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Oscillations and Waves: Periodic Motion

1. This document discusses oscillatory and wave motions. It defines periodic motion as motion that repeats identically after a fixed time interval called the period. Oscillatory motion involves a body moving back and forth repeatedly about a fixed point within defined limits. 2. Simple harmonic motion is a special type of periodic motion where the restoring force on a particle is directly proportional to its displacement from the mean position. The displacement, velocity, and acceleration of a particle in SHM can be described by sine and cosine functions. 3. A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy through a medium by repeated vibrations of its particles. Waves can be transverse, involving perpendicular crests and troughs, or longitudinal,

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80 views

Oscillations and Waves: Periodic Motion

1. This document discusses oscillatory and wave motions. It defines periodic motion as motion that repeats identically after a fixed time interval called the period. Oscillatory motion involves a body moving back and forth repeatedly about a fixed point within defined limits. 2. Simple harmonic motion is a special type of periodic motion where the restoring force on a particle is directly proportional to its displacement from the mean position. The displacement, velocity, and acceleration of a particle in SHM can be described by sine and cosine functions. 3. A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy through a medium by repeated vibrations of its particles. Waves can be transverse, involving perpendicular crests and troughs, or longitudinal,

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Oscillations and Waves

1. Periodic Motion. It is that motion which is identically repeated after a fixed


interval of time. The fixed interval of time after which the motion is repeated is
called Period of motion.
For example, the revolution of earth around the sun is a periodic motion. Its period
of revolution is one year.
2. Oscillatory motion or vibratory motion. It is that motion in which a body
moves to and fro or back and forth repeatedly about a fixed point (called mean
position), in a definite interval of time. In such a motion, the body is confined within
well defined limits (called extreme position) on either side of mean position.
For example, the motion of the pendulum of a wall clock is oscillatory motion.
The oscillatory motions are periodic motions but the periodic motions may not be
oscillatory motions.
3. Periodic function. These are those functions which are used to represent periodic
motion. A function f(t) is said to be periodic if f(t) = f(t + T) = f(t + 2T)
where T is called the periodic function. sin and cos are the example of periodic
functions with period equal to 2 radians, because
sin = sin ( + 2) = sin ( + 4) and so on;
cos = cos( + 2) = cos ( + 4) and so on.
4. Angular frequency () of a body executing periodic motion is equal to the
product of frequency of the body with a factor 2, i.e.,
= v x 2 = 2v ; SI unit of is rad/s.
5. Displacement. In general, the name displacement is given to a physical quantity
which undergoes a change with time in a periodic motion; such as position, angle,
pressure, electric and magnetic fields, etc.
6. Phase. Phase of a vibrating particle at any instant is a physical quantity which
completely expresses the position and direction of motion of the particle at that
instant with respect to its mean position. It is measured either in terms of fraction of
time period or fraction of 2 angle, which has elapsed since the vibrating particle

has

crossed

its

mean

position

in

the

positive

direction.

In Oscillatory motion, the phase of a vibrating particle is the argument of sine or cosine
function involved to represent the generalized equation of motion of the vibrating particle.
7. Phase difference between two vibrating particles tells the lack of harmony in the
vibrating states of the two particles at a given instant.
8. Simple Harmonic Motion. It is a special type of periodic motion, in which a particle
moves to and fro repeatedly about a mean position and the magnitude of force
acting on the particle at any instant is directly proportional to the displacement of
the particle from the mean position at that instant i.e.,
F = -ky
where k is known as force constant. Here, -ve sign shows that the restoring force (F) is
always directed towards the mean position.
The displacement of the particle executing S.H.M. at an instant can be expressed in terms
of one single harmonic function. Hence it is called S.H.M.
Geometrical in S.H.M. S.H.M. is defined as the projection of a uniform circular motion on
any diameter of a circle of reference.
9. Displacement in S.H.M. The displacement of a particle executing S.H.M. at an
instant is defined as the distance of the particle from the mean position at that
instant. It can be given by the relation
y = a sin t

or y = a cos t.

The first relation is valid when the time is measured from the mean position and the
second relation is valid when the time is measured from the extreme position of the
particle executing S.H.M. along a st. path.
The maximum displacement on either side of mean position is called amplitude of
motion. The direction of displacement is always away from the mean position whether
the particle is moving away from or coming towards the mean position.
10. Velocity in S.H.M. It is defined as the time rate of change of the displacement of
the particle at the given instant. Velocity in S.H.M. is given by
V = dy = d ( a sin t) = a cos t = a 1 = a

1 / =

dt dt
At mean position, velocity is maximum ( =a) and at extreme position, the velocity is zero,
of a particle executing S.H.M. The maximum value of velocity is called velocity amplitude
in S.H.M.
11. Damped oscillation. when a simple harmonic system oscillates with a decreasing
amplitude with time, its oscillations are called damped oscillation. the energy of the
system executing damped oscillation will go on decreasing with time.
12. A wave motion is a form of disturbance which travels through a medium on
account of repeated periodic vibrations of the particles of the medium about their
mean position, the motion being handed on from one particle to the adjoining
particle.
A material medium is a must for propagation of waves. It should possess the
properties of inertia, elasticity and minimum friction. The 2 types of wave motion are:
i) Transverse wave motion that travels in the form of crests and thoughts.
ii) Longitudinal wave motion that travels in the form of compressions and
rarefactions.
13. Speed of longitudinal waves in a long solid rod is v = /
where, y is youngs modulus of elasticity of the material of solid rod and p is density of the
material. The speed of longitudinal waves in a liquid is given by v = / , where B is bulk
modulus of elasticity of the liquid.

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