Algebraic Inequalities in Mathematical

Olympiads: Problems and Solutions

Mohammad Mahdi Taheri
July 20, 2015
Abstract
This is a collection of recent algebraic inequalities proposed in math
Olympiads from around the world.
[email protected]
www.hamsaze.com

Problems
1. (Azerbaijan JBMO TST 2015) With the conditions a, b, c R+ and a +
b + c = 1, prove that
7 + 2b 7 + 2c 7 + 2a
69
+
+

1+a
1+b
1+c
4
2. (Azerbaijan JBMO TST 2015) a, b, c R+ and a2 + b2 + c2 = 48. Prove
that
p
p
p
a2 2b3 + 16 + b2 2c3 + 16 + c2 2a3 + 16 242
3. (Azerbaijan JBMO TST 2015) a, b, c R+ prove that
3
3
3
[(3a2 + 1)2 + 2(1 + )2 ][(3b2 + 1)2 + 2(1 + )2 ][(3c2 + 1)2 + 2(1 + )2 ] 483
b
c
a
4. (AKMO 2015) Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that abc = 1. Prove
the following inequality:
a3 + b3 + c3 +

ab
bc
ca
9
+ 2
+ 2

a2 + b2
b + c2
c + a2
2

5. (Balkan MO 2015) If a, b and c are positive real numbers, prove that

a3 b6 + b3 c6 + c3 a6 + 3a3 b3 c3 abc a3 b3 + b3 c3 + c3 a3 + a2 b2 c2 a3 + b3 + c3 .
6. (Bosnia Herzegovina TST 2015) Determine minimum value of the following expression:
a+1
b+1
c+1
+
+
a(a + 2) b(b + 2) c(c + 2)
for positive real numbers such that a + b + c 3
1

7. (China 2015) Let z1 , z2 , ..., zn be complex numbers satisfying |zi 1| r

for some r (0, 1). Show that
 n   n

X  X 1 

 

zi  

 n2 (1 r2 ).

 
zi 
i=1

i=1

8. (China TST 2015) Let a1 , a2 , a3 , , an be positive real numbers. For the

integers n 2, prove that

Pn

j=1

Q

j
k=1

Pn

j=1

ak

aj

 1j n1

1
Qn
( i=1 ai ) n
n+1
 1j n
Pn Qj
j=1
k=1 ak

9. (China TST 2015) Let x1 , x2 , , xn (n 2) be a non-decreasing monotonous

sequence of positive numbers such that x1 , x22 , , xnn is a non-increasing
monotonous sequence .Prove that
Pn
n+1
i=1 xi

1
Qn
2 n n!
n(
xi ) n
i=1

10. (Junior Balkan 2015) Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that a + b +
c = 3. Find the minimum value of the expression
A=

2 a3
2 b3
2 c3
+
+
.
a
b
c

11. (Romania JBMO TST 2015) Let x,y,z > 0 . Show that :
y3
z3
3
x3
+
+

3
2
3
2
3
2
z +x y x +y z
y +z x
2
12. (Romania JBMO TST 2015) Let a, b, c > 0 such that a bc2 , b ca2
and c ab2 . Find the maximum value that the expression :
E = abc(a bc2 )(b ca2 )(c ab2 )
can acheive.
13. (Romania JBMO TST 2015) Prove that if a, b, c > 0 and a + b + c = 1,
then
39
bc + a + 1 ca + b + 1 ab + c + 1
+
+

a2 + 1
b2 + 1
c2 + 1
10
14. (Kazakhstan 2015 ) Prove that


1
1
1
1

+
+

+
<
n

.
n
22
32
(n + 1)2
2

 
15. (Moldova TST 2015) Let c 0,
,
2
1
1
 1 
1  cos2 (c)
sin2 (c)
a=
,b =
sin(c)
cos(c)

. Prove that at least one of a, b is bigger than 11 2015.



16. (Moldova TST 2015) Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that abc = 1.
Prove the following inequality:
a3 + b3 + c3 +

bc
ca
9
ab
+ 2
+ 2

a2 + b2
b + c2
c + a2
2

17. (All-Russian MO 2014) Does there exist positive a R, such that

| cos x| + | cos ax| > sin x + sin ax
for all x R?
18. (Balkan 2014) Let x, y and z be positive real numbers such that xy + yz +
xz = 3xyz. Prove that
x2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x 2(x + y + z) 3
and determine when equality holds.
19. (Baltic Way 2014) Positive real numbers a, b, c satisfy
the inequality

1
1
1
a+b+c

= 3. Prove

1
1
1
3
+
+
.
2
a3 + b
b3 + c
c3 + a

20. (Benelux 2014) Find the smallest possible value of the expression

 
 
 

a+b+c
b+c+d
c+d+a
d+a+b
+
+
+
d
a
b
c
in which a, b, c, and d vary over the set of positive integers.
(Here bxc denotes the biggest integer which is smaller than or equal to x.)
21. (Britain 2014) Prove that for n 2 the following inequality holds:




1
1
1 1
1
1
1 + + ... +
>
+ ... +
.
n+1
3
2n 1
n 2
2n
22. (Bosnia Herzegovina TST 2014) Let a,b and c be distinct real numbers.
a) Determine value of
1 + ab 1 + bc 1 + bc 1 + ca 1 + ca 1 + ab

ab bc
bc ca
ca ab
b) Determine value of
1 ab 1 bc 1 bc 1 ca 1 ca 1 ab

ab bc
bc ca
ca ab
3

c) Prove the following ineqaulity

1 + b2 c2
1 + c2 a2
3
1 + a2 b2
+
+

2
2
2
(a b)
(b c)
(c a)
2
When does quality holds?
23. (Canada 2014) Let a1 , a2 , . . . , an be positive real numbers whose product
is 1. Show that the sum
a1
1+a1

a2
(1+a1 )(1+a2 )

a3
(1+a1 )(1+a2 )(1+a3 )

is greater than or equal to

+ +

an
(1+a1 )(1+a2 )(1+an )

2n 1
2n .

24. (CentroAmerican 2014) Let a, b, c and d be real numbers such that no

two of them are equal,
c
d
a b
+ + + =4
b
c d a
and ac = bd. Find the maximum possible value of
b
c
d
a
+ + + .
c
d a
b
25. (China Girls Math Olympiad 2014) Let x1 , x2 , . . . , xn be real numbers,
where n 2 is a given integer, and let bx1 c, bx2 c, . . . , bxn c be a permutation of 1, 2, . . . , n. Find the maximum and minimum of
n1
X

bxi+1 xi c

i=1

(here bxc is the largest integer not greater than x).

26. (China Northern MO 2014) Define a positive number sequence sequence
{an } by
a1 = 1, (n2 + 1)a2n1 = (n 1)2 a2n .
Prove that
1
1
1
+ 2 + + 2 1 +
a21
a2
an

s
1

1
.
a2n

27. (China Northern MO 2014) Let x, y, z, w be real numbers such that x +

2y + 3z + 4w = 1. Find the minimum of
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + w2 + (x + y + z + w)2
28. (China TST 2014) For any real numbers sequence {xn } ,suppose that {yn }
n
P
1
is a sequence such that: y1 = x1 , yn+1 = xn+1 ( x2i ) 2 (n 1) . Find
i=1

the smallest positive number such that for any real numbers sequence
{xn } and all positive integers m ,we have
m

1 X 2 X mi 2
x

yi .
m i=1 i
i=1
4

29. (China TST 2014) Let n be a given integer which is greater than 1. Find
the greatest constant (n) such that for any non-zero complex z1 , z2 , , zn
,we have
n
X
|zk |2 (n) min {|zk+1 zk |2 },
1kn

k=1

where zn+1 = z1 .
30. (China Western MO 2014) Let x, y be positive real numbers .Find the
minimum of
|x 1| |y 1|
+
x+y+
y
x
.
31. (District Olympiad 2014) Prove that for any real numbers a and b the
following inequality holds:




a2 + 1 b2 + 1 + 50 2 (2a + 1) (3b + 1)
32. (ELMO Shortlist 2014) Given positive reals a, b, c, p, q satisfying abc = 1
and p q, prove that




1 1 1
2
2
2
p a +b +c +q
+ +
(p + q)(a + b + c).
a b
c
33. (ELMO Shortlist 2014) Let a, b, c, d, e, f be positive real numbers. Given
that def + de + ef + f d = 4, show that
((a + b)de + (b + c)ef + (c + a)f d)2 12(abde + bcef + caf d).
34. (ELMO Shortlist 2014) Let a, b, c be positive reals such that a + b + c =
ab + bc + ca. Prove that
(a + b)abbc (b + c)bcca (c + a)caab aca bab cbc .
35. (ELMO Shortlist 2014) Let a, b, c be positive reals with a2014 + b2014 +
c2014 + abc = 4. Prove that
a2013 + b2013 c b2013 + c2013 a c2013 + a2013 b
+
+
a2012 +b2012 +c2012 .
c2013
a2013
b2013
36. (ELMO Shortlist 2014) Let a, b, c be positive reals. Prove that
r
r
r
a2 (bc + a2 )
b2 (ca + b2 )
c2 (ab + c2 )
+
+
a + b + c.
b2 + c2
c2 + a2
a 2 + b2
37. (Korea 2014) Suppose x, y, z are positive numbers such that x + y + z = 1.
Prove that
(1 + xy + yz + zx)(1 + 3x3 + 3y 3 + 3z 3 )

9(x + y)(y + z)(z + x)

!2

x 1+x
y 1+y
z 1+z

+ p
+
.
4
4
4
3 + 9x2
3 + 9z 2
3 + 9y 2

38. (France TST 2014) Let n be a positive integer and x1 , x2 , . . . , xn be positive reals. Show that there are numbers a1 , a2 , . . . , an {1, 1} such that
the following holds:
a1 x21 + a2 x22 + + an x2n (a1 x1 + a2 x2 + + an xn )2
39. (Harvard-MIT Mathematics Tournament 2014) Find the largest real number c such that
101
X
x2i cM 2
i=1

whenever x1 , . . . , x101 are real numbers such that x1 + + x101 = 0 and

M is the median of x1 , . . . , x101 .
40. (India Regional MO 2014) Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that
1
1
1
+
+
1.
1+a 1+b 1+c
Prove that (1 + a2 )(1 + b2 )(1 + c2 ) 125. When does equality hold?
41. (India Regional MO 2014) Let x1 , x2 , x3 . . . x2014 be positive real numbers
P2014
such that j=1 xj = 1. Determine with proof the smallest constant K
such that
2014
X x2j
K
1
1 xj
j=1
42. (IMO Training Camp 2014) Let a, b be positive real numbers.Prove that
(1 + a)8 + (1 + b)8 128ab(a + b)2
43. (Iran 2014) Let x, y, z be three non-negative real numbers such that
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2(xy + yz + zx).
Prove that

p
x+y+z
3 2xyz.
3

44. (Iran 2014) For any a, b, c > 0 satisfying a + b + c + ab + ac + bc = 3, prove

that
2 a + b + c + abc 3
45. (Iran TST 2014) n is a natural number. for every positive real numbers
x1 , x2 , ..., xn+1 such that x1 x2 ...xn+1 = 1 prove that:

n
n
x1
n + ... + xn+1 n n x1 + ... + n xn+1
46. (Iran TST 2014) if x, y, z > 0 are postive real numbers such that x2 + y 2 +
z 2 = x2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2 prove that
((x y)(y z)(z x))2 2((x2 y 2 )2 + (y 2 z 2 )2 + (z 2 x2 )2 )
6

47. (Japan 2014) Suppose there exist 2m integers i1 , i2 , . . . , im and j1 , j2 , . . . , jm ,

of values in {1, 2, . . . , 1000}. These integers are not necessarily distinct.
For any non-negative real numbers a1 , a2 , . . . , a1000 satisfying a1 +a2 + +
a1000 = 1, find the maximum positive integer m for which the following
inequality holds
ai1 aj1 + ai2 aj2 + + aim ajm

1
.
2.014

48. (Japan MO Finals 2014) Find the maximum value of real number k such
that
a
b
c
1
+
+

2
2
2
1 + 9bc + k(b c)
1 + 9ca + k(c a)
1 + 9ab + k(a b)
2
holds for all non-negative real numbers a, b, c satisfying a + b + c = 1.
49. (Turkey JBMO TST 2014) Determine the smallest value of
(a + 5)2 + (b 2)2 + (c 9)2
for all real numbers a, b, c satisfying a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca = 3
50. (JBMO 2014) For positive real numbers
2 
2 

1
1
+ b+
+ c+
a+
b
c

a, b, c with abc = 1 prove that

2
1
3(a + b + c + 1)
a

51. (Korea 2014) Let x, y, z be the real numbers that satisfies the following.
(x y)2 + (y z)2 + (z x)2 = 8, x3 + y 3 + z 3 = 1
Find the minimum value of
x4 + y 4 + z 4
52. (Macedonia 2014) Let a, b, c be real numbers such that a + b + c = 4 and
a, b, c > 1. Prove that:
1
1
1
8
8
8
+
+

+
+
a1 b1 c1
a+b b+c c+a
53. (Mediterranean MO 2014) Let a1 , . . . , an and b1 . . . , bn be 2n real numbers.
Prove that there exists an integer k with 1 k n such that
n
X

|ai ak |

i=1

n
X

|bi ak |.

i=1

54. (Mexico 2014) Let a, b, c be positive reals such that a + b + c = 3. Prove:

a2
b2
c2
3

+
+
3
3
2
a + bc b + ca c + 3 ab
And determine when equality holds.
7

55. (Middle European MO 2014) Determine the lowest possible value of the
expression
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
a+x a+y b+x b+y
where a, b, x, and y are positive real numbers satisfying the inequalities
1
1

a+x
2
1
1

a+y
2
1
1

b+x
2
1
1.
b+y
56. (Moldova TST 2014) Let a, b R+ such that a+b = 1. Find the minimum
value of the following expression:
p
p
E(a, b) = 3 1 + 2a2 + 2 40 + 9b2 .
57. (Moldova TST 2014) Consider n 2 positive numbers 0 < x1 x2
2
... xn , such that x1 + x2 + ... + xn = 1. Prove that if xn , then there
3
exists a positive integer 1 k n such that
2
1
x1 + x2 + ... + xk <
3
3
58. (Moldova TST 2014) Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that abc = 1.
Determine the minimum value of
E(a, b, c) =

X a3 + 5
a3 (b + c)

59. (Romania TST 2014) Let a be a real number in the open interval (0, 1).
Let n 2 be a positive integer and let fn : R R be defined by fn (x) =
2
x + xn . Show that
a(1 a)n2 + 2a2 n + a3
an + a2
<
(f

f
)(a)
<
n
n
(1 a)2 n2 + a(2 a)n + a2
(1 a)n + a
where there are n functions in the composition.
60. (Romania TST 2014) Determine the smallest real constant c such that
n
X
k=1

2
k
n
X
X
1

xj
c
x2k
k j=1

k=1

for all positive integers n and all positive real numbers x1 , , xn .

8

61. (Romania TST 2014) Let n a positive integer and let f : [0, 1] R an
increasing function. Find the value of :


n
X

2k 1 

max
f xk
0x1 xn 1
2n 
k=1

62. (Southeast MO 2014) Let x1 , x2 , , xn be non-negative real numbers

such that xi xj 4|ij| (1 i, j n). Prove that
x1 + x2 + + xn

5
.
3

63. (Southeast MO 2014) Let x1 , x2 , , xn be positive real numbers such

that x1 + x2 + + xn = 1 (n 2). Prove that
n
X
i=1

n3
xi
2
.
3
xi+1 xi+1
n 1

here xn+1 = x1 .
64. (Turkey JBMO TST 2014) Prove that for positive reals a,b,c such that
a + b + c + abc = 4,




b
c
a
1 + + ab 1 + + bc 27
1 + + ca
b
c
a
holds.
65. (Turkey TST 2014) Prove that for all all non-negative real numbers a, b, c
with a2 + b2 + c2 = 1

a + b + a + c + b + c 5abc + 2.
1
1
1
66. (Tuymaada MO 2014 Positive numbers a, b, c satisfy + + = 3.
a
b
c
Prove the inequality

1
1
1
3
+
+
.
2
a3 + 1
b3 + 1
c3 + 1

67. (USAJMO 2014) Let a, b, c be real numbers greater than or equal to 1.

Prove that


10a2 5a + 1 10b2 5b + 1 10c2 5c + 1
,
,
abc.
min
b2 5b + 10 c2 5c + 10 a2 5a + 10
68. (USAMO 2014) Let a, b, c, d be real numbers such that b d 5 and all
zeros x1 , x2 , x3 , and x4 of the polynomial P (x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
are real. Find the smallest value the product
(x21 + 1)(x22 + 1)(x23 + 1)(x24 + 1)
can take.
9

69. (Uzbekistan 2014) For all x, y, z R\{1}, such that xyz = 1, prove that
x2
y2
z2
+
+
1
2
2
(x 1)
(y 1)
(z 1)2
70. (Vietnam 2014) Find the maximum of
P =

x3 y 4 z 3
y 3 z 4 x3
z 3 x4 y 3
+
+
(x4 + y 4 )(xy + z 2 )3
(y 4 + z 4 )(yz + x2 )3
(z 4 + x4 )(zx + y 2 )3

where x, y, z are positive real numbers.

71. (Albania TST 2013) Let a, b, c, d be positive real numbers such that abcd =
1.Find with proof that x = 3 is the minimal value for which the following
inequality holds :
ax + bx + cx + dx

1 1 1 1
+ + +
a b
c d

72. (All-Russian MO 2014) Let a, b, c, d be positive real numbers such that

2(a + b + c + d) abcd. Prove that
a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 abcd.
73. (Baltic Way 2013) Prove that the following inequality holds for all positive
real numbers x, y, z:
x3
y3
z3
x+y+z
+
+

.
y2 + z2
z 2 + x2
x2 + y 2
2
74. (Bosnia Herzegovina TST 2013) Let x1 , x2 , . . . , xn be nonnegative real
numbers of sum equal to 1. Let
Fn = x21 + x22 + + x2n 2(x1 x2 + x2 x3 + + xn x1 )
. Find:
a) min F3 ;
b) min F4 ;
c) min F5 .
75. (Canada 2013) Let x, y, z be real numbers that are greater than or equal
to 0 and less than or equal to 21
(a) Determine the minimum possible value of
x + y + z xy yz zx
and determine all triples (x, y, z) for which this minimum is obtained. (b)
Determine the maximum possible value of
x + y + z xy yz zx
and determine all triples (x, y, z) for which this maximum is obtained.
10

76. (China Girls MO 2013) For any given positive numbers a1 , a2 , . . . , an ,

prove that there exist positive numbers x1 , x2 , . . . , xn satisfying
n
X

xi = 1

i=1

such that for any positive numbers y1 , y2 , . . . , yn with

n
X

yi = 1

i=1

the inequality
n
n
X
1X
a i xi

ai
x + yi
2 i=1
i=1 i

holds.
77. (China 2013) Find all positive real numbers t with the following property:
there exists an infinite set X of real numbers such that the inequality
max{|x (a d)|, |y a|, |z (a + d)|} > td
holds for all (not necessarily distinct) x, y, z X, all real numbers a and
all positive real numbers d.
78. (China Northern MO 2013) If a1 , a2 , , a2013 [2, 2] and
a1 + a2 + + a2013 = 0
, find the maximum of
a31 + a32 + + a32013
.
79. (China TST 2013) Let n and k be two integers which are greater than 1.
Let a1 , a2 , . . . , an , c1 , c2 , . . . , cm be non-negative real numbers such that
i) a1 a2 . . . an and a1 + a2 + . . . + an = 1; ii) For any integer
m {1, 2, . . . , n}, we have that c1 + c2 + . . . + cm mk . Find the
maximum of c1 ak1 + c2 ak2 + . . . + cn akn .
80. (China TST 2013) Let n > 1 be an integer and let a0 , a1 , . . . , an be non

Pk
negative real numbers. Definite Sk = i=0 ki ai for k = 0, 1, . . . , n. Prove
that
!2
n1
n
1X 2
1 X
4
Sk 2
Sk

(Sn S0 )2 .
n
n
45
k=0

k=0

81. (China TST 2013) Let k 2 be an integer and let a1 , a2 , , an , b1 , b2 , , bn

be non-negative real numbers. Prove that
!
!2
n1

n
n
n
Y
1
1X 2
1X
n
ai +
bi

(a2i + b2i ) n .
n1
n i=1
n i=1
i=1
11

82. (China Western MO 2013) Let the integer n 2, and the real numbers
x1 , x2 , , xn [0, 1].Prove that
n

kxk xj

1k<jn

n1 X
kxk .
3
k=1

83. (District Olympiad 2013) Let n N and a1 , a2 , ..., an R so a1 + a2 +

... + ak k, () k {1, 2, ..., n} .Prove that
a1
a2
an
1 1
1
+
+ ... +
+ + ... +
1
2
n
1 2
n
84. (District Olympiad 2013) Let a, b C. Prove that |az + b
z | 1, for every
z C, with |z| = 1, if and only if |a| + |b| 1.
85. (ELMO 2013) Let a1 , a2 , ..., a9 be nine real numbers, not necessarily distinct, with average m. Let A denote the number of triples 1 i < j <
k 9 for which
ai + aj + ak 3m
. What is the minimum possible value of A?
86. (ELMO
2013) Let a, b, c be positive reals satisfying a + b + c =

7
c. Prove that
aa bb cc 1

a+

b+

87. (ELMO Shortlist 2013) Prove that for all positive reals a, b, c,
1
a+

1
b

+1

1
b+

1
c

+1

1
c+

1
a

+1

3
abc +

88. (ELMO Shortlist 2013) Positive reals a, b, and c obey

Prove that
p

a2 + b2 + c2 1 +

3
abc

+1

a2 +b2 +c2
ab+bc+ca

ab+bc+ca+1
.
2

|a b| + |b c| + |c a|
.
2

89. (ELMO Shortlist 2013) Let a, b, c be positive reals such that a + b + c = 3.

Prove that
X
1
18
+ 2(ab + bc + ca) 15.
(3 c)(4 c)
cyc
90. (ELMO Shortlist 2013) Let a, b, c be positive reals with a2014 + b2014 +
c2014 + abc = 4. Prove that
a2013 + b2013 c b2013 + c2013 a c2013 + a2013 b
+
+
a2012 +b2012 +c2012 .
c2013
a2013
b2013

12

91. (ELMO Shortlist 2013) Let a, b, c be positive reals, and let

r
3
2013
=P
a2013 + b2013 + c2013
Prove that
Y
cyc

1
1
2a+b )(2P + a+2b )
1
(2P + a+b+c )2

(2P +

Y
cyc

1
1
4a+b+c )(P + 3b+3c )
1
1
3a+2b+c )(P + 3a+b+2c )

(P +
(P +

!
.

92. (Federal Competition for Advanced students 2013) For a positive integer
n, let a1 , a2 , . . . , an be nonnegative real numbers such that for all real
numbers x1 > x2 > . . . > xn > 0 with x1 + x2 + . . . + xn < 1, the
inequality
n
X
ak x3k < 1
k=1

holds. Show that

na1 + (n 1)a2 + . . . + (n j + 1)aj + . . . + an

n2 (n + 1)2
.
4

93. (Korea 2013) For a positive integer n 2, define set T = {(i, j)|1 i <
j n, i|j}. For nonnegative real numbers x1 , x2 , , xn with x1 + x2 +
+ xn = 1, find the maximum value of
X
xi xj
(i,j)T

in terms of n.
94. (Hong Kong 2013) Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that ab + bc +
ca = 1. Prove that
s
s
s

1
3
3
3
4
4
4
+ 6 3b +
+ 6 3c +
+ 6 3a
a
b
c
abc
When does inequality hold?
95. (IMC 2013) Let z be a complex number with |z + 1| > 2. Prove that
 3

z + 1  > 1
.
96. (India Regional MO 2013) Given real numbers a, b, c, d, e > 1. Prove that
a2
b2
c2
d2
e2
+
+
+
+
20
c1 d1 e1 a1 b1
97. (Iran TST 2013) Let a, b, c be sides of a triangle such that a b c.
prove that:
q

a(a + b

q
q

ab) + b(a + c ac) + c(b + c bc) a + b + c

13

98. (Macedonia JBMO TST 2013) a, b, c > 0 and abc = 1. Prove that

1
1
1
1
( a + b + c )+
+
+
3
2
1+a
1+b
1+c
.
99. (Turkey JBMO TST 2013) For all positive real numbers a, b, c satisfying
a + b + c = 1, prove that
b4 + 5c4
c4 + 5a4
a4 + 5b4
+
+
1 ab bc ca
a(a + 2b) b(b + 2c) c(c + 2a)
100. (Turkey JBMO TST 2013) Let a, b, c, d be real numbers greater than 1
and x, y be real numbers such that
ax + by = (a2 + b2 )x

and cx + dy = 2y (cd)y/2

Prove that x < y.

101. (JBMO 2013) Show that

a + 2b +

2
a+1


b + 2a +

2
b+1


16

for all positive real numbers a and b such that ab 1.

102. (Kazakhstan 2013) Find maximum value of
|a2 bc + 1| + |b2 ac + 1| + |c2 ba + 1|
when a, b, c are reals in [2; 2].
103. (Kazakhstan 2013) Consider the following sequence a1 = 1; an =
a[ n ]
a[ n ]
3
n
3 + . . . + n Prove that n N

a[ n ]
2

a2n < 2an

104. (Korea 2013) Let a, b, c > 0 such that ab + bc + ca = 3. Prove that
X

(a + b)3

cyc

(2(a + b)(a2 + b2 )) 3

12

105. (Kosovo 2013) For all real numbers a prove that

3(a4 + a2 + 1) (a2 + a + 1)2
106. (Kosovo 2013) Which number is bigger

2012

2012! or

2013

2013!?

107. (Macedonia 2013) Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that a4 + b4 +

c4 = 3. Prove that
a2

9
9
9
+ 4
+ 6
a6 + b6 + c6 + 6
4
6
6
2
+b +c
a +b +c
a + b2 + c4
14

108. (Mediterranean MO 2013) Let x, y, z be positive reals for which:

X
(xy)2 = 6xyz
Prove that:

Xr

x
3
x + yz

.
109. (Middle European MO 2013) Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that
a+b+c=

1
1
1
+ 2 + 2.
a2
b
c

Prove that
2(a + b + c)

p
3

7a2 b + 1 +

p
3

7b2 c + 1 +

p
3
7c2 a + 1.

Find all triples (a, b, c) for which equality holds.

110. (Middle European MO 2013) Let x, y, z, w be nonzero real numbers such
that x + y 6= 0, z + w 6= 0, and xy + zw 0. Prove that

1

1
z+w
w
x+y
1  x z 1
y
+
+
+
+
+
z+w
x+y
2
z
x
w
y
111. (Moldova TST 2013) For any positive real numbers x, y, z, prove that
z
z(x + y) x(z + y) y(x + z)
x y
+ +
+
+
y
z
x
y(y + z) z(x + z) x(x + y)
112. (Moldova TST 2013) Prove that for any positive real numbers ai , bi , ci
with i = 1, 2, 3,
(a31 +b31 +c31 +1)(a32 +b32 +c32 +1)(a33 +b33 +c33 +1)

3
(a1 +b1 +c1 )(a2 +b2 +c2 )(a3 +b3 +c3 )
4

113. (Moldova TST 2013) Consider real numbers x, y, z such that x, y, z > 0.
Prove that


1
1
1
5
(xy + yz + xz)
+ 2
+ 2
> .
x2 + y 2
x + z2
y + z2
2
114. (Olympic Revenge 2013) Let a, b, c, d to be non negative real numbers
satisfying ab + ac + ad + bc + bd + cd = 6. Prove that

a2

1
1
1
1
+ 2
+ 2
+ 2
2
+1 b +1 c +1 d +1

115. (Philippines 2013) Let r and s be positive real numbers such that
(r + s rs)(r + s + rs) = rs
. Find the minimum value of r + s rs and r + s + rs
15

116. (Poland 2013) Let k,m and n be three different positive integers. Prove
that




1
1
1
k
m
n
kmn (k + m + n).
k
m
n
117. (Rioplatense 2013) Let a, b, c, d be real positive numbers such that
a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 = 1
Prove that
(1 a)(1 b)(1 c)(1 d) abcd
118. (Romania 2013) To be considered the following complex and distinct
a, b, c, d. Prove that the following affirmations are equivalent:
i) For every z C this inequality takes place :
|z a| + |z b| |z c| + |z d|
ii) There is t (0, 1) so that c = ta + (1 t) b si d = (1 t) a + tb
119. (Romania 2013)
a)Prove that
1
1 1
+ + ... + m < m
2 3
2
for any m N .
b)Let p1 , p2 , ..., pn be the prime numbers less than 2100 . Prove that
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
< 10
p1
p2
pn
120. (Romania TST 2013) Let n be a positive integer and let x1 , . . ., xn be
positive real numbers. Show that:




1
1
1

1
1
1
min x1 ,
+ x2 , ,
+ xn ,
2 cos
max x1 ,
+ x2 , ,
+ xn ,
.
x1
xn1
xn
n+2
x1
xn1
xn
121. (Serbia 2013) Find the largest constant K R with the following property: if a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 > 0 are numbers satisfying
a2i + a2j + a2k 2(ai aj + aj ak + ak ai )
for every 1 i < j < k 4, then
a21 + a22 + a23 + a24 K(a1 a2 + a1 a3 + a1 a4 + a2 a3 + a2 a4 + a3 a4 ).
122. (Southeast MO 2013) Let a, b be real numbers such that the equation
x3 ax2 + bx a = 0 has three positive real roots . Find the minimum of
2a3 3ab + 3a
b+1

16

123. (Southeast MO 2013) n 3 is a integer. , , (0, 1). For every

ak , bk , ck 0(k = 1, 2, . . . , n) with
n
X

(k + )ak ,

k=1

n
X

(k + )bk ,

k=1

n
X

(k + )ck

k=1

we always have
n
X

(k + )ak bk ck

k=1

Find the minimum of

124. (Todays Calculation of Integrals 2013) Let m, n be positive integer such
that 2 m < n.
(1) Prove the inequality as follows.
1
1
1
1
n+1m
n+1m
< 2+
+ +
+ 2 <
m(n + 1)
m
(m + 1)2
(n 1)2
n
n(m 1)
(2) Prove the inequality as follows.


3
1
1
lim 1 + 2 + + 2 2
2 n
2
n
(3) Prove the inequality which is made precisely in comparison with the
inequality in (2) as follows.


29
1
1
61
lim 1 + 2 + + 2
18 n
2
n
36
125. (Tokyo University Entrance Exam 2013) Let a, b be real constants. If real
numbers x, y satisfy x2 + y 2 25, 2x + y 5, then find the minimum
value of
z = x2 + y 2 2ax 2by
126. (Turkey Junior MO 2013) Let x, y, z be real numbers satisfying x+y+z = 0
and x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 6. Find the maximum value of
|(x y)(y z)(z x)|
127. (Turkey 2013) Find the maximum value of M for which for all positive
real numbers a, b, c we have
a3 + b3 + c3 3abc M (ab2 + bc2 + ca2 3abc)
128. (Turkey TST 2013) For all real numbers x, y, z such that 2 x, y, z 2
and x2 + y 2 + z 2 + xyz = 4, determine the least real number K satisfying
z(xz + yz + y)
K.
xy + y 2 + z 2 + 1
17

129. (Tuymaada 2013) Prove that if x, y, z are positive real numbers and
xyz = 1 then
x3
y3
z3
3
+
+
.
2
2
2
x +y y +z
z +x
2
130. (Tuymaada 2013) For every positive real numbers a and b prove the inequality
r

1 a2 + b2
2 2
ab
+
.
3
2
31 1
+
a b
131. (USAMTS 2013) An infinite sequence of real numbers a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . is
called spooky if a1 = 1 and for all integers n > 1,
na1 + (n 1)a2 + (n 2)a3 + . . . + 2an1 + an < 0,
n2 a1 + (n 1)2 a2 + (n 2)2 a3 + . . . + 22 an1 + an > 0.
Given any spooky sequence a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . , prove that
20133 a1 + 20123 a2 + 20113 a3 + + 23 a2012 + a2013 < 12345.
132. (Uzbekistan 2013) Let real numbers a, b such that a b 0. Prove that
p
p
p
3
4
a2 + b2 + a3 + b3 + a4 + b4 3a + b.
133. (Uzbekistan 2013) Let x and y are real numbers such that x2 y 2 +2yx2 +1 =
0. If
2
1
1
S = 2 + 1 + + y(y + 2 + )
x
x
x
find
(a)maxS
(b) minS.
134. (Albania TST 2012) Find the greatest value of the expression
1
1
1
+
+
x2 4x + 9 y 2 4y + 9 z 2 4z + 9
where x, y, z are nonnegative real numbers such that x + y + z = 1.
135. (All-Russian MO 2012) The positive real numbers a1 , . . . , an and k are
such that
a1 + + an = 3k
a21 + + a2n = 3k 2
and
a31 + + a3n > 3k 3 + k
Prove that the difference between some two of a1 , . . . , an is greater than
1.

18

136. (All-Russian MO 2012) Any two of the real numbers a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 differ

by no less than 1. There exists some real number k satisfying
a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 = 2k
a21 + a22 + a23 + a24 + a25 = 2k 2
Prove that k 2

25
3 .

137. (APMO 2012) Let n be an integer greater than or equal to 2. Prove that
if the real numbers a1 , a2 , , an satisfy a21 + a22 + + a2n = n, then
X
1i<jn

n
1

n ai aj
2

must hold.
138. (Balkan 2012) Prove that
X
p
(x + y) (z + x)(z + y) 4(xy + yz + zx),
cyc

for all positive real numbers x, y and z.

139. (Baltic Way 2012) Let a, b, c be real numbers. Prove that
1
ab + bc + ca + max{|a b|, |b c|, |c a|} 1 + (a + b + c)2 .
3
140. (Bosnia Herzegovina TST 2012) Prove for all positive real numbers a, b, c,
such that a2 + b2 + c2 = 1:

a3
b3
c3
3
.
+ 2
+ 2

2
b +c c +a a +b
1+ 3
141. (Canada 2012) Let x, y and z be positive real numbers. Show that
x2 + xy 2 + xyz 2 4xyz 4
142. (CentroAmerican 2012) Let a, b, c be real numbers that satisfy
1
a+c = 1 and ab + bc + ac > 0.
Show that
a+b+c

1
1
a+b + b+c +

abc
4
ab + bc + ac

143. (China Girls Math Olympiad 2012) Let a1 , a2 , . . . , an be non-negative real

numbers. Prove that
1
a1
a1 a2
a1 a2 an1
+
+
+ +
1.
1 + a1 (1 + a1 )(1 + a2 ) (1 + a1 )(1 + a2 )(1 + a3 )
(1 + a1 )(1 + a2 ) (1 + an )
144. (China 2012) Let f (x) = (x + a)(x + b) where a, b > 0. For any reals
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn 0 satisfying x1 + x2 + . . . + xn = 1, find the maximum of
X
F =
min {f (xi ), f (xj )}
1i<jn

19

145. (China 2012) Suppose that x, y, z [0, 1]. Find the maximal value of the
expression
p
p
p
|x y| + |y z| + |z x|.
146. (china TST 2012) Complex numbers xi , yi satisfy |xi | = |yi | = 1 for i =
n
n
P
P
1, 2, . . . , n. Let x = n1
xi , y = n1
yi and zi = xyi + yxi xi yi . Prove
i=1

i=1

that

n
X

|zi | n

i=1

.
147. (China TST 2012) Given two integers m, n which are greater than 1. r, s
are two given positive real numbers such that r < s. For all aij 0 which
are not all zeroes,find the maximal value of the expression
Pn Pm
r 1
( j=1 ( i=1 asij ) s ) r
f = Pm Pn
s 1 .
( i=1 ) j=1 arij ) r ) s
148. (China TST 2012) Given an integer k 2. Prove that there exist k
pairwise distinct positive integers a1 , a2 , . . . , ak such that for any nonnegative integers
, bk , c1 , c2 , . . . , ck satisfying a1 bi 2ai , i =
Qkb1 , b2 , . . .Q
k
1, 2, . . . , k and i=1 bci i < i=1 bi , we have
k

k
Y

bci i <

i=1

k
Y

bi .

i=1

149. (Czech-Polish-Slovak MAtch 2012) Let a, b, c, d be positive real numbers

such that
abcd = 4,
a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 = 10
Find the maximum possible value of
ab + bc + cd + da
150. (ELMO Shortlist 2012) Let x1 , x2 , x3 , y1 , y2 , y3 be nonzero real numbers
satisfying x1 + x2 + x3 = 0, y1 + y2 + y3 = 0. Prove that
x1 x2 + y1 y2
p

(x21

y12 )(x22

y22 )

+p

x2 x3 + y2 y3
(x22

y22 )(x23

y32 )

+p

x3 x1 + y3 y1
(x23

y32 )(x21

y12 )

3
.
2

151. (ELMO Shortlist 2012) Let a, b, c be three positive real numbers such that
a b c and a + b + c = 1. Prove that

a+c
b+c
a+b
3 6(b + c)2

+
+
p
.
a2 + c2
b2 + c2
a2 + b2
(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )
152. (ELMO Shortlist 2012) Let a, b, c 0. Show that
(a2 +2bc)2012 +(b2 +2ca)2012 +(c2 +2ab)2012 (a2 +b2 +c2 )2012 +2(ab+bc+ca)2012
20

153. (ELMO Shortlist 2012) Let a, b, c be distinct positive real numbers, and
let k be a positive integer greater than 3. Show that

 k+1
a
(b c) + bk+1 (c a) + ck+1 (a b) 
k+1


 3(k 1) (a + b + c)
ak (b c) + bk (c a) + ck (a b)
and
 k+2

a
(b c) + bk+2 (c a) + ck+2 (a b)  (k + 1)(k + 2) 2
2
2

 3k(k 1) (a + b + c ).

ak (b c) + bk (c a) + ck (a b)
154. (Federal competition for advanced students 2012) Determine the maximum value of m, such that the inequality
(a2 + 4(b2 + c2 ))(b2 + 4(a2 + c2 ))(c2 + 4(a2 + b2 )) m
     
holds for every a, b, c R \ {0} with  a1  +  1b  +  1c  3. When does
equality occur?
155. (Korea 2012) Let x, y, z be positive real numbers. Prove that
2y 2 + yz
2x2 + xy
2z 2 + zx

+
+
1

2
2
(z + xy + x)
(x + yz + y)2
(y + zx + z)
156. (Finnish National High School Math Competition 2012) Let k, n N, 0 <
k < n. Prove that
k  
X
n
j=1

   
 
n
n
n
=
+
+ ... +
nk .
1
2
k

157. (IMO 2012) Let n 3 be an integer, and let a2 , a3 , . . . , an be positive real

numbers such that a2 a3 an = 1. Prove that
(1 + a2 )2 (1 + a3 )3 (1 + an )n > nn .
158. (India Regional MO 2012) Let a and b be positive real numbers such that
a + b = 1. Prove that
aa bb + ab ba 1
159. (India Regional MO 2012) Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that
abc(a + b + c) = 3. Prove that we have
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 8.
Also determine the case of equality.
160. (Iran TST 2012) For positive reals a, b and c with ab + bc + ca = 1, show
that

a a b b c c
3( a + b + c)
+
+
.
bc
ca
ab

21

161. (JBMO 2012) Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that a + b + c = 1.

Prove that
!
r
r
r

1a
1b
1c
a a c
c
b
b
+ + + + + +62 2
+
+
.
b
c
b a c a
a
b
c
When does equality hold?
162. (JBMO shortlist 2012) Let a , b , c be positive real numbers such that
abc = 1 . Show that :
2

1
1
(ab + bc + ca)
1
+
+

a3 + bc b3 + ca c3 + ab
6

163. (JBMO shortlist 2012) Let a , b , c be positive real numbers such that
a + b + c = a2 + b2 + c2 . Prove that :
a2
b2
c2
a+b+c
+
+

a2 + ab b2 + bc c2 + ca
2
164. (JBMO shortlist 2012) Find the largest positive integer n for which the
inequality

a+b+c
5
n
+ abc
abc + 1
2

holds true for all a, b, c [0, 1]. Here we make the convention 1 abc = abc.
165. (Macedonia JBMO TST 2012) Let a,b,c be positive real numbers and
a + b + c + 2 = abc. Prove that
a
b
c
+
+
2.
b+1 c+1 a+1
166. (Turkey JBMO TST 2012) Find the greatest real number M for which
a2 + b2 + c2 + 3abc M (ab + bc + ca)
for all non-negative real numbers a, b, c satisfying a + b + c = 4.
167. (Turkey JBMO TST 2012) Show that for all real numbers x, y satisfying
x+y 0
(x2 + y 2 )3 32(x3 + y 3 )(xy x y)
168. (Moldova JBMO TST 2012) Let 1 a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, k 9 and a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, k
are different integers, find the minimum value of the expression
E = abc + def + ghk
and prove that it is minimum.
169. (Moldova JBMO TST 2012) Let a, b, c be positive real numbers, prove the
inequality:
p
(a + b + c)2 + ab + bc + ac 6 abc(a + b + c)
22

170. (Kazakhstan 2012) Let a, b, c, d > 0 for which the following conditions:
a) (a c)(b d) = 4
b)

a+c
2

a2 +b2 +c2 +d2

a+b+c+d

Find the minimum of expression a + c

171. (Kazakhstan 2012) For a positive reals x1 , ..., xn prove inequality:
1
1
+ ... +

x1 + 1
xn + 1
1+

n
1
x1

n
+...+ x1n

172. (Korea 2012) a, b, c are positive numbers such that a2 + b2 + c2 = 2abc + 1.

Find the maximum value of
(a 2bc)(b 2ca)(c 2ab)
173. (Korea 2012) Let {a1 , a2 , , a10 } = {1, 2, , 10} . Find the maximum
value of
10
X
(na2n n2 an )
n=1

174. (Kyoto University Entry Examination 2012) When real numbers x, y

moves in the constraint with x2 + xy + y 2 = 6. Find the range of
x2 y + xy 2 x2 2xy y 2 + x + y.
175. (Kyrgyzstan 2012) Given positive real numbers a1 , a2 , ..., an with a1 +a2 +
... + an = 1. Prove that

 


1
1
1
1
1 ...
1 (n2 1)n
a21
a22
a2n
176. (Macedonia 2012) If a, b, c, d are positive real numbers such that
abcd = 1 then prove that the following inequality holds
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
2.
bc + cd + da 1 ab + cd + da 1 ab + bc + da 1 ab + bc + cd 1
When does inequality hold?
177. (Middle European MO 2012) Let a, b and c be positive real numbers with
abc = 1. Prove that
p
p
p
9 + 16a2 + 9 + 16b2 + 9 + 16c2 3 + 4(a + b + c)
178. (Olympic Revenge 2012) Let x1 , x2 , . . . , xn positive real numbers. Prove
that:
X
X
1
1

3
x
+
x
x
x
x
x
(x
+ xi+1 )
i1 i i+1
cyc i
cyc i i+1 i
23

179. (Pre-Vietnam MO 2012) For a, b, c > 0 : abc = 1 prove that

a3 + b3 + c3 + 6 (a + b + c)2
180. (Puerto rico TST 2012) Let x, y and z be consecutive integers such that
1
1 1
1
+ + >
.
x y z
45
Find the maximum value of
x+y+z
181. (Regional competition for advanced students 2012) Prove that the inequality
a + a3 a4 a6 < 1
holds for all real numbers a.
182. (Romania 2012) Prove that if n 2 is a natural number and x1 , x2 , . . . , xn
are positive real numbers, then:

4

x3 x3n
x3 x33
x3 x31
x31 x32
+ 2
+ . . . + n1
+ n
x1 + x2
x2 + x3
xn1 + xn
xn + x1

(x1 x2 )2 + (x2 x3 )2 + . . . + (xn1 xn )2 + (xn x1 )2

183. (Romania 2012) Let a , b and c be three complex numbers such that
a + b + c = 0 and |a| = |b| = |c| = 1 . Prove that:
3 |z a| + |z b| + |z c| 4,
for any z C , |z| 1 .
184. (Romania 2012) Let a, b R with 0 < a < b . Prove that:
a)

x+y+z
ab
+
a+b
2 ab
3
3
xyz

for x, y, z [a, b] .
b)
{

x+y+z
ab
+
| x, y, z [a, b]} = [2 ab, a + b] .
3
3
xyz

185. (Romania TST 2012) Let k be a positive integer. Find the maximum
value of
a3k1 b + b3k1 c + c3k1 a + k 2 ak bk ck ,
where a, b, c are non-negative reals such that a + b + c = 3k.

24

186. (Romania TST 2012) Let f, g : Z [0, ) be two functions such that
f (n) = g(n) = 0 with the exception of finitely many integers n. Define
h : Z [0, ) by
h(n) = max{f (n k)g(k) : k Z}.
Let p and q be two positive reals such that 1/p + 1/q = 1. Prove that
!1/p
X

h(n)

nZ

f (n)p

nZ

!1/q
X

g(n)q

nZ

187. (South East MO 2012) Let a, b, c, d be real numbers satisfying inequality

a cos x + b cos 2x + c cos 3x + d cos 4x 1
holds for any real number x. Find the maximal value of
a+bc+d
and determine the values of a, b, c, d when that maximum is attained.
188. (South East MO 2012) Find the least natural number n, such that the
following inequality holds:
r
r
r
r
n 2011
n 2012
3 n 2013
3 n 2011

<

2012
2011
2011
2013
189. (Stanford Mathematics Tournament 2012) Compute the minimum possible value of
(x 1)2 + (x 2)2 + (x 3)2 + (x 4)2 + (x 5)2
For real values x
190. (Stanford Mathematics Tournament 2012) Find the minimum value of xy,
given that
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 7
,
xz + xy + yz = 4
and x, y, z are real numbers
191. (TSTST 2012) Positive real numbers x, y, z satisfy xyz + xy + yz + zx =
x + y + z + 1. Prove that
s
! 
r
r
5/8
1
x+y+z
1 + x2
1 + y2
1 + z2
+
+

.
3
1+x
1+y
1+z
3
192. (Turkey Junior MO 2012) Let a, b, c be positive real numbers satisfying
a3 + b3 + c3 = a4 + b4 + c4 . Show that
a2

a
b
c
+ 3
+ 3
1
3
3
2
3
+b +c
a +b +c
a + b3 + c2
25

193. (Turkey 2012) For all positive real numbers x, y, z, show that
x(2x y) y(2y z) z(2z x)
+
+
1
y(2z + x) z(2x + y) x(2y + z)
194. (Turkey TST 2012) For all positive real numbers a, b, c satisfying ab + bc +
ca 1, prove that



1
1
1
a + b + c + 3 8abc
+
+
a2 + 1 b2 + 1 c2 + 1
195. (Tuymaada 2012) Prove that for any real numbers a, b, c satisfying abc = 1
the following inequality holds
1
1
1
1
+
+
.
2a2 + b2 + 3 2b2 + c2 + 3 2c2 + a2 + 3
2
196. (USAJMO 2012) Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. Prove that
a3 + 3b3
b3 + 3c3
c3 + 3a3
2
+
+
(a2 + b2 + c2 )
5a + b
5b + c
5c + a
3
197. (Uzbekistan 2012) Given a, b and c positive real numbers with ab+bc+ca =
1. Then prove that
a3
b3
c3
(a + b + c)3
+
+

2
2
2
1 + 9b ac 1 + 9c ab 1 + 9a bc
18

198. (Vietnam TST 2012) Prove that c = 10 24 is the largest constant such
that if there exist positive numbers a1 , a2 , . . . , a17 satisfying:
17
X
i=1

a2i = 24,

17
X
i=1

a3i +

17
X

ai < c

i=1

then for every i, j, k such that 1 1 < j < k 17, we have that xi , xj , xk
are sides of a triangle.

Solutions
1. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h1084414p4785586
2. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h1084465p4786027
3. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h1084477p4786093
4. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h1072850p4671682
5. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h1085432p4794923
6. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h1090144p4842882
7. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h618127p3685292
26

8. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h1064458p4619006
9. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h1069572p4645451
10. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h1106919p5018814
11. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h1089033p4831839
12. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h1089041p4831861
13. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h1095599p4907181
14. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h620402p3706718
15. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h1072847p4671671
16. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h1072850p4671682
17. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h587594p3478199
18. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h588115p3481492
19. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h613430p3649217
20. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h598349p3550637
21. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h586449p3469333
22. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h588854p3486360
23. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h589037p3487565
24. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h593098p3516794
25. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h602250p3575520
26. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h602123p3574651
27. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h601901p3573611
28. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h580475p3427314
29. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h582165p3440492
30. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h602571p3577441
31. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h593713p3520937
32. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h599362p3557460
33. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h599371p3557471
34. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h599372p3557472
35. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h599343p3557427
36. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h599363p3557462
37. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h581893p3438505

27

38. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h593544p3519929
39. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c129h596746p3541015
40. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h616647p3673419
41. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h616665p3673483
42. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h597388p3545022
43. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h587736p3479162
44. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h604616p3590688
45. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h585289p3461585
46. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h590573p3497489
47. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h571042p3354443
48. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h576463p3397493
49. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h594596p3526776
50. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h594819p3529106
51. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h621845p3717626
52. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h585184p3460713
53. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h592838p3515104
54. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h614026p3653413
55. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h607042p3607066
56. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h579002p3416647
57. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h583202p3447545
58. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h583204p3447551
59. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h621879p3717794
60. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h621884p3717806
61. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h621896p3717848
62. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h599769p3560182
63. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h599929p3561160
64. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h614163p3654326
65. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h580320p3426170
66. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h597516p3545812
67. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c5h587519p3477681

28

68. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c5h587531p3477753
69. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h592765p3514528
70. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h569712p3344230
71. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h535703p3074752
72. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h535312p3070765
73. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h569073p3338904
74. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h535100p3068370
75. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h590429p3496307
76. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h548682p3181684
77. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h516104p2902650
78. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h551173p3199584
79. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h525027p2969643
80. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h525603p2976041
81. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h526394p2984683
82. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h549479p3187785
83. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h524183p2962852
84. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h524790p2968082
85. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h539541p3104304
86. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h539538p3104300
87. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h545067p3151935
88. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h545069p3151937
89. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h545070p3151938
90. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h599343p3557427
91. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h545071p3151939
92. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h539383p3103199
93. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h526260p2983427
94. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h567387p3324611
95. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c7h548031p3176380
96. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h566972p3320651
97. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h531375p3035419

29

98. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h535756p3075149
99. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h536622p3082197
100. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h536624p3082202
101. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h540149p3109661
102. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h525649p2976292
103. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h524677p2967184
104. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h561922p3275975
105. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c4h523420p2955323
106. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h523393p2955179
107. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h528515p3006896
108. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h538745p3097790
109. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h589868p3493131
110. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h589873p3493138
111. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h529888p3022624
112. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h529929p3022792
113. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h529936p3022835
114. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h518184p2916452
115. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h519272p2923775
116. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h534767p3065715
117. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h603542p3583779
118. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h527865p3000222
119. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h527866p3000224
120. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h621906p3717903
121. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h528744p3009475
122. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h546272p3161497
123. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h548154p3177403
124. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c7h518617p2920185
125. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h522345p2944462
126. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h564829p3302604
127. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h564744p3301778

30

128. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h527851p3000065
129. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h545390p3153978
130. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h544756p3149358
131. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c123h563814p3293988
132. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h535868p3076122
133. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h535869p3076127
134. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h534833p3066169
135. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h481929p2699660
136. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h481890p2699426
137. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h472956p2648122
138. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h477232p2672163
139. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h508342p2855937
140. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h480359p2689923
141. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h478151p2677391
142. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h484712p2715929
143. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h493227p2766512
144. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h457944p2571078
145. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h502330p2822569
146. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h469500p2628482
147. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h470502p2634653
148. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h471562p2639960
149. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h529318p3016172
150. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h486927p2728454
151. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h486926p2728453
152. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h486929p2728457
153. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h486928p2728456
154. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h483098p2706843
155. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h471575p2640006
156. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h532979p3049598
157. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h488342p2736375

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160. http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h479380p2684178
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