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Protein Synthesis

Proteins are synthesized from amino acids using information encoded in genes. The DNA sequence of a gene encodes the amino acid sequence of a protein. An mRNA molecule transcribed from the gene is used as a template by ribosomes to assemble the protein from amino acids based on the mRNA's codon sequence. Translation is the process by which the ribosome reads the mRNA three nucleotides at a time to match each codon to its corresponding tRNA and amino acid to build the protein from the N to C terminus.

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90 views

Protein Synthesis

Proteins are synthesized from amino acids using information encoded in genes. The DNA sequence of a gene encodes the amino acid sequence of a protein. An mRNA molecule transcribed from the gene is used as a template by ribosomes to assemble the protein from amino acids based on the mRNA's codon sequence. Translation is the process by which the ribosome reads the mRNA three nucleotides at a time to match each codon to its corresponding tRNA and amino acid to build the protein from the N to C terminus.

Uploaded by

Matin Ahmad Khan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Synthesis

Biosynthesis

A ribosome produces a protein using mRNA as template

The DNA sequence of a geneencodes the amino acid sequence of a protein

Main article: Protein biosynthesis


Proteins are assembled from amino acids using information encoded in genes. Each protein has its
own unique amino acid sequence that is specified by the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding
this protein. The genetic code is a set of three-nucleotide sets called codonsand each threenucleotide combination designates an amino acid, for example AUG (adenine-uracil-guanine) is the
code for methionine. Because DNA contains four nucleotides, the total number of possible codons is
64; hence, there is some redundancy in the genetic code, with some amino acids specified by more
than one codon.[6] Genes encoded in DNA are first transcribed into pre-messenger RNA(mRNA) by
proteins such as RNA polymerase. Most organisms then process the pre-mRNA (also known as
a primary transcript) using various forms of Post-transcriptional modification to form the mature
mRNA, which is then used as a template for protein synthesis by theribosome. In prokaryotes the
mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved
away from the nucleoid. In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and
then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into thecytoplasm, where protein synthesis then
takes place. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up
to 20 amino acids per second.[7]
The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is known as translation. The mRNA is
loaded onto the ribosome and is read three nucleotides at a time by matching each codon to its base
pairing anticodon located on a transfer RNA molecule, which carries the amino acid corresponding
to the codon it recognizes. The enzyme aminoacyl tRNA synthetase "charges" the tRNA molecules

with the correct amino acids. The growing polypeptide is often termed the nascent chain. Proteins
are always biosynthesized from N-terminus toC-terminus.[6]
The size of a synthesized protein can be measured by the number of amino acids it contains and by
its total molecular mass, which is normally reported in units of daltons (synonymous with atomic
mass units), or the derivative unit kilodalton (kDa). Yeast proteins are on average 466 amino acids
long and 53 kDa in mass.[5] The largest known proteins are the titins, a component of
the muscle sarcomere, with a molecular mass of almost 3,000 kDa and a total length of almost
27,000 amino acids.[8]

Chemical synthesis
Short proteins can also be synthesized chemically by a family of methods known as peptide
synthesis, which rely on organic synthesis techniques such as chemical ligation to produce peptides
in high yield.[9] Chemical synthesis allows for the introduction of non-natural amino acids into
polypeptide chains, such as attachment of fluorescent probes to amino acid side chains.[10] These
methods are useful in laboratory biochemistry and cell biology, though generally not for commercial
applications. Chemical synthesis is inefficient for polypeptides longer than about 300 amino acids,
and the synthesized proteins may not readily assume their native tertiary structure. Most chemical
synthesis methods proceed from C-terminus to N-terminus, opposite the biological reaction. [

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