Lecture 8

DEVELOPMENTS Contd
Mechanical Engineering Graphics
MECH 211

Development of oblique cylinder

Development of oblique cylinder

Development of oblique cylinder

Development of oblique cylinder

Development of oblique cylinder

Development of oblique cylinder

Development of oblique cylinder

Development of oblique (Truncated) cone

Triangulation Method

Development of oblique (Truncated) cone

Triangulation Method

Development of oblique (Truncated) cone

Triangulation Method

Development of oblique (Truncated) cone

Triangulation Method

Development of oblique (Truncated) cone

Triangulation Method

Development of oblique (Truncated) cone

Triangulation Method

Development of oblique (Truncated) cone

Triangulation Method

Development of oblique (Truncated) cone

Triangulation Method

Development of oblique (Truncated) cone

Triangulation Method

Development of oblique (Truncated) cone

Triangulation Method

Development of oblique (Truncated) cone

Triangulation Method

Development of oblique (Truncated) cone

Triangulation Method

Development of oblique (Truncated) cone

Triangulation Method

Development of oblique (Truncated) cone

Triangulation Method

Development - intersecting cylinders

Development - intersecting cylinders

Development - intersecting cylinders

Development - intersecting cylinders

Development - intersecting cylinders

Development - intersecting cylinders

Development - intersecting cylinders

Development - intersecting cylinders

Development - intersecting cylinders

Development - intersecting cylinders

Development - intersecting cylinders

Development - intersecting cylinders

Development - intersecting cylinders

Triangulation Method

Development of Transition Parts

Since the connecting surface is neither a pyramid or a prism
previous methods of development cannot be employed here.

In such cases the various plane surfaces can be divided into

triangular areas and each triangle can be laid down in the
development as soon as the TL of each of its sides has been
determined

Development - transition parts

Development - transition parts

Development - transition parts

Development - transition parts

Development - transition parts

Development - transition parts

Development - transition parts

Development - transition parts

Development - transition parts

Development - transition parts

Development - transition parts

Development - transition parts

Development - transition parts

Development - transition parts

Development - transition parts

Development - transition parts

Lecture 09

DIMENSIONING AND
TOLERANCES
Mechanical Engineering Graphics
MECH 211

Content of the Lecture

Dimensions
Nomenclatures
Dimensioning practices
Dimensioning examples
Dimensioning rules

Aligned dimensions
Dimensions outside the view
The extension line practice
The center line

Content of the Lecture

Radial and diametrical dimensions

Chained features
Explanations
Not to scale designations
Reference of the extension lines
General dimensioning
Contour dimensioning
Size vs. location

Dimensions
Dimensions the numerical value that defines the size,

shape, location, surface texture, or geometric characteristic

of a feature.
What should be defined before dimensioning?
Perfect understanding of the shapes
Units
Minimizing the data to geometrically define the part
Features to be defined
Dimensioning rules

Start with a base of reference

Dimensions Contd
Shape, location, relative position of
features in one part.
Locate the position of the tool with respect
to the blank manufacturing hints
Feature sizes (dimensions -linear, angular)
Position or location (linear, angular)

Nomenclature

Nomenclature
Dimension: A numerical value which defines size
or relative position
Basic dimension: Theoretically exact size of the
feature
Reference dimension: Dimension not directly
used, but indicated

Dimension line: Thin dark solid line that shows

the extent and the direction of the feature
Arrowhead: Symbol at the end of
dimension lines

Nomenclature Contd
Extension line: Line that shows which feature is
associated with the size
Visible gap: Gap between corners of the feature
and extension lines
Leader line: Extension line that shows the size of a
inaccessible feature

Diameter/Radius symbols: /R followed by a

number, the size of the feature
Datum: A reference line/surface for datum
dimensioning

Dimensioning Practice
Text is usually 3mm or 0.125 high, and the space
between lines of text is 1.5 mm or 0.0625
Text should be legible, do not crowd dimensions
Do not letter on object lines. Lines may be broken - clarity

Note: Number of digits to the right of decimal varies in

mm and inch dimensioning

Dimensioning Practice Contd

REMEMBER Sizes and
dimensions are
used for
manufacturing
purposes
Both Sizes and
Location of
features should
be indicated

Dimensioning Practice Contd

Size dimensions

Position dimensions

1. Horizontal position
2. Vertical position
3. Angle

1. Horizontal
2. Vertical
3. Diameter
4. Radius

Standard practice in dimensioning promotion of

clarity
Make sure that you could build the part according
to your dimensioning
The provided dimensions must be measurable

Location Dimensions - Example

Tabular dimensioning
Series of objects, with like features but varying dimensions
can be done in one drawing with use of letters
The variable values of letters can be
given in a tabular form. Commonly
seen in catalogs, handbooks etc

Location Dimensions - Example

Co-ordinate dimensioning
Set of perpendicular planes are needed for dimensioning in
this manner. It should be clearly identified.
Dimensions need to be in decimals and angles in degrees
and decimal parts of degrees

Dimensioning rules
Each feature of an object is dimensioned once and only once.

Dimensions should be selected to suit the function of the

object.
Dimensions should be placed in the most descriptive view of
the feature being dimensioned.
Dimensions should specify only the size of a feature. The
manufacturing method should only be specified if it is a
mandatory design requirement.
Angles shown on drawings as right angles are assumed to be
90 degrees unless otherwise specified, and they need not be
dimensioned.

Dimensioning rules Contd

Dimensions should be located outside the boundaries of the
object whenever possible.
Dimension lines should be aligned and grouped where
possible to promote clarity and uniform appearance.

Crossed dimension lines should be avoided whenever

possible. When dimension lines must cross, they should be
unbroken.
The space between the first dimension line and the object
should be at least 3/8 inch (10mm). The space between
dimension lines should be at least inch (6mm).
There should be a visible gap between the object and the
origin of an extension line.

Dimensioning rules Contd

Extension lines should extend 1/8 inch (3mm) beyond the
last dimension line.
Extension lines should be broken if they cross or are close
to arrowheads.
Leader lines used to dimension circles or arcs should be
radial.
Dimensions should be oriented to be read from the bottom
of the drawing.
Diameters are dimensioned with a numerical value
preceded by the diameter symbol.

Dimensioning rules Contd

Concentric circles should be dimensioned in a longitudinal
view whenever possible.
Radii are dimensioned with a numerical value preceded by
the radius symbol.

When a dimension is given to the center of an arc or

radius, a small cross is shown at the center.
The depth of a blind hole may be specified in a note. The
depth is measured from the surface of the object to the
deepest point where the hole still measures a full diameter
in width.

Counterbored, spotfaced, or countersunk holes should be

specified in a note.

Dimension figures - Direction

Aligned and unidirectional dimensioning
Aligned Dimensions have text placed parallel to the
dimension line, with vertical dimensions read from the right
of the drawing.
Unidirectional Dimensions are read from bottom of page

Dimension outside the view

Extension line practice

Use any of the four methods, as long as
they are legible
While grouping, stagger dimensions
Do not break dimension lines for object
lines, but for arrow heads

Center line practice

Radial and diametric dimensions

More than half a circle:
diameter
Leaders to point towards centre
of the circle or arc (Radial)
Less than half a circle or arc:
radius

Dimensioning arcs
Arc in dimensioned in a view where true shape is
seen

If space is available leader and the value is

located inside the arc. If not numeral alone or
including leader is moved out
Cross is indicated with or without dimensions for
centre of all arcs except small and unimportant
radii
For long radius, false center with jogged leader
can be used

Dimensioning chained features

smaller dimension
should be placed
closer to the object
to avoid unnecessary
crossing

Staggering dimension text

Aligning dimension lines

Detailed explanations
Extension lines and line indicators are used
to detail manufacturing requirements

Not to scale dimensioning

All features in drawings are scaled accordingly
Not-scaled features could be also represented but
also indicated with an underline

Reference for the extension line

Dimensioning is always performed between crisp surfaces
Sometimes, such surfaces are not available and the
dimensioning is given to facilitate the manufacturing
process, extension lines with reference marks are used

General dimensioning
Holes should be dimensioned in the view
that they are best seen

General dimensioning Contd

Features should be dimensioned in the
views that are best seen

General dimensioning Contd

Do not draw a
view/section for a
feature that could be
indicated by a symbol

General dimensioning Contd

Counterbore

Countersink

Spotface

Section veiw
is needless as
symbols in the
topview
means this

General dimensioning Contd

Dimension keyseats from the bottom of the
keyseat to opposite end of the shaft
For key seat, from top of keyway to bottom of
hole

Keyseat and keyway

General dimensioning Contd

By giving centre to
centre distances and
radii of ends
One radius
dimension is only
needed, but number
of places need to be
mentioned

Slot cuts

General dimensioning Contd

Chamfers

General dimensioning Contd

Dimensioned in the
longitudinal view

Concentric circles

General dimensioning Contd

Dimensioned with
local notes
Or by showing the
dimensions of both
the depth of undercut
and the distance

Grooves

General dimensioning Contd

Threads are
dimensioned with
local notes
Internal or tapped
threads on the
circular view
External threads on
the longitudinal view
Threads

Size Vs. Location

Both size and location dimensions have to
be provided to avoid any confusion

Size Vs. Location

Both size and location dimensions have to be
provided to avoid any confusion

Reminder
Each feature of an object is dimensioned once and
only once
The location and/or size dimensions for a feature
should be placed in the view in which that feature is
most clearly seen i.e. where its shape description is
most complete
Any dimension specified should correspond to a range
of dimensions in the final product, i.e. each dimension
should include an appropriate tolerance

Reminder
Dimensions lines should never coincide with
object lines or other extension lines
Dimension lines should be unbroken except for
the number between the arrowheads
There should be a visible gap between the object
and the origin of an extension line
Crossing of dimension lines should be avoided
wherever possible

Reminder
Dimensions should reference object lines rather than
hidden lines
Dimensions should be placed in spaces as close as
possible to their point of application
When dimensions are "nested", the smaller dimension
should be placed closer to the object to avoid
unnecessary crossing
Dimensions should be located outside the boundaries
of the object wherever possible

Superfluous dimensions

TOLERANCING

Tolerances basics
Undesired but accepted abatement form a
basic size or shape
Types of tolerances:
Dimensional tolerances (limits of the linear or
angular dimensions)
Positional tolerances (limits of linear or angular
location of features within a part
Geometric tolerances (abatement form shape or
position of a specific feature)

Fundamentals
The not desired but permitted dimensional
variation of a certain feature due to the
economic aspect in manufacturing
Tolerances are essential when two or more
parts are assembled together - clearance
The amount of the permitted variation is
related to the functions of the parts

Fundamentals
MMC

MMC Maximum Material

Condition
LMC Least Material Condition

What is Important?
Understanding of tolerances
Selection and calculations
Prescription of tolerances

Tolerance of a size: the difference between

the maximum and the minimum allowed size
of the specific dimension

Nomenclature
Nominal Size The general size (used for general
identification of part)
Basic Size Theoretical size (size from which limits are
worked out)

Actual Size Measured size of the actual part

Limits the max and min sizes shown by tolerances
Allowance for mating parts min clearance or max
interference
Tolerance - total allowable variance

Nomenclature
Maximum material condition (MMC) where part
contains maximum amount of material
Least material condition (LMC) where part
contains minimum amount of material
Clearance fit condition of fit that enables space
between mating parts

Interference fit condition of fit that enables no

space between mating parts
Transition fit clearance or interference fit

Tolerance representation
Direct limits
(limit dimensioning)

Tolerance value
(plus or minus dim)

Unilateral Tolerances
(only in one direction from basic size)

Specific note
(The * dimensions 2+0.001)

General note
(All diameters 2+0.001)

Clearance and interference fits

Transition fit

How to determine fits?

Evaluate the allowance

and the interference

Functional dimensioning
Functional dimensioning begins with tolerancing
the most important features
The functionality of the assembly has to be very
clearly established by the designer
The assembly procedure as well as the
manufacturing processes involved in producing
the part must be also clear to the designer
Tolerances should be as coarse as possible and
still permit satisfactory use of part Why?

Tolerance Stack-up
Tolerances taken in the same direction from one point of
reference are additive tolerances stack-up or
accumulation of tolerance
Tolerance stack-up can be eliminated by careful selection
and placement of dimensions
If Z not given, it will be governed by both X and Y (.01
instead of intended tolerance of .005)

Tolerance Stack-up

Tolerances stack-up may cause assembly problems

Tolerance Stack-up

Dimensioning with respect to the base base would help

Tolerance Stack-up

Providing tolerances for the locating dimensions is a better solution

Tolerancing in ISO

International tolerance (IT) Grades

Metric preferred hole based system of fits

Minimum hole size is the basic size

Line form vs. note form tolerancing

Hole Tolerance =
.025
Shaft Tolerance =
.016
Loosest fit =
40.025-39.975 =
.050
Tightest fit =
40.000 39.991 =
.009

Metric Tolerances-Standard representation

If limits are shown up and down, largest limit up

If shown side by side, smallest limit first

For angular dimensions, it can be in general note or it can be

mentioned similar to that of linear dimensions

Basic hole and shaft system-Imperial size

Shaft Basis Fit

Hole Basis Fit

Smallest hole
.500

Interference fit

Clearance fit

Basic
Size
.500

Largest shaft
.500

Interference fit

Clearance fit

Hole Basis fit: the basic size is the minimum dia of the hole
and fit is calculated based on this
Shaft Basis fit: the basic size is the maximum dia of the shaft
and the fit is calculated base on this

Example Run Fit

0.500 is the lower limit hole
0.496 is the upper limit shaft
0.004 is the ALLOWANCE
.503
.500

.496
.493

0.496 is the upper limit shaft

0.003 is the shaft tolerance
0.493 is the LOWER LIMIT SHAFT
0.500 is the lower limit hole
0.003 is the hole tolerance
0.503 is the UPPER LIMIT HOLE

0.500 is the smallest hole

0.496 is the largest shaft
0.004 is the tightest fit

0.503 is the largest hole

0.493 is the smallest shaft
0.10 is the loosest fit

Geometric tolerancing
Used to limit the abatement in the geometric
or positional variation of features
Total flatness tolerance,
.05inch. This entire tolerance
zone may move up and down
within the size tolerance zone

Total height
tolerance .2 inches

Flatness tolerance
indication in
drawing

Example of feature control frames

Geometric
tolerance symbol
(Parallelism)

Geometric
tolerance value

Size dimension

Reference Datum

Geometric
tolerance symbol
(Roundness)

Geometric
tolerance value

Dimensioning and
tolerancing symbols

Straightness of the axis

Roundness

Cylindricity

Drawing with GT - Example

Think practical when approach a design problem

Problems
Draw all the necessary views/sections that
would enable the correct dimensioning of
the following parts:

Problems

Problems

Dimensioning sample problems

Hole

Tolerancing sample problems

Shaft

+
=

Limits of Fits

+
=
-

Limits of Size
Nominal Size
Limit
Upper Limit
Nominal Size
Limit
Lower Limit
Nominal Size
Limit
Upper Limit
Nominal Size
Limit
Lower Limit
Smallest Hole
Largest Shaft
Tightest Fit
Largest Hole
Smallest Shaft
Loosest Fit

2 FN4 Fit
.750

.500

=
.500

+
=

.750
+
=

.500

.750

.500

.750

+
=

+
=

Dimensioning and tolerances standard

Representation Standards ANSI Y 14.5 M
New standard

Old standard

Which of the two dimensioning practices is better

for assembly purposes?

Bracket with GT - Example

Dimensioning and
tolerancing symbols

Contour dimensioning

Steps to create a dimensioned drawing

Functional dimensioning