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Collision Domain

A collision domain is a group of Ethernet devices directly connected by a repeater or hub that can only have one device transmit at a time. Repeaters and hubs extend distance and facilitate star topologies but do not understand frames or protocols. Switches break networks into multiple collision domains, avoiding restrictions by not being simple repeaters and instead forwarding frames to appropriate ports based on content.

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87 views4 pages

Collision Domain

A collision domain is a group of Ethernet devices directly connected by a repeater or hub that can only have one device transmit at a time. Repeaters and hubs extend distance and facilitate star topologies but do not understand frames or protocols. Switches break networks into multiple collision domains, avoiding restrictions by not being simple repeaters and instead forwarding frames to appropriate ports based on content.

Uploaded by

grksud
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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A collision domain is a group of Ethernet or fast Ethernet devices that are directly

connected by repeaters or hubs. At any time only one node/device may transmit
inside of this collision domain. Repeaters and hubs are physical layer devices and
do not understand Ethernet frames or protocols. Their role is to simply extend
distance and to facilitate star topology. All nodes/devices that share an Ethernet
or fast Ethernet LAN using the CSMA/CD rules are part of the same collision
domain or, in other words, all the nodes/devices that are connected to a hub are
part of the same collision domain. So, when a collision occurs in a collision
domain, everyone in that domain gets affected. Further, for reliable operation of
a shared Ethernet network, the network diameter must not exceed that of the
collision domain.
A switch on the other hand is not a repeater but actually a bridge, which acts
upon the content of the Ethernet frame it receives and forwards the frame to the
appropriate port on the switch. Switches break the network into multiple collision
domains and hence simplify the expansion rules by avoiding the collision domain
restrictions. They also allow the separate collision domains to communicate with
each other.
Data link layer has got special layer called Medium Access Sub layer.It controls
access to shared channel in broadcast n/w.

PPP Protocol:
PPP has two sub protocols : 1] Link control Protocol 2]Network Control Protocol
LCP:
A] bringing lines up
B]testing lines
C]negotiating options(max payload size,enabling auth,choosing protocol,enabling
line quality monitoring,selecting various header compression options)
D]bringing down lines when they are not needed.
NCP:
A]way to negotiate n/w layer options which is independent of n/w layer protocols.
The method chosen is to have different NCP for different n/w layers supported.
B]Allows config for a dynamically assigned IP address.
Connection setup using PPP
1. User calls ISPs router via modem
2. After a physical connection is established ,PC sends the router a series of
LCP packets in the payload fields of PPP frames for agreeing upon PPP
parameters checksum,payload length etc.

3. Thereafter a series of NCP packets sent for configuration of the n/w layer
dynamic IP address allocation by ISP is catered for.
4. When the user is finished,NCP is used to tear down the n/w layer
connection and free up the IP address.
5. The LCP is used to shutdown the data link layer connection.
6. Finally computer tells the modem to hang up the phone , releasing the
physical layer connection.
PPP Frame Format:
BYTE: 1

1-2

VARIABLE

2 OR 4

FLAG-ADDRESS-CONTROL-PROTOCOL-PAYLOAD-CHECKSUM-FLAG
1]Every PPP frame starts & ends with 1 Byte flag (01111110)
2]Address 1 byte can be omitted
3]Control 1 byte can be omitted
4]Protocol field tells which upper layer protocol to pass the frame to such
as Appletalk
5]Payload(Information)
6]Checksum CRC

DHCP protocol:
1.DHCP DISCOVER :
CLIENT sends broadcast message to to all hosts including server.
IP SENDER: 0.0.0.0,UDP 68
IP RECEIVER:255.255.255.255 UDP PORT 67
UDP 67 DHCP SERVER
UDP 68 DHCP CLIENT
2.DHCP OFFER:
Meaning: I can offer you 192.168.1.3 for the next 3600 seconds.
Server offers new ip address to host through broadcast.
Server doesnt where is new host.Hence server sends DHCP OFFER
broadcast message to all host.
IP SENDER:192.168.1.1 UDP PORT 67
IP RECEIVER:255.255.255.255 UDP 68 <- BROADCAST
3.DHCP REQUEST:

Meaning:I want to accept the offer that would allow me to use


192.168.1.3 for 3600 seconds.
IP Sender: 0.0.0.0 UDP PORT 68
IP RECEIVER:255.255.255.255 UDP PORT 67 BROAADCAST
4.DHCP ACK:
Meaning:As of now, you can use 192.168.1.3 for the next 3600 seconds.
IP sender:192.168.1.1 UDP PORT 67
IP RECEIVER :255.255.255.255 UDP PORT 68 BROADCAST

NAT(Network Address Translation):


IPV4 => 32 BITS => 4.2 BILLION IP ADDRESS.
7 BILLION PEOPLE IN WORLD.
IF THEY HAVE MULTIPLE DEVICES THEN THERE IS LACK OF IP ADDRESS.
ROUTER HAS NAT FORWARDING TABLE (PRIVATE TO PUBLIC IP ADDRESS
MAPPING).
ALL PRIVATE IP ADDRESS DEVICES CAN ACCESS INTERNET USING NAT
ENABLED ROUTER

IPV6 => 3.4 x 1038 IP ADDRESSES.

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