International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

Volume: 2 Issue: 8

ISSN: 2321-8169
2151 2156

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Load Balancing Algoritms in Cloud Computing Environment: A Review

Swati Katoch

Jawahar Thakur

Department of Computer Science

Himachal Pradesh University
Shimla, India
e-mail: [email protected]

Department of Computer Science

Himachal Pradesh University
Shimla, India
e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Cloud computing is an emerging internet based technology. Cloud is a platform providing pool of resources and virtualization. It is
based on pay-as-you-go model. The numbers of users accessing the cloud are rising day by day. Generally clouds are based on data centers
which are powerful to handle large number of users. The reliability of clouds depends on the way it handle loads, to overcome such problems
clouds must be featured with the load balancing mechanism. Load balancing is required as we dont want one centralized severs performance to
be degraded. A lot of algorithms have been proposed to do this task. In this paper we have studied the various existing load balancing algorithms
and then compared them based on various parameters like resource utilization, scalability, stability etc.
Keywords- Cloud computing, Load balancing, Virtualization, Virtual Machine (VM) , Data Center

__________________________________________________*****_________________________________________________
I.

INTRODUCTION

Cloud computing is a paradigm evolved due to the

advancements in technology and the wide-spread use of
internet. Cloud is a metaphor to describe web as space
where computing has been preinstalled and exist as a
service; data, operating systems, applications, storage and
processing power exist on the web ready to be shared[1]. In
cloud computing environment resources such as CPU and
storage, are provided as general utilities which can be
accessed and released by the users through the internet in an
on-demand fashion. Cloud computing allows enterprises to
start with lesser resources and increase them only when
there is a rise in service demand. It is one of the fastest
implementing technologies. Many companies are trying to
implement and introduce clouds due to their simple and
flexible architecture. It has been employed by the
organizations which includes social networking websites,
online application, online software testing. Cloud computing
has made a tremendous impact on IT industry over the past
few years. Companies like Google, Amazon and Microsoft
have made use of cloud computing to a very great extent and
are still working towards its progress to provide reliable,
powerful and efficient cloud platforms to their users.
Load Balancing is one of the central issues in cloud
computing. It is a technique that distributes the dynamic
workload evenly across all the nodes in the cloud to avoid a
situation where some nodes are heavily loaded while others
are idle or doing little work. It is used to achieve a high user
satisfaction and user ratio by making sure that no single
node is overwhelmed and thereby hence improving the
overall performance of the system. It also ensures that every
computing resource is distributed efficiently and fairly
among all the nodes. It further prevents bottlenecks of the
system which may occur due to the load imbalance. When
one or more components of any service fail, load balancing
helps in continuation of the services, by implementing

provisioning and de-provisioning

applications without fail [2].

of

instances

of

In this paper we have discussed few of the existing load

balancing algorithms with their metrics comparison.
Response time, resource utilization, migration of processes,
centralized or decentralized, fault tolerance, stability and
some more are taken as the parameters for metric
comparison. In this paper first introduction is given then in
II literature review of the papers studied, III introduces load
balancing its types and challenges, in IV the various existing
load balancing algorithms are compared, in V we have given
the parameters for metric comparison of algorithms and
finally we have concluded our study in VI.
II.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Cloud computing is a fast growing area. It provides resources

as a utility over the internet. A cloud is a style of computing in
which dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources are
provided as a service over the internet.
Load balancing is one of the central issues in cloud computing.
It is a mechanism that distributes the dynamic workload
evenly across all the nodes in the whole cloud to avoid a
situation where some nodes are heavily loaded while others
are idle or doing little work. It achieves optimal resource
utilization, maximize throughput, minimize response time and
avoid overload [2] In the survey, basic concepts of cloud
clouting, load balancing and the different approaches towards
efficient resource utilization through cloud computing will be
studied. The following section consists of the survey of the
related papers.
Qi Zhang, et al. [1] has introduced cloud computing as a new
paradigm for hosting and delivering services over the internet.
They have stated the reasons for what makes the cloud
computing environment attractive to the business owners and
the enterprises. In this paper they have surveyed cloud
computing environment, highlighting its key concepts, related
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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

Volume: 2 Issue: 8

ISSN: 2321-8169
2151 2156

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
technologies, architectural designs, characteristics, stateof
the art implementation as well as research challenges. This
whole paper aims at providing better understanding of the
design challenges of cloud environment and in identifying
important research directions in this area.
Jayant Adhikari et al. [2] in their paper they have discussed
the existing load balancing techniques in cloud computing and
further compares them based on various parameters like
resource utilization, scalability, stability etc.
Sandeep Sharma et al. [3] in their paper they have presented
the performance analysis of various load balancing algorithms.
They have considered two typical load balancing approaches
static and dynamic. The comparison performed showed that
the static load balancing algorithms are more stable than the
dynamic, and also it is easier to predict the behavior of static,
but at the same time dynamic algorithms are considered better
than the static algorithms.
Ram Prasad Padhy et al. [4] discussed basic concepts of
Cloud Computing and Load balancing. They have studied
some of the existing load balancing algorithms, which can be
applied to clouds. They also studied, the closed-form solutions
for minimum measurement and reporting time for single level
tree networks with different load balancing strategies. The
performance of these strategies with respect to the timing and
the effect of link and measurement speed were studied.
Hemant S. Mahalle et al. [5] their paper is a brief discussion
on testing load balancing on proposed cloud model. The
performances of three algorithms Round Robin, Equally
spread current execution load and Throttled load balancing are
studied. The request time for the three policies applied are
same which means there is no effect on data centers request
time after changing the algorithms. The calculated
experimental work showed the cost analysis for each
algorithm. The cost calculated for virtual machine usage per
hour is same for two algorithms Round Robin, Equally spread
current execution load but Throttled Load balancing algorithm
reduce the cost of usage, so Throttled Load balancing
algorithm works more efficiently in terms of cost for load
balancing on cloud data centers.
Yi Zhao et al. [6] proposed Eucalyptus, an open source
cloud-computing framework. It still lacks the ability of load
balancing. In the paper author provides a implementation by
adaptive live migration of virtual machines. A simple model
has been designed and implemented, which decreases the
migration time of virtual machines by shared storage and
fulfills the Zero-downtime relocation of virtual machines by
transforming them as Red Hat cluster services. They proposed
a distributed load balancing algorithm Compare_and_Balance
based on sampling to reach an equilibrium solution. The
results showed that it converges quickly.
Martin Randles et al. [7] in their paper studied the three
dynamic distributed algorithms: Honey bee foraging behavior,
Biased random sampling and Active clustering. Firstly, a

nature inspired algorithm may be used for self organization,

achieving global load balancing via local server actions.
Secondly, self- organization can be engineered based on
random sampling of the system domain, giving a balanced
load across all system nodes. Thirdly, the system can be
reconstructed to optimize the job assignment of the servers.
This paper aims at providing an evaluation and comparative
study of these approaches.
Kumughato G et al. [8] in their paper have discussed some of
the current load balancing techniques that are available in the
cloud. The main advantage of cloud computing has been that
of sharing the computing power as well as the storage area
over a large network within limited budget and also the
provision of being available whenever there is a need and
demand. But it also comes along with some issues and
challenges. Load balancing is one such area and several
techniques and methodologies have been proposed in
achieving a good load balancing in the cloud environment. A
good load balancing will lead to a better performance and
efficiency of the computation. The resources in a cloud based
environment should be utilized and distributed evenly in such
a way that it should not lead to the over utilization on one
particular resource whereas the other resources that are
available for computation should be kept idly. The overall
objective of the load balancing should be to use each and
every available resource efficiently without putting an extra
load on other resources.
Subasish Mohapatra et al. [9] in their paper they have
analyzed various policies utilized with different algorithms for
load balancing using cloud analyst. Basically they have
compared different variants of RR (Round Robin) for load
balancing. Four different scheduling algorithms have been
simulated along with different variants of round robin
algorithm for executing the user request in cloud environment.
Each algorithm is observed and their scheduling criteria like
average response time, data center service time and the total
costs of different data centers are found. According to the
experiment and analysis round robin algorithm has the best
integrate performance. Future work can be based on this
algorithm modified and implemented for real time system.
Jasmin James et al. [10] ;The establishment of an effective
load balancing algorithm and how to use Cloud computing
resources efficiently and effectively is one of the ultimate
goals of this paper. Firstly analysis of different Virtual
Machine (VM) load balancing algorithms is done. Secondly,
for an IaaS framework a new VM load balancing algorithm
has been proposed and implemented in simulated cloud
computing environment. This algorithm is named Weighted
Active Monitoring Load Balancing Algorithm. This algorithm
is basically proposed for the datacenters to effectively load
balance requests between the available virtual machines
assigning a weight, in order to achieve better performance
parameters such as response time and data processing time.
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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

Volume: 2 Issue: 8

ISSN: 2321-8169
2151 2156

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Through the survey various load balancing algorithms were
studied. Clouds are based on data centers which are powerful
to handle large number of users. The reliability of clouds
depends on the way it handles the loads, to overcome such
problems clouds are featured with the load balancing
mechanism. Load balancing in clouds has helped clouds to
increase their capability, capacity which results in powerful
and reliable clouds. Both static and dynamic load balancing
algorithms have some advantages as well as weaknesses over
each other. Various algorithms are compared to each other on
the basis of performance parameters such as response time and
resource utilization, scalability, Fault tolerance etc.
III.

LOAD BALANCING

Load balancing is used to achieve equilibrium among the

different systems. This further leads to the efficient utilization
of computational resources and also provides the process to be
performed more quickly thereby saving time and energy. The
main reason for the use of load balancing is to optimize the
resources available over the internet, to reduce the response
duration from the server side, to achieve an efficient
throughput and mainly to prevent the overloading of a
particular resource while other may be in an idle state without
performing any operation. Load balancing is one of the
challenging features in cloud computing environment. Clouds
come with the feature of elasticity so load balancing for any
computation process cannot be ignored. A load balancing in
cloud environment should provide for the instance of the
application to be executed dynamically over the cluster of the
system without the need for stopping the whole working
operation and without even having to change any
configuration of the system for that matter. It will ensure equal
distribution of work load among the different resources and
that no resources are over-utilized or under-utilized and that
proper ratio utilization is done on the resources that are
available over the cloud. It will also increase the scalability
and provide the mechanism of fail-over by allocating and deallocating instance request of the application. There are many
different kinds of load balancing algorithms that are available,
which can be categorized mainly into two groups. The
following section will discuss these two main categories of
load balancing algorithms.
A. Static Load Balancing Algorithms
In Static load balancing the balancing is done prior to the
execution. It is done based on the deterministic or
probabilistic nature and no changes can be made during the
execution. Also is static load balancing the resources are
shared in an equal manner and the time of execution-period
cannot be determined exactly.
B. Dynamic Load Balancing Algorithms

need of a monitoring system to provide the communication

among the various servers and the current load of a particular
system. The current states of the resource are monitored and
load is changed if necessary in a dynamic manner.
Challenges of Load Balancing in Cloud Computing [11]
Even though cloud computing is widely in todays world but
still the research is in its initial stages. There still are
scientific challenges yet to be resolved by the scientific
community, the highlights being on the load balancing
challenge.
Automated service provisioning: Allocating or releasing
the resources automatically i.e. elasticity is a key
feature of cloud computing. The challenge is to how the
clouds elasticity can be used by using the optimal
resources and still with the same traditional systems
performance?
Virtual Machines Migration: The concept is to visualize
a machine as a file or a set of file. Unloading a heavily
loaded machine is possible by moving virtual machine
between them, the objective being to distribute the load
in a datacenter or a set of the same. The challenge here
is to remove the bottlenecks in cloud computing
systems when the virtual machine dynamically
distributes the load.
Energy Management: This again is a key point that
allows everyone to use the resources from a global
centre rather than using their own resource. This may be
termed as the economy of scale and it definitely is a
major advantage favoring cloud computing. The
question arises as how to meet the performance while
just using a part of the datacenter?
Stored Data Management: The storage of data is
another major requirement, whether that being a
company outsourcing its data storage or an individual.
So now, how can the data be distributed in the cloud
with optimum storage and fast access which is
mandatory?
Emergence of small datacenters for cloud computing: A
small datacenter can be of more benefit as it will
consume less electricity plus would be cheaper
comparing to a large one. And if this concept comes
into play it will lead to geo-diversity computing. Load
balancing will show up as a global scale problem for
ensuring appropriate response time with optimal
resource distribution.
IV.

COMPARISON OF EXISTING LOAD SHARING ALGORITHM

In the table I given below few of the existing both static and
dynamic algorithms are compared w.r.t to their description,
advantages and disadvantages:

In Dynamic load balancing the resources are distributed

dynamically during the execution of the system and there is a
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_______________________________________________________________________________________

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

Volume: 2 Issue: 8

ISSN: 2321-8169
2151 2156

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
TABLE I: Comparison of existing Load Balancing Algorithms
Algorithms

Round Robin and

Randomized [12]

Threshold [13]

Central Manager
[14]

Static/Dynamic

Description

Static

1. Processes are divided evenly between

all processors.
2. The process allocation order is
maintained on each
processor locally independent of
allocations from remote processors.

Static

1. Processes are assigned immediately

upon creation to hosts.
2. Hosts for new processes are selected
locally without sending remote messages.

Static

1. Central processor selects the host for

new process.
2. Minimally loaded processor depending
on the overall load is selected when
process is created.

1. All processes are allocated

locally when all remote
processes are overloaded.

1. High degree of inter-process

communication could make the
bottleneck state.

1. Performs well with optimum

number of resources

1. It can lead to starvation

Achieves global load balancing through

local server actions

1. Performs well as system

diversity increases.

1. Does not increases throughput

as the system size increases.

Dynamic

Achieves Load balancing across all system

nodes using random sampling of the
system domain.

Dynamic

Optimizes job assignment by connecting

similar services by local re-wiring.

1. Performs better with high

and similar population of
resources.
1. Performs better with high
resources.
2. Utilizes the increased system
resources to increase
throughput.

Dynamic

Uses small-world and scale-free

characteristics of complex network to
achieve better load balancing.

1. Overcomes heterogeneity.
2. Adaptive to dynamic
environments
3. Excellent in fault tolerance
4. Good Scalability

1. Used in Complex networks

only
2. Low performance and
scalability

Dynamic

1. Based on sampling
2. Uses adaptive live migration of virtual
machines

1.Balances load amongst

servers
2.Reaches equilibrium fast
3. Assures migration of VMs
from high-cost physical hosts
to low-cost host.

1. Assumption of having enough

memory with each physical host

Uses dot product to distinguish node based

on the item requirement.

1.Handles hierarchical and

multi-dimensional resource
constraints
2. Removes overloads on
server, switch and
storage

Max-Min [11]

Static

Honey Bee
Foraging Behavior
[7]

Dynamic

Biased Random
sampling [7]

Active Clustering
[7]

Vector Dot [17]

1. These are not expected To

achieve good performance in
general case.

1. It can lead to starvation

Static

Compare and
Balance [16]

1. Have low inter-process

communication
2. A large number of local
process allocations.
1. Load manger makes load
balancing decisions based on
the system load information,
allowing the best decision
when of the process created.

Disadvantages

1. Performs well with optimum

number of resources

Min-Min [11]

ACCLB(Ant
Colony and
Complex network
Theory) [15]

1. Minimum completion time for all tasks

is found.
2. From these minimum times the
minimum value is selected which is the
minimum time among all the tasks
on any resources.
3. According to that minimum time, the
task is scheduled on the corresponding
machine.
Max-Min is almost same as the min-min
algorithm except the following: after
finding out minimum
execution times, the maximum value is
selected which is the maximum time
among all the tasks on any resources.

Advantages
1. Works well with number of
processes larger than number
of processors.
2. Round Robin does not
require inter-process
communication.

Dynamic

1. Degrades as population
diversity increases.

1. Degrades as system diversity

increases.

1. Used in complex networks

only

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_______________________________________________________________________________________

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

Volume: 2 Issue: 8

ISSN: 2321-8169
2151 2156

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
V.

METRICS FOR LOAD BALANCING ALGORITHMS

The parameters considered for measuring the performance of

the load balancing algorithms are :
Resource Utilization
Resource utilization includes automatic load balancing.
A distributed system may have number of processes that
demand more processing power. If the algorithm is
capable to utilize resources, they can be moved to under
loaded processes more efficiently.
Migration
This parameter provides when does the system decide to
export a process? It decides whether to create the process
locally or create it on a remote processing element. The
algorithm is capable to decide that it should make
changes of load distribution during execution of process
or not.
Stability
Stability can be characterized in terms of delays in the
transfer of information between processes and the gains
in the load balancing algorithm by obtaining faster
performance by a specified amount of time.
Scalability
The salability is the ability of an algorithm to perform
load balancing for a system with any finite number of
nodes.

Centralized/ Decentralized
Centralized schemes store global information at a
designated node. The designated node is accessed by all
sender or receiver nodes to calculate the amount of load
transfers and also to check that which tasks are to be sent
from a node or received from the another node. In a
distributed load balancing, every node executes
balancing separately.
Fault Tolerance
Fault tolerance is the ability of an algorithm to perform
uniform load balancing even in a case of node or link
failure. An algorithm should be a good fault tolerant.
Response Time
Response Time is the time taken to respond by a
particular load balancing algorithm. This parameter
should be minimized.
Energy Consumption
It determines the energy consumption of all resources in
the system. Load balancing helps in avoiding
overheating by balancing the workload across all the
nodes in the cloud environment, hence reducing the
energy consumption.

TABLE II: Metrics Comparison of Load Balancing Algorithms

Algorithms

Parameters

Resource
Utilization
Migration
Stability
Scalability
Centralized
Decentralized
Fault
Tolerance

Round
Robin

Randomized

Central
Manager

Threshold

Honey
Bee

Biased
Random
Sampling

Active
Clustering

ACCLB

Min

Min

Min

Min

Min

Min

Min

Min

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

High

High

High

High

Low

Low

Low

Low

Yes

Yes

NA

NA

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

Low

Low

High

Low

High

High

High

High

Min

Min

Min

Min

Min

Min

Min

Min

Response Time

Energy
consumption

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_______________________________________________________________________________________

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

Volume: 2 Issue: 8

ISSN: 2321-8169
2151 2156

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
VI. CONCLUSION
Cloud computing is a paradigm in which resources (e.g.,
CPU and storage) are provided as general utilities that can
be accessed and released by the users through the internet in
an ondemand fashion. It is a fast growing and very diverse
area. Cloud environment provides number of facilities to its
users, but still there are many research challenges. In this
paper we studied the various existing load balancing
algorithms. The above comparison showed that static load
balancing algorithms are more stable in compare to dynamic
and it is also easy to predict the behavior of static, but at the
same time dynamic algorithms are always considered better
than static algorithms.

[13]

[14]
[15]

[16]

[17]

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