i)

0
1
4



a 1 , b 0 and c 1
1
0
3



substituting in the equation a b = k(b c), we have
1 4
0 1
1
3




1 0 k 0 1 1 k 1
0 3
1 0
1
3

1
which is impossible
3
so there is no solution for k

(M1)A1
(M1)
A1

k 1 and k

(ii)

BA and CB are not parallel

(hence A, B, and C cannot be collinear)

R1

R2

Note: Only accept answers that follow from part (i).

[23]

23.

1
direction vector for line = or any multiple
1
2 sin 1

0
1 sin 1
2 sin 1 + sin = 0

A1
M1
A1

Note: Allow FT on candidates direction vector just for line above only.
3 sin = 1
1
sin =
3
= 0.340 or 19.5

A1
A1

Note: A coordinate geometry method using perpendicular gradients is acceptable.

[5]

24.

EITHER
l goes through the point (1, 3, 6), and the plane contains A(4, 2, 5)
the vector containing these two points is on the plane, i.e.
1 4 3

3 2 5
6 5 1

i
j k
1 3

2 5 1 2 1 = 7i + 4j + k
1 1 3 5 1

4 7

2 4 25
5 1

hence, Cartesian equation of the plane is 7x + 4y + z = 25

(M1)A1

M1A1

(M1)
A1

OR
finding a third point
e.g. (0, 5, 5)
three points are (1, 3, 6), (4, 2, 5), (0, 5, 5)
equation is ax + by + cz = 1
system of equations
a + 3b + 6c = 1
4a 2b + 5c = 1
5b + 5c = 1
1
4
7
,c
,b
a=
, from GDC
25
25
25

7
4
1
x
y
z 1
25
25
25
or 7x + 4y + z = 25
so

M1
A1

M1

M1A1
A1
[6]

25.

(a)

on l1 A(3 + 3, 4 + 2, 6 2)
3
4


on l2 l2 : r = 7 4
1
3

B(4 3, 7 + 4, 3 )
3 3 7

BA a b 2 4 3
2 9

A1
(M1)
A1

(M1)A1

EITHER
3

BA l1 BA 2 0
2

3(3 + 3 7) + 2(2 4 + 3) 2(2 + + 9) = 0
17 = 33

M1
A1

3

BA l 2 BA 4 0
1

3(3 + 3 7) + 4(2 4 + 3) 2(2 + + 9) = 0

26 = 24
solving both equations above simultaneously gives
= 2; = 1 A(3, 0, 2), B(1, 3, 4)

M1
A1
A1A1A1A1

OR
i

3 2 2 = 6i + 9j + 18k
3 4 1

2 3 3 7

so AB p 3 2 4 3
6 2 9

3 + 3 2p = 7
2 4 3p = 3
2 + 6p = 9
= 2, = 1, p = 1
A(3 + 6, 4 + 4, 6 4) = (3, 0, 2)
B(4 3, 7 + 4, 3 1) = (1, 3, 4)

(b)

1 3 2

AB = 3 0 3
4 2 6

|AB| =

( 2) 2 ( 3) 2 ( 6) 2 49 = 7

M1A1

M1A1

A1A1
A1
A1

(A1)

M1A1

(c)

from (b) 2i + 3j + 6k is normal to both lines

3 2

l1 goes through (3, 4, 6) 4 3 = 18
6 6

hence, the Cartesian equation of the plane through l1, but not l2,
is 2x + 3y + 6z = 18

M1A1

A1
[19]

26.

(a)

(i)

METHOD 1

1 1 0
AB = b a = 2 1 1
3 2 1

(A1)

3 1 2
AC = c a = 0 1 1
1 2 1

(A1)

j
k
1
1
2 1 1

AB AC = 0

M1

= i (1 + 1) j(0 2) + k (0 2)

(A1)

= 2j 2k
Area of triangle ABC =

A1

1
1
2 j 2k
8 2 sq. units
2
2

Note: Allow FT on final A1.

M1A1

METHOD 2
AB 2 , BC 12 , AC 6

A1A1A1

Using cosine rule, e.g. on C

6 12 2

cos C =

2 72

Area ABC

M1

2 2
3

A1

1
ab sin C
2

1
12 6 sin
2

M1

arccos 2 2

2 2
= 3 2 sin arccos

2
3

A1

Note: Allow FT on final A1.

(ii)

AB =
2 =

1
1
AB h
2 h , h equals the shortest distance
2
2

h=2
(iii)

A1
(M1)
A1

METHOD 1
0

has form r 2 d
2

(M1)

Since (1, 1, 2) is on the plane

1 1

d = 1 2 2 4 2
2 2

M1A1

0

Hence r 2 = 2
2

2y 2z = 2 (or y z = 1)

A1

METHOD 2

1 0
2


r = 1 1 1
2 1
1


x = 1 + 2

(i)

y=1+

(ii)

z=2+

(iii)

(M1)

A1

Note: Award A1 for all three correct, A0 otherwise.

x 1
2

From (i) =

x 1

substitute in (ii) y = 1 +

x 1

=y1+

substitute and in (iii)

M1

x 1 x 1

2 2

z=2+y1+
y z = 1
(b)

(i)

A1

The equation of OD is

0

r = 2 ,
2

or r 1

M1

This meets where

2 + 2 = 1

(M1)

1
4

A1

1 1

Coordinates of D are 0 , ,
2 2

(ii)

A1

1
1 1
OD 0
2
2 2

(M1)A1
[20]

27.

METHOD 1
Use of | a b | = | a | | b | sin

(M1)

| a b |2 = | a |2 | b |2 sin2

(A1)

Note: Only one of the first two marks can be implied.

= | a |2 | b |2 (1 cos2)

A1

= | a |2 | b |2 | a |2 | b |2 cos2

(A1)

= | a |2 | b |2 (| a | | b | cos)2

(A1)

Note: Only one of the above two A1 marks can be implied.

= | a |2 | b |2 (a b)2
Hence LHS = RHS

A1
AG

N0

METHOD 2
Use of a b = | a | | b | cos

(M1)

| a |2 | b |2 (a b)2 = | a |2 | b |2 (| a | | b | cos)2

(A1)

= | a |2 | b |2 | a |2 | b |2 cos2

(A1)

Note: Only one of the above two A1 marks can be implied.

= | a |2 | b |2 (1 cos2)

A1

= | a |2 | b |2 sin2

A1

= | a b |2

A1

Hence LHS = RHS

AG

N0

Notes: Candidates who independently correctlysimplify both sides

and show that LHS = RHS should be awarded full marks.
If the candidate starts off with expression that they are trying to
prove and concludes that sin2 = (1 cos2) award M1A1A1A1A0A0.
If the candidate uses two general 3D vectors and explicitly finds
the expressions correctly award full marks. Use of 2D vectors
gains a maximum of 2 marks.
If two specific vectors are used no marks are gained.
[6]

28.

(a)

Use of cos =

OA AB

(M1)

OA AB

AB = i j + k

AB =

A1

3 and OA = 3 2

A1

OA AB = 6

A1

substituting gives cos =

(b)

L1: r = OA + s AB

6 or equivalent
6 3

or equivalent

L1: r = i j + 4k + s(i j + k)

or equivalent

M1

N1

(M1)
A1

Note: Award (M1)A0 for omitting r = in the final answer.

(c)

Equating components and forming equations involving s and t

1 + s = 2 + 2t, 1 s = 4 + t, 4 + s = 7 + 3t
Having two of the above three equations
Attempting to solve for s or t
Finding either s = 3 or t = 2
Explicitly showing that these values satisfy the third equation
Point of intersection is (2, 2, 1)

(M1)
A1A1
(M1)
A1
R1
A1

N1

Note: Position vector is not acceptable for final A1.

(d)

METHOD 1
3
1 2


r = 1 1 3
3
4 3


x = 1 + 2 3, y = 1 + + 3 and z = 4 + 3 3
Elimination of the parameters
x + y = 3 so 4(x + y) = 12 and y + z = 4 + 3
so 3(y + z) = 12 + 9

(A1)

M1A1
M1

3(y + z) = 4(x + y) + 9

A1

Cartesian equation of plane is 4x + y 3z = 9 (or equivalent)

A1

N1

METHOD 2
EITHER
The point (2, 4, 7) lies on the plane.
The vector joining (2, 4, 7) and (1, 1, 4) and 2i + j + 3k
are parallel to the plane. So they are perpendicular to the
normal to the plane.
(i j + 4k) (2i + 4j + 7k) = i 5j 3k
i
j
k
n 1 5 3
2

(A1)
M1

= 12i 3j + 9k

or equivalent parallel vector

A1

OR
L1 and L2 intersect at D (2, 2,1)

AD = (2i + 2j + k) (i j + 4k) = 3i + 3j 3k
i

(A1)

n 2 1 3
3 3 3
= 12i 3j + 9k

M1

or equivalent parallel vector

A1

THEN
r n = (i j + 4k) (12i 3j + 9k)
= 27
Cartesian equation of plane is 4x + y 3z = 9 (or equivalent)

M1
A1
A1

N1
[20]

29.

1

The normal vector to the plane is 3 .
2

(A1)

EITHER

is the angle between the line and the normal to the plane.
4 1

1 3
2 2
3
cos
14 21
14 21

7 6

(M1)A1A1

= 79.9 (= 1.394 ...)

A1

The required angle is 10.1 (= 0.176)

A1

OR

is the angle between the line and the plane.

4 1

1 3
2 2
3
sin
14 21
14 21

= 10.1 (= 0.176)

(M1)A1A1
A2
[6]

30.

METHOD 1
(from GDC)

1
1
1 0

6 12

2 1

0 1 3 6

0 0 0 0

(M1)

1
1
x
6
12

A1

2
1
y
3
6

A1

1
2
1
1

r = i j i j k
12
6
6
3

A1A1A1

N3

METHOD 2

(Elimination method either for equations or row reduction of matrix)

Eliminating one of the variables
Finding a point on the line
Finding the direction of the line
The vector equation of the line

M1A1
(M1)A1
M1
A1

N3
[6]

31.

BC = c b
CA = a c
a ( c b) = 0
and b (a c) = 0
ac=ab
and a b = b c
ac=bc
bcac=0
c (b a) = 0
OC is perpendicular to AB , as b a.

M1
M1
A1
A1
M1
A1
AG
[6]

32.

a b = abcos
1 3

a b = 2 2 = 7 + 3m
3 m

a 14 b 13 m 2

(M1)
A1

A1

a b cos 14 13 m 2 cos 30

7 + 3m = 14 13 m 2 cos 30
m = 2.27, m = 25.7

A1
A1A1
[6]

33.

(a)

1 2 3 k

3 1 2 4
5 0 7 5

R1 2 R2
5 0 7 k 8

4
3 1 2
5 0 7
5

R1 + R3
0 0 0 k 3

4
3 1 2
5 0 7
5

Hence no solutions if k

(b)

M1

(A1)

(A1)
,k3

Two planes meet in a line and the third plane is parallel to that line.

A1

A1
[5]

34.

(a)

(b)

x = 3 + 2m
y=2m
z = 7 + 2m

A1

x = 1 + 4n
y=4n
z=2+n

A1

3 + 2m = 1 + 4n 2m 4n = 2(i)
2 m = 4 n m n = 2(ii)
7 + 2m = 2 + n 2m n = 5(iii)
(iii) (ii) m = 3
n = 1
Substitute in (i), 6 + 4 = 2. Hence lines intersect.
Point of intersection A is (3, 5, 1)

M1
A1
A1
R1
A1

1

2 1 2 6

4 1 1 2

M1A1

1 3 1

r 6 2 6
2 7 2

(M1)

(c)

1

r 6 = 29
2

x + 6y + 2z = 29

A1

Note: Award M1A0 if answer is not in Cartesian form.

(d)

(e)

x = 8 + 3
y = 3 + 8
z = 2
Substitute in equation of plane.
8 + 3 18 + 48 + 4 = 29
55 = 55
=1
Coordinates of B are (5, 5, 2)

Coordinates of C are 4, 5,
2

4
1



r = 5 6

3
2


2

(M1)
M1
A1
A1

(A1)

M1A1

x

Note: Award M1A0 unless candidate writes r = or y
z

[18]

35.

EITHER

Let s be the distance from the origin to a point on the line, then
s2 = (1 )2 + (2 3)2 + 4
= 102 14 + 9
d( s 2 )
= 20 14
d
For minimum

d( s 2 )
7
0,
d
10

(M1)
A1
A1
A1

OR

The position vector for the point nearest to the origin is perpendicular to
the direction of the line. At that point:
1 1

2 3 3 = 0
2 0

Therefore, 10 7 = 0
7
Therefore, =
10

(M1)A1
A1
A1

THEN
x=

3
1
,y
10
10

3 1
The point is , , 2 .
10 10

(A1)(A1)
N3
[6]

36.

(a)

M1

(M1)

M1
When a = 1 the augmented matrix is

Hence the system is inconsistent a 1

(b)

When a 1, (a 1)z = 9 a2
(a + 1)z = a2 9
a2 9
z
a 1
2y z = 0 y
x = 3y + z =

1
a2 9
z
2
2(a 1)

3(a 2 9) 2(a 2 9) 9 a 2

2(a 1)
2( a 1)
2( a 1)

A1
R1

M1A1
M1A1
M1A1

9 a2 a2 9 a2 9
when a 1
The unique solution is
,
,

a
a
a
2
(

1
)
2
(

1
)

(c)

2a=1 a=1

M1

8 8 8
The solution is , , or (2, 2, 4)
4 4 2

A1
[13]

37.

(a)

AB = i 3j + k, BC = i + j

A1A1

(b)

(c)

M1

= i + j + 2k

A1

Area of ABC =

(e)

AB BC 1 3 1
1
1 0

(d)

1
i + j + 2k
2

M1A1

1
11 4
2
6
2

A1

A normal to the plane is given by n = AB BC = i + j + 2k

Therefore, the equation of the plane is of the form x + y + 2z = g
and since the plane contains A, then 1 + 2 + 2 = g g = 3.
Hence, an equation of the plane is x + y + 2z = 3.

M1
A1

Vector n above is parallel to the required line.

Therefore, x = 2 t
y=1+t
z = 6 + 2t

(f)

(M1)

A1
A1
A1

x=2t
y=1+t
z = 6 + 2t
x + y + 2z = 3
2 + t 1 + t 12 + 4t = 3
15 + 6t = 3
6t = 18
t=3
Point of intersection (1, 2, 0)

Distance =

(h)

Unit vector in the direction of n is e =

1
6

A1
A1

3 2 3 2 6 2 54

(g)

M1A1

(i + j + 2k)

Note: e is also acceptable.

(M1)A1

1
n
n

(M1)
A1

(i)

Point of intersection of L and P is (1, 2, 0).

3

DE 3
6

(M1)A1

3

EF 3
6

M1

coordinates of F are (4, 5, 6)

A1
[25]

38.

(a)

(b)

L 1 : x = 2 + ; y = 2 + 3 ; z = 3 +
L2 : x = 2 + ; y = 3 + 4; z = 4 + 2
At the point of intersection
2+=2+
(1)
2 + 3 = 3 + 4 (2)
(3)
3 + = 4 + 2
From (1), =
Substituting in (2), 2 + 3 = 3 + 4
= = 1
We need to show that these values satisfy (3).
They do because LHS = RHS = 2; therefore the lines intersect.
So P is (1, 1, 2).

The normal to is normal to both lines. It is therefore given by

the vector product of the two direction vectors.
i j k

Therefore, normal vector is given by 1 3 1

1 4 2

= 2i j + k
The Cartesian equation of is 2x y + z = 2 + 1 + 2
i.e. 2x y + z = 5

(A1)
(A1)
(M1)

A1
A1
(M1)
R1
A1

N3

M1A1
A2
(M1)
A1

N2

(c)

3 5
The midpoint M of [PQ] is 2, , .
2 2

M1A1

The direction of MS is the same as the normal to , i.e. 2i j + k

(R1)

The coordinates of a general point R on MS are therefore

3
5

2 2 , ,
2
2

(M1)

5
1

It follows that PR = (1 + 2)i + j k

2
2

A1A1A1

At S, length of PR is 3, i.e.
2

(M1)
2

5
1

(1 + 2)2 + 9
2
2

1 + 4 + 42 +

A1

25
1
5 + 2 +
+ + 2 = 9
4
4

(A1)

6
4
1
=
2
Substituting these values,
the possible positions of S are (3, 1, 3) and (1, 2, 2)

6 2 =

A1
A1
(M1)
A1A1

N2
[29]

39.

(a)

4

Finding correct vectors AB 3
1

3

AC 1
1

A1A1

Substituting correctly in scalar product AB AC = 4(3) + 3(1) 1(1)

= 10

(b)

AB 26

AC 11

C
Attempting to use scalar product formula, cos BA
= 0.591 (to 3 s.f.)
C = 126
BA

A1
AG

N0

(A1)(A1)

10
26 11

M1
A1
A1

N3
[8]