Geotechnical Elements and

M d l iin OpenSees
Models
O
S
Pedro Arduino
University of Washington, Seattle

OpenSees Days 2010,

OpenSees
p
User Workshop,
p, Thursday
y Sept
p 2,, 2010

Type of Geotechnical Problems that

can be solved using OpenSees
{

St ti Problems
Static
P bl
z
z
z

Deformation analyses (1D, 2D, or 3D)

Consolidation problems (diffusion problems)
Soil-structure interaction problems
{ Shallow foundations (e.g. bearing capacity, settlements)
{ Pile foundations (e.g.
e g vertical and lateral capacity)

Dynamic (earthquake problems)

z
z
z

Free-field
Free
field analysis
Liquefaction induced problems
Soil structure interaction problems

(e.g. response of pile

foundations, bridge bents
foundations
bents, or complete structures embedded in soils to
earthquake excitations)

Wh t do
What
d we need??
d??
{
{
{

{
{

Solid elements to characterize

cha acte i e the soil domain
(continuum).
Appropriate boundary conditions to accurately
represent the soil domain boundaries.
boundaries
Robust constitutive models to characterize the
soil stress-strain response under monotonic and
cyclic loading conditions
Interface elements to capture the interaction
between the soil and adjacent structures.
Everything else you are learning in this
workshop (i.e., how to create beam elements,
apply loads and boundary conditions, record
results, perform the analysis, etc.

O tli
Outline
{

Fi it El
Finite
Elements
t (f
(for solids)
lid )
z
z
z

Material Models
z
z
z

Single-phase
Multi-phase (coupled) finite elements
Zero length element
Elastic
Elasto-plastic Continuum Models
Elasto-plastic Uniaxial models

B
Boundary
d
Conditions
C diti
z
z

Equal DOF
Absorbent boundaries

Fi it El
Finite
Elements
t ((solids)
lid )
{

Si l
Single-phase
h
formulations
f
l ti
z

To capture the response of dry soils (or total

stress analysis) need one single phase
z

Multi-phase formulations
z

To capture the response of saturated soils

(effective stress analysis) need two phases
z
z

Phase
h
1 soill skeleton
k l

Phase 1 Soil skeleton

Phase 2 pore water

Z
Zero-Length
L
h element
l
z

To capture interface response between solid

and beam elements, and to apply absorbent
b
boundary
d
conditions
diti

Si l Ph
Single
Phase F
Formulations
l ti
{

Small deformation
f
solid elements
z
z

2-D quadrilateral elements (4, 9 nodes)

3 D solid
3-D
lid elements,
l
brick
b i k (8,
(8 20 nodes)
d )

Large deformation (total

L
Lagrangian)
i ) solid
lid elements,
l
t b
bricks
i k
n8
(20 nodes)
n4
n3
n7

n5

n6
n4
n3

n1
n1

n2

quad

(4 node)

n2

stdBrick

(8 node)

quad
d element
l
td
definition
fi iti
n4

n3

n1

n2

quad

(4 node)

element quad $eleTag $n1 $n2 $n3 $n4 $thick $type $matTag
<$press $rho $b1 $b2>
Must define first all the required arguments. In particular:
Nodes $n1, $n2, $n3, $n4 and
M t i l type
Material
t
$
$matTag
tT
The arguments in <> are optional

M lti Ph
Multi-Phase
Formulations
F
l ti
{
{

Fully
F
ll coupled
l d u-p elements
l
t (2D & 3D)
Fully coupled u-p-U elements (3D) for
small deformations
n4

n3

n7

n8

n1

n2

quadUP

n1

n6
n9

n2

n5

n4

n3

9_4_quadUP

Degrees of Freedom (DOFs) are:

z
z
z

u solid displacement, on
P pore fluid pressures, on
U pore fluid displacements, on

quadUP
dUP element
l
td
definition
fi iti
n4

n1

n3

n2

quadUP
element quadUP $eleTag $n1 $n2 $n3 $n4 $thick $type $matTag
$bulk $fmass $hPerm $vPerm <$b1 $b2 $t>

$bulk combined undrained bulk modulus Bc=Bf/n

$f
$fmass
fluid
fl id mass d
density
it
$hperm & $vperm horiz. And vert. permeability

zerolength
l
th element
l
t
{

Connects two points at the same

coordinate
n4

n3
n6

n5
n1

n2

solid element

beam element

zero-length element

element zeroLength $eleTag $n1 $n2 mat $matTag1 $matTag2

-dir $dir1 $dir2 <-orient $x1 $x2 $x3 $yp1 $yp2 $yp3>

M t i l Models
Material
M d l
{

Linear Elastic Material model (nDMaterial)

z

Elasto-Plastic Material models (nDMaterial)

z

To characterize the response of the soil (or other

continuum) in its elastic regime
To characterize the nonlinear stress-strain
response of soils

Elasto-plastic
Elasto
plastic Uniaxial models
z

To characterize the interface response between

soil and structural elements (uniaxialMaterial).

nDMaterial
Elastic
{

Small deformation
f
elasticity
z
z
z

Linear isotropic
N li
Nonlinear
iisotropic
i
Cross anisotropic

Elastic Isotropic Material

nDMaterial ElasticIsotropic $matTag $E $v

nDMaterial
Elasto-Plastic (Small Deformations)

{
{
{
{
{
{

J2-Plasticity Material (von Mises)

D
Drucker-Prager
k P
M
Material
t i l (UW)
Template Elasto-Plastic Material (UC
Davis)
Cam-Clay Material (Berkeley)
MutiYield Materials (San Diego)
FluidSolidPorous Material(SanDiego)

nDMaterial
J2Plasticity
{

von-Mises type

nDMaterial J2Plasticity $matTag $K $G $sig0 $sigInf $delta $H

d-inf
d-0

Von-Mises Yield Surface

Stress-strain curve

nDMaterial
Template Elasto-Plastic Material
{

Versatile tool to generate multiple types

of elasto-plastic materials by combining
yield
i ld surfaces
f
, plastic
l ti potentials
t ti l and
evolution laws

Developed by Boris Jeremic at UC Davis

http://sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic

nDMaterial
Template Elasto-Plastic Material
nDMaterial Template3Dep $matTag $ElmatTag
YS $ys PS $ps EPS $eps <-ELS1 $el> <-ELT1 $et>
-YS
Yield surfaces (von Mises, Drucker Prager, MohrCoulomb, Camclay)
Coulomb
-PS
Plastic potentials (von Mises, Drucker-Prager MohrCoulomb, Camclay, Leon)
-EPS Initial state of stress
-ELS1 Scalar evolution laws for isotropic hardening (linear,
nonlinear Camclay)
-ELT1 Tensorial evolution laws for Kinematic hardening (linear,
nonlinear Armstrong-Frederick)
Von-Mises

Drucker Prager

Mohr-Coulomb

Camclay

nDMaterial
MultiYield Materials
{

Material
M
t i l models
d l b
based
d on M
Multiyield
lti i ld
Plasticity (Mroz et al., Prevost et al.)
Two types
z

Pressure Independent Multi-yield (for total stress

Pressure Dependent Multi-yield

Multi yield (captures well the

analysis)

response of liquefiable soils)

z

Fluid-solid p
porous material ((Material to couple
p solid &fluid
phases)

Developed by Elgamal et al. at UCSD

http://cyclic.ucsd.edu/opensees/
//
/
/

nDMaterial
PressureDependentMultiYield
nDMaterial PressureDependMultiYield $matTag $nd $rho
$refShearModul $refBulkModul $frictionAng $peakShearStra
$refPress $pressDependCoe $PTAng
$contrac $dilat1 $dilat2, $liquefac1 $liquefac2 $liquefac3
<$noYieldSurf=20 <$r1 $Gs1 >
$e=0.6 $cs1=0.9 $cs2=0.02 $cs3=0.7 $pa=101>

15 parameters!!??

nDMaterial
PressureDependentMultiYield
nDMaterial PressureDependMultiYield $matTag $nd $rho
$refShearModul $refBulkModul $frictionAng $peakShearStra
$refPress $pressDependCoe $PTAng
$contrac $dilat1 $dilat2, $liquefac1 $liquefac2 $liquefac3
<$noYieldSurf=20 <$r1 $Gs1 >
$e=0.6 $cs1=0.9 $cs2=0.02 $cs3=0.7 $pa=101>

nDMaterial
PressureDependentMultiYield
nDMaterial PressureDependMultiYield $matTag $nd $rho
$refShearModul $refBulkModul $frictionAng $peakShearStra
$refPress $pressDependCoe $PTAng
$contrac $dilat1 $dilat2, $liquefac1 $liquefac2 $liquefac3
<$noYieldSurf=20 <$r1 $Gs1 >
$e=0.6 $cs1=0.9 $cs2=0.02 $cs3=0.7 $pa=101>

nDMaterial
PressureDependentMultiYield02
nDMaterial PressureDependMultiYield02 $matTag $nd $rho
$refBulkModul $frictionAng $peakShearStra $refPress
$pressDepenCoe $PTAng
$contrac1 $contrac3 $dilat1 $dilat3
<$noYieldSurf=20 <$r1 $Gs1 >
$contrac2=5.0 $dilat2=3.0 $liquefac1=1.0 $liquefac2=0.0
$e=0.6 $cs1=0.9 $cs2=0.02 $cs3=0.7 $pa=101>

nDMaterial
PressureDependentMultiYield02
nDMaterial PressureDependMultiYield02 $matTag $nd $rho
$refBulkModul $frictionAng $peakShearStra $refPress
$pressDepenCoe $PTAng
$contrac1 $contrac3 $dilat1 $dilat3
<$noYieldSurf=20 <$r1 $Gs1 >
$contrac2=5.0 $dilat2=3.0 $liquefac1=1.0 $liquefac2=0.0
$e=0.6 $cs1=0.9 $cs2=0.02 $cs3=0.7 $pa=101>

nDMaterial
PressureIndependentMultiYield
nDMaterial PressureIndependMultiYield $matTag $nd $rho
$refShearModul $refBulkModul $cohesi $peakShearStra
$frictionAng $refPress=101 $pressDependCoe=0.
<$noYieldSurf=20 <$r1 $Gs1 >>

nDMaterial
PressureIndependentMultiYield
nDMaterial PressureIndependMultiYield $matTag $nd $rho
$refShearModul $refBulkModul $cohesi $peakShearStra
$frictionAng $refPress=101 $pressDependCoe=0.
<$noYieldSurf=20 <$r1 $Gs1 >>

nDMaterial
FluidSolidPorousMaterial
{

Couples the response off two

phases:fluid and solid developed to

simulate the response of saturated porous media

nDMaterial FluidSolidPorousMaterial $matTag $nd

$soilMatTag $combinedBulkModul

$
$soilMatTag
g the tag
g of p
previously
y defined material
$combinedBulkModul combined undrained bulk modulus,
Bc=Bf/n

Additional commands for multiyield

materials
{

Help perform
f
stage analysis

updateMaterialStage material $matTag stage $sNum

$MatTag the tag of previously defined material
$sNum (0 - elastic, 1-plastic, 2 linear elastic constant f(3) )

updateParameter material $matTag refG $newVal

$MatTag the tag of previously defined material
$sNewVal new parameter value

El t l ti U
Elasto-plastic
Uniaxial
i i l models
d l
{

To capture interface
T
i
f
response between
b
solid (soil) and beam elements (pile)

Py Tz Qz Uniaxial Materials
PySimple1
TzSimple1
QzSimple1
Q
p
PyLiq1
TzLiq1

uniaxialMaterial
PySimple1
uniaxialMaterial PySimple1
y
p
matTag
g$
$soilType
yp $pult
$p
$Y50
$
$Cd
$
<$c>
$soilType =1 Matlock (clay), =2 API (sand)
$pult ultimate capacity of p-y material
$Y50 displ. @ 50% of pult
Cd drag resistance (=1 no gap, <1 gap)
$c viscous damping

Cd=1 0
Cd=1.0

p
pult (Reese 1974)

y50 (API 1993)

Cd=0
Cd
0.3
3

uniaxialMaterial
TzSimple1 & QzSimple1
uniaxialMaterial TzSimple1
p
matTag
g$
$tzType
yp $tult
$
$z50
$
<$c>
$

$tzType =1 Reese & ONeill (clay), =2 Mosher (sand)

$tult ultimate capacity of t-z material
$z50 displ. @ 50% of tult
$c viscous damping
uniaxialMaterial QzSimple1 matTag $qzType $qult $z50
<$suction $c>
$qzType =1 Reese & ONeill (clay), =2 Vijayvergiya (sand)
$qult = ultimate capacity of q-z material
p @ 50% of q
qult
$z50 = displ.
$suction uplift resistance = suction*qult
$c viscous damping

uniaxialMaterial
PyLiq1
uniaxialMaterial PyLiq1
y q $
$matTag
g$
$soilType
yp $pult
$p
$Y50
$
$Cd
$
$c
$
$pRes $solidElem1 $solidElem2
$soilType =1 Matlock (clay), =2 API (sand)
$pult ultimate capacity of p-y material
$Y50 displ. @ 50% of pult
Cd drag resistance (=1 no gap, <1 gap)
$c viscous damping
$pRes residual (minimum) p-y resistance as ru=1.0
$solidElem1 & $solidElem2 solid elements from which PyLiq1
will obtain effective stresses and pore pressures

uniaxialMaterial
PyLiq1

B
Boundary
d
C
Conditions
diti
{

EqualDof
equalDOF $rNodeTag $cNodeTag $dof1 $dof2

$rNodeTag master node

$cNodeTag slave node
$dof1 $dof2 constrained dofs

Same lateral
deformation

Absorbent Boundaries
Lysmer (1969)
Q d El
Quad
Elementt
1.
2
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

set DampP 755

set DampN 1216
uniaxialMaterial Elastic 1 0 $DampP
uniaxialMaterial Elastic 2 0 $DampN
node 1 16.0 0.0
node 2 16.0 0.0
g
1 1 2 -mat 1 2
element zeroLength
-dir 1 2 orient 1 2 0 2 1 0

C N = a VS
C P = b VP

zeroLength
g Element &
uniaxial material

Many more capabilities currently

under development!!

B i E
Basic
Example
l
{

Response
Re
pon e of saturated
t
ted soil
oil element
to harmonic excitation

#Created by Zhaohui Yang ([email protected])

#plastic pressure dependent material
#plane strain, single element, dynamic analysis (input motion: sinusoidal acceleration at base)
#SI units (m, s, KN, ton)
#
#
4
3
#
------#
|
|
#
|
|
#
|
|
#
1-------2 (nodes 1 and 2 fixed)
#
^
^
#
<--> input motion: sinusoidal acceleration at base
wipe
#

Define basic variables

using good names!!!

#some user defined variables

#
set accMul 2
;# acceleration multiplier
set massDen 2.0
;# solid mass density
set fluidDen 1.0
;# fluid mass density
set massProportionalDamping 0.0 ;
set stiffnessProportionalDamping 0.001 ;
set fangle 31.40
;#friction angle
set ptangle 26.50
;#phase transformation angle
set E
90000.0
;#shear modulus
set poisson 0.40 ;
set G [expr $E/(2*(1+$poisson))] ;
set B [expr $E/(3*(1-2*$poisson))] ;
set press 0.0 ;# isotropic consolidation pressure on quad element(s)
set deltaT 0.010 ;# time step for analysis
set numSteps 2000 ;# Number of analysis steps
set gamma 0.600 ;# Newmark integration parameter
set p
period 1
;;# Period of applied
pp
sinusoidal load
set pi 3.1415926535
;
set inclination 0
;
set unitWeightX [expr ($massDen-$fluidDen)*9.81*sin($inclination/180.0*$pi)] ;# unit weight in X direction
set unitWeightY [expr -($massDen-$fluidDen)*9.81*cos($inclination/180.0*$pi)] ;# unit weight in Y direction

Define model g
geometry,
y,
materials & fixities
#############################################################
#############################################################
#create the ModelBuilder
model basic -ndm 2 -ndf 2
# define material and properties
nDMaterial PressureDependMultiYield 2 2 $massDen $G $B $fangle .1
1 80 0.5
05\
$ptangle 0.17 0.4 10 10 0.015 1.0
nDMaterial FluidSolidPorous 1 2 2 2.2D+6
updateMaterialStage -material 1 -stage 0
updateMaterialStage -material 2 -stage 0
# define the nodes
node 1 0.0D0 0.0D0
node 2 1.0D0 0.0D0
node 3 1.0D0 1.0D0
node 4 0.0D0 1.0D0
#d
define
fi
th
the element
l
t
thi
thick
k material
t i l
maTag
T
press
element quad 1 1 2 3 4 1.0 "PlaneStrain"
1 $press

mDensity
D
it
gravity
it
0.
$unitWeightX $unitWeightY

# fix the base

fix 1 1 1
fix 2 1 1
#tie nodes 3 and 4
equalDOF 3 4 1 2

Define g
gravity
y step
p
VERY IMPORTANT!!!
#############################################################
# GRAVITY APPLICATION (elastic behavior)
# create the SOE, ConstraintHandler, Integrator, Algorithm and Numberer
system ProfileSPD
test NormDispIncr 1.D-12 25 0
constraints Transformation
integrator LoadControl 1 1 1 1
algorithm Newton
numberer RCM
# create the Analysis
analysis Static
#analyze
analyze 2
# switch the material to plastic
updateMaterialStage -material 1 -stage 1
updateMaterialStage -material
material 2 -stage
stage 1
updateParameter -material 2 -refB [expr $G*2/3.];
#analyze
analyze 1

Define dynamic step

############################################################
# NOW APPLY LOADING SEQUENCE AND ANALYZE (plastic)
# rezero time
setTime 0.0
wipeAnalysis
#create loading pattern
pattern UniformExcitation 1 1 -accel "Sine 0 1000 $period -factor $accMul"
# create the Analysis
constraints Transformation;
test NormDispIncr 1.D-12 25 0
algorithm Newton
numberer RCM
system ProfileSPD
integrator Newmark $gamma [expr pow($gamma+0.5, 2)/4] \
$massProportionalDamping 0.0 $stiffnessProportionalDamping 0.0
analysis VariableTransient
#create Recorders
recorder Node -file disp.out -time -node 1 2 3 4 -dof 1 2 -dT 0.01 disp
recorder Node -file acce.out -time -node 1 2 3 4 -dof 1 2 -dT 0.01 accel
recorder Element -ele 1 -time -file stress1.out material 1 stress -dT 0.01
recorder Element -ele 1 -time -file strain1.out material 1 strain -dT 0.01
recorder Element -ele 1 -time -file stress3.out material 3 stress -dT 0.01
recorder
d El
Elementt -ele
l 1 -time
ti
-file
fil strain3.out
t i 3
t material
t i l 3 strain
t i -dT
dT 0.01
0 01
recorder Element -ele 1 -time -file press1.out material 1 pressure -dT 0.01
recorder Element -ele 1 -time -file press3.out material 3 pressure -dT 0.01
#analyze
set startT [clock seconds]
analyze $numSteps $deltaT [expr $deltaT/100] $deltaT 10
set endT [clock seconds]
puts "Execution time: [expr $endT-$startT] seconds."
wipe #flush ouput stream

Pl t R
Plot
Results
lt
Input Accel time history

Output displ. time history

Pl t results
Plot
lt
Stress-strain & stress path

Pore pressures