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Conceptual and Related Literature

This chapter discusses conceptual and related literature on biomass and its uses as an energy source. It defines biomass as biological material from living organisms and notes that biomass includes wood, animal farming waste like manure, and municipal solid waste. Sources of biomass are described as wood, farm slurries, poultry litter, and waste. Types of biomass include wood and agricultural products used to generate electricity, as well as solid waste and landfill gas burned to produce energy. Characteristics of biomass fuels - wood, waste, and alcohol fuels - are also outlined. The chapter then discusses syngas, a fuel gas produced from carbon-containing materials through gasification, and applications of internal combustion engines such as

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Alyssa Clarizze Malaluan
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112 views9 pages

Conceptual and Related Literature

This chapter discusses conceptual and related literature on biomass and its uses as an energy source. It defines biomass as biological material from living organisms and notes that biomass includes wood, animal farming waste like manure, and municipal solid waste. Sources of biomass are described as wood, farm slurries, poultry litter, and waste. Types of biomass include wood and agricultural products used to generate electricity, as well as solid waste and landfill gas burned to produce energy. Characteristics of biomass fuels - wood, waste, and alcohol fuels - are also outlined. The chapter then discusses syngas, a fuel gas produced from carbon-containing materials through gasification, and applications of internal combustion engines such as

Uploaded by

Alyssa Clarizze Malaluan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter II

Conceptual and Related Literature


This chapter presents the significant informations which are essential in the
accomplishment of the study and also the discussion of the related literature that
provides help in the framework for the conceptualization of the study.
Conceptual Literature
1. Biomass
A biological material derived from living organism. . Biomass is probably
our oldest source of energy after the sun. For thousands of years, people
have burned wood to heat their homes and cook their food. Biomass often
refers to plants or plant-based materials commonly resource for making
energy. Biomass is also referred to as the Feedstock. Biomass is used
directly through combustion to produce heats that can be converted to other
usable forms of energy like methane gas or transportation fuels like ethanol
and biodiesel. Landfill gas or biogas releases methane through rotting
garbage and agricultural and human waste. Biomass is a renewable energy
source because its supplies are not limited. We can grow trees and crops,
and waste will always exist

1.1

Sources
Wood
Wood remains the largest biomass energy source today
including forest residues, yard clippings, wood chips and municipal
solid waste. Harvested wood may be used directly as a fuel or
collected from wood waste streams. Largest source of energy from
wood is pulping liquor or black liquor, waste product from processes
of pulp, paper and paperboard industry. Forestry waste includes
logging residues, imperfect commercial trees, dead wood, and
other non-commercial trees that need to be thinned from crowded,
unhealthy, fire-prone forests. Forest thinning is necessary to help
some forests regain their natural health, but for smaller woodlands
the cost of removing the wood cannot be recovered through timber
sales due to their poor quality.
Animal farming
Farm slurries
Farm slurry is a watery animal sewage containing a high
concentration of suspended solids. Farm slurries are obtained
mainly from pig farming and cattle farming. It can be used as a fuel
source for Anaerobic Digestion.

Poultry litter

Farm slurries

Poultry Litter

Poultry litter is the bedding material collected from broiler


sheds. Its usually made up of wood shavings, shredded paper or
straw, mixed with the chicken droppings. It has a calorific value of
9-15GJ/tonne, which is slightly lower than that for wood. It has a
moisture content of between 20-50% depending on the methods of
husbandry used by farmers. The practice of spreading large
quantities of poultry litter on the land is no longer considered
acceptable because it can cause serious environmental problems
by polluting watercourses and producing odors if not correctly
managed.
Waste
Biomass in wastes and residues can also be used for energy
form households or the commercial and industrial sectors. This
includes municipal waste and that from the commercial and industrial
sector. Organic waste, whether from commercial or residential
properties, makes up a substantial amount of waste that is landfilled.
As with other wastes, it can converted into energy by various methods.
One is direct combustion (incinerator), or by anaerobic digestion in a
landfill or in a process plant. Sewage waste is a source of biomass that
is comparable to the other animal wastes previously mentioned.

Energy can be extracted from sewage using anaerobic digestion,


pyrolysis or drying and incineration.
1.2

Types
Wood and Agricultural products
Most biomass used today is home grown energy. Woodlogs,
chips, bark, and sawdustaccounts for about 46 percent of biomass
energy. But any organic matter can produce biomass energy. Other
biomass sources include agricultural waste products like fruit pits and
corncobs. Wood and wood waste, along with agricultural waste, are
used to generate electricity. Much of the electricity is used by the
industries making the waste; it is not distributed by utilities, it is
cogenerated. Paper mills and saw mills use much of their waste
products to generate steam and electricity for their use.
Solid Waste
Burning trash turns waste into a usable form of energy. One ton
(2,000 pounds) of garbage contains about as much heat energy as 500
pounds of coal. Garbage is not all biomass; perhaps half of its energy
content comes from plastics, which are made from petroleum and
natural gas. Power plants that burn garbage for energy are called
waste-to-energy plants. These plants generate electricity much as
coal-red plants do, except that combustible garbagenot coalis the
fuel used to re their boilers.

Landfill Gas and Biogas


Bacteria and fungi are not picky eaters. They eat dead plants
and animals, causing them to rot or decay. A fungus on a rotting log is
converting cellulose to sugars to feed itself. Although this process is
slowed in a landfill, a substance called methane gas is still produced
as the waste decays. New regulations require landfills to collect
methane gas for safety and environmental reasons. Methane gas is
colorless and odorless, but it is not harmless. The gas can cause res
or explosions if it seeps into nearby homes and is ignited. Landfills can
collect the methane gas, purify it, and use it as fuel. Methane can also
be produced using energy from agricultural and human wastes. Biogas
digesters are airtight containers or pits lined with steel or bricks. Waste
put into the containers is fermented without oxygen to produce a
methane-rich gas. This gas can be used to produce electricity, or for
cooking and lighting.
Alcohol Fuels
Ethanol
Ethanol is an alcohol fuel (ethyl alcohol) made by fermenting
the sugars and starches found in plants and then distilling them.
Any organic material containing cellulose, starch, or sugar can be
made into ethanol. The majority of the ethanol produced in the
United States comes from corn. New technologies are producing

ethanol from cellulose in woody fibers from trees, grasses, and crop
residues.
Biodiesel
Biodiesel is a fuel made by chemically reacting alcohol with
vegetable oils, animal fats, or greases, such as recycled restaurant
grease. Most biodiesel today is made from soybean oil. Biodiesel is
most often blended with petroleum diesel in ratios of two percent
(B2), five percent (B5), or 20 percent (B20). It can also be used as
neat (pure) biodiesel (B100). Biodiesel fuels are compatible with
and can be used in unmodified diesel engines with the existing
fueling infrastructure. Biodiesel contains virtually no sulfur, so it can
reduce sulfur levels in the nations diesel fuel supply, even
compared with todays low sulfur fuels. While removing sulfur from
petroleum-based diesel results in poor lubrication, biodiesel is a
superior lubricant and can reduce the friction of diesel fuel in blends
of only one or two percent.
1.3 Characteristics
Biomass fuels consist of three main segments: wood, waste,
and alcohol fuels. Wood energy is derived from the following sources:
round wood, used primarily in the industrial and electric utility sectors;
wood fuel, used predominantly in the residential and commercial
sectors; and wood byproducts and wood waste, which are usually used

in the industrial sector. Waste energy is derived from the following


sources: mass burning of garbage; conversion of garbage to refusederived fuel pellets for eventual burning; collection of methane gas
from landfills; and burning or anaerobic digestion of wastes. Alcohol
fuel in this report refers to ethanol, typically derived from corn and used
primarily in the transportation sector.
2. Syngas
A fuel gas mixture consists primarily of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and
some carbon dioxide. It can be produced from many materials that contain
carbon, including plastics, natural gas, coal, biomass or any hydrocarbon
feedstock. Syngas is created by the gasification or pyrolysis of carbonaceous
materials. Gasification involves subjecting these materials to high temperatures,
in the controlled presence of oxygen with only limited combustion to provide
thermal energy to sustain the reaction. Gasification can occur in man-made
vessels, or alternatively could be conducted in-situ as in underground coal
gasification.
2.1 Syngas Generator
A mechanical equipment that can be used as an alternative
for gasoline when it is no longer available. With the process of
gasification organic substances like coal, wood fruit-pits or even
manure can be converted into syngas. Once syngas has been
filtered and cooled, it can be used to power an internal combustion

engine or gas turbine. Also, it can be used to fuel an open flame for
cooking and heating. Syngas is already used for the function in
industrial settings.
3. Internal Combustion Engine
A heat engine where oxidizer occurs with fuels during combustion process
in a combustion chamber which part of working fluid flow circuit. Internal
combustion Engine is one in which combustion of fuel takes placed in a confined
space applying direct force to some component of the engine like in pistons,
turbine blades or in nozzles transforming chemical energy to mechanical energy.
3.1

Applications
Automotive
Internal combustion engines are seen every day in providing power
source for some automobiles, trucks, buses and ships.
Locomotive
Rail transport Vehicle
The application of Internal Combustion Engine runs the motive
power for a train. This vehicle is commonly some electrical but most
use Diesel Engines
Power Generation
Internal combustion Engines drive some large electric generators
that power electrical grids, where very high power-to- weight ratios are

required, ICE appears in the form of combustion Turbines in combined


cycle power plants.
Others
Small engines are common power source for lawnmowers, chain
saws, motorcycles, outboard motors, mopeds etc.

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