CHAPTER 9

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS
DESIGN EXAMPLES
NOTATION
9.0

INTRODUCTION

9.1

DESIGN EXAMPLE - AASHTO BOX BEAM, BIII-48, SINGLE SPAN WITH

NON-COMPOSITE WEARING SURFACE. DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE
WITH AASHTO STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS.

9.2

DESIGN EXAMPLE - AASHTO BOX BEAM, BIII-48, SINGLE SPAN WITH

NON-COMPOSITE WEARING SURFACE. DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE
WITH AASHTO LRFD SPECIFICATIONS.

9.3

DESIGN EXAMPLE - AASHTO-PCI BULB-TEE, BT-72, SINGLE SPAN

WITH COMPOSITE DECK. DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE WITH AASHTO
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS.

9.4

DESIGN EXAMPLE - AASHTO-PCI BULB-TEE, BT-72, SINGLE SPAN

WITH COMPOSITE DECK. DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE WITH AASHTO
LRFD SPECIFICATIONS.

9.5

DESIGN EXAMPLE - AASHTO-PCI BULB-TEE, BT-72, THREE-SPAN WITH

COMPOSITE DECK (MADE CONTINUOUS FOR LIVE LOAD). DESIGNED
IN ACCORDANCE WITH AASHTO STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS.

9.6

DESIGN EXAMPLE - AASHTO-PCI BULB-TEE, BT-72, THREE-SPAN WITH

COMPOSITE DECK (MADE CONTINUOUS FOR LIVE LOAD). DESIGNED
IN ACCORDANCE WITH AASHTO LRFD SPECIFICATIONS.

9.7

DESIGN EXAMPLE - PRECAST CONCRETE STAY-IN-PLACE DECK

PANEL SYSTEM. DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE WITH AASHTO
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS.

9.8

DESIGN EXAMPLE - PRECAST CONCRETE STAY-IN-PLACE DECK

PANEL SYSTEM. DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE WITH AASHTO LRFD
SPECIFICATIONS.
Note: Each design example contains a thorough table of contents.

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PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

CHAPTER 9

NOTATION
DESIGN EXAMPLES
A
A
Ab
Ac
Ac
Acv
Ao
Aps
APT
As
As
As
Asf
Asr
A*s
As
Av
Av
Avf
Avh
Av-min
a
a
a
b
b
b
b
b
be
bv
bv
bv
bw
CRc
CRs
c
c
D
D

= cross-sectional area of the precast beam or section

[STD], [LRFD]
= effective tension area of concrete surrounding the flexural tension reinforcement
and having the same centroid as the reinforcement divided by the number of bars
[STD], [LRFD]
= area of an individual bar
[LRFD]
= total area of the composite section
= area of concrete on the flexural tension side of the member
[LRFD]
= area of concrete section resisting shear transfer
[LRFD]
= area enclosed by centerlines of the elements of the beam
[LRFD]
= area of pretensioning steel
[LRFD]
= transverse post-tensioning reinforcement
= area of non-pretensioning tension reinforcement
[STD]
= area of non-pretensioning tension reinforcement
[LRFD]
= total area of vertical reinforcement located within the distance (h/5) from the end of the beam [LRFD]
= steel area required to develop the ultimate compressive strength of the overhanging portions of the flange [STD]
= steel area required to develop the compressive strength of the web of a flanged section
[STD]
= area of pretensioning steel
[STD]
= area of compression reinforcement
[LRFD]
= area of web reinforcement
[STD]
= area of transverse reinforcement within a distance 's'
[LRFD]
= area of shear-friction reinforcement
[LRFD]
= area of web reinforcement required for horizontal shear
= minimum area of web reinforcement
= depth of the compression block
[STD]
= distance from the end of beam to drape point
= depth of the equivalent rectangular stress block
[LRFD]
= effective flange width
= width of beam
[STD]
= width of bottom flange of the beam
= width of the compression face of a member
[LRFD]
= width of web of a flanged member
[STD]
= effective web width of the precast beam
= width of cross section at the contact surface being investigated for horizontal shear
[STD]
= effective web width
[LRFD]
= width of interface
[LRFD]
= web width
[LRFD]
= loss of pretension due to creep of concrete
[STD]
= loss of pretension due to relaxation of pretensioning steel
[STD]
= distance from the extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis
[LRFD]
= cohesion factor
[LRFD]
= dead load
[STD]
= strand diameter
[STD]
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PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

CHAPTER 9

NOTATION
DESIGN EXAMPLES
DC
DFD
DFM
DFm
DFV
DW
d
db
dc
de
de
dp
dv
E
Ec
Ec
Eci
Ep
ES
Es
Es
e
e
e
ec
ee
eg
Fb
Fpi
F
fb
f c
f c
fcdp
fcds
fcir
f ci

= dead load of structural components and non structural attachments

[LRFD]
= distribution factor for deflection
= distribution factor for bending moment
= live load distribution factor for moment
= distribution factor for shear force
= load of wearing surfaces and utilities
[LRFD]
= distance from extreme compressive fiber to centroid of the pretensioning force
[STD]
= nominal strand diameter
[LRFD]
= thickness of concrete cover measured from extreme tension fiber to center
of the closest bar
[STD], [LRFD]
= distance from exterior web of exterior beam and the interior side of curb or traffic barrier
[LRFD]
= effective depth from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the tensile force in the
tensile reinforcement
[LRFD]
= distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the pretensioning tendons
[LRFD]
= effective shear depth
[LRFD]
= width of slab over which a wheel load is distributed
[STD]
= modulus of elasticity of concrete
[STD]
= modulus of elasticity of concrete
[LRFD]
= modulus of elasticity of the beam concrete at transfer
= modulus of elasticity of pretensioning tendons
[LRFD]
= loss of pretension due to elastic shortening
[STD]
= modulus of elasticity of pretensioning reinforcement
[STD]
= modulus of elasticity of reinforcing bars
[LRFD]
= eccentricity of the strands at h/2
= eccentricity of strands at transfer length
= difference between eccentricity of pretensioning steel at midspan and end span
= eccentricity of the strand at the midspan
= eccentricity of pretensioning force at end of beam
= distance between the centers of gravity of the beam and the slab
[LRFD]
= allowable tensile stress in the precompressed tensile zone at service loads
= total force in strands before release
= reduction factor
[LRFD]
= concrete stress at the bottom fiber of the beam
= specified concrete strength at 28 days
[STD]
= specified compressive strength at 28 days
[LRFD]
= change of stresses at center of gravity of prestress due to permanent loads, except dead load acting
at the time the prestress force is applied (at transfer), calculated at the same section as fcgp
[LRFD]
= concrete stress at the center of gravity of the pretensioning steel due to all dead loads except
the dead load present at the time the pretensioning force is applied
[STD]
= average concrete stress at the center of gravity of the pretensioning steel due to pretensioning
force and dead load of beam immediately after transfer
[STD]
= concrete strength at release
[STD]
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PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

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NOTATION
DESIGN EXAMPLES
f ci
fcgp
fd
fpb
fpc
fpc

fpe

fpe
fpi
fpo
fps
fpt
fpu
fpy
fr
fr
fs
f s
fse
fsi
f *su
ft
ftc
ftg
fy
fy
fy
f y
fyh
H
H
h
h

= specified compressive strength of concrete at time of initial loading or pretensioning

[LRFD]
= concrete stress at the center of gravity of pretensioning tendons, due to pretensioning force
at transfer and the self-weight of the member at the section of maximum positive moment
[LRFD]
= stress due to unfactored dead load, at extreme fiber of section where tensile stress is caused
by externally applied loads
[STD]
= compressive stress at bottom fiber of the beam due to prestress force
= compressive stress in concrete (after allowance for all pretension losses) at centroid of cross
section resisting externally applied loads
[STD]
= compressive stress in concrete after all prestress losses have occurred either at the centroid of
the cross section resisting live load or at the junction of the web and flange when the centroid
lies in the flange. In a composite section, fpc is the resultant compressive stress at the centroid
of the composite section, or at the junction of the web and flange when the centroid lies with
in the flange, due to both prestress and to the bending moments resisted by the precast member
acting alone
[LRFD]
= compressive stress in concrete due to effective pretension forces only (after allowance for all
pretension losses) at extreme fiber of section where tensile stress is caused by externally
applied loads
[STD]
= effective stress in the pretensioning steel after losses
[LRFD]
= initial stress immediately before transfer
= stress in the pretensioning steel when the stress in the surrounding concrete is zero
[LRFD]
= average stress in pretensioning steel at the time for which the nominal resistance of member is required [LRFD]
= stress in pretensioning steel immediately after transfer
[LRFD]
= specified tensile strength of pretensioning steel
[LRFD]
= yield strength of pretensioning steel
[LRFD]
= the modulus of rupture of concrete
[STD]
= modulus of rupture of concrete
[LRFD]
= allowable stress in steel
= ultimate stress of pretensioning reinforcement
[STD]
= effective final pretension stress
= effective initial pretension stress
= average stress in pretensioning steel at ultimate load
[STD]
= concrete stress at top fiber of the beam for the non-composite section
= concrete stress at top fiber of the slab for the composite section
= concrete stress at top fiber of the beam for the composite section
= yield strength of reinforcing bars
[STD]
= specified minimum yield strength of reinforcing bars
[LRFD]
= yield stress of pretensioning reinforcement
[STD]
= specified minimum yield strength of compression reinforcement
[LRFD]
= specified yield strength of transverse reinforcement
[LRFD]
= average annual ambient mean relative humidity, percent
[LRFD]
= height of wall
[LRFD]
= overall depth of precast beam
[STD]
= overall depth of a member
[LRFD]

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PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

CHAPTER 9

NOTATION
DESIGN EXAMPLES
hc
hf
I
I
I
Ic
IM
J
K
Kg
k
k
L
L
L
L
L
Lc
LL
ld
lx
Ma
Mb
Mb
Mc
MCIP
Mconst
Mcol
Mcr
Mcr
M *cr
MD
Md
Md/nc
Mf
Mg
MLL
MLL+I
MLL+I
MLT

= total height of composite section

= compression flange depth
= moment of inertia about the centroid of the non-composite precast beam
= moment of inertia about the centroid of the non-composite precast beam
= impact fraction (maximum 30%)
= moment of inertia of composite section
= dynamic load allowance
= St. Venant torsional constant
= longitudinal stiffness parameter
= longitudinal stiffness parameter
= factor used in calculation of distribution factor for multi-beam bridges
= factor used in calculation of average stress in pretensioning steel for Strength Limit State
= live load
= length in feet of the span under consideration for positive moment and the average of two
adjacent loaded spans for negative moment
= overall beam length or design span
= span length measured parallel to longitudinal beams
= span length
= critical length of yield line failure pattern
= vehicular live load
= development length
= length required to fully develop the strand measured from the end of the strand
= negative moment at the end of the span being considered
= negative moment at the end of the span being considered
= unfactored bending moment due to barrier weight
= flexural resistance of cantilevered wall
= unfactored bending moment due to cast-in-place topping slab
= unfactored bending moment due to construction load
= bending moment due to horizontal collision force
= moment causing flexural cracking at section due to externally applied loads (after dead load)
= cracking moment
= cracking moment
= unfactored bending moment due to diaphragm weight
= bending moment at section due to unfactored dead load
= moment due to non-composite dead loads
= unfactored bending moment due to fatigue truck per beam
= unfactored bending moment due to beam self-weight
= unfactored bending moment due to lane load per beam
= unfactored bending moment due to live load + impact
= unfactored bending moment due to design vehicular load
= unfactored bending moment due to truck load with dynamic allowance per beam

[LRFD]
[STD]
[LRFD]
[STD]
[LRFD]
[STD]
[LRFD]
[LRFD]
[STD]
[STD]
[STD]
[LRFD]
[LRFD]
[LRFD]
[LRFD]

[LRFD]

[STD]
[LRFD]
[STD]

[STD]

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PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

CHAPTER 9

NOTATION
DESIGN EXAMPLES
Mmax
Mn
Mn
Mn/dc
Mr
Ms
Ms
MSDL
Mservice
MSIP
Mu
Mu
Mws
Mx
m
m
Nb
NL
Nu
n
P
P
Pc
Peff
Pi
Ppe
Pr
Ps
Pse
Psi
P20
Q
Qi
q
RH
Rn
Ru
Rw
S
S
S

= maximum factored moment at section due to externally applied loads

[STD]
= nominal moment strength of a section
[STD]
= nominal flexural resistance
[LRFD]
= non-composite dead load moment at the section
= factored flexural resistance of a section in bending
[LRFD]
= maximum positive moment
= unfactored bending moment due to slab and haunch weights
= unfactored bending moment due to super-imposed dead loads
= total bending moment for service load combination
= unfactored bending moment due to stay-in-place panel
= factored bending moment at section
[STD]
= factored moment at a section
[LRFD]
= unfactored bending moment due to wearing surface
= bending moment at a distance (x) from the support
= material parameter
= stress ratio = (fy/0.85f c )
= number of beams
[LRFD]
= number of traffic lanes
[STD]
= applied factored axial force taken as positive if tensile
[LRFD]
= modular ratio between deck slab and beam materials
= diaphragm weight concentrated at quarter points
= load on one rear wheel of design truck (P15 or P20)
[STD]
= permanent net compression force
[LRFD]
= effective post-tensioning force
= total pretensioning force immediately after transfer
= total pretensioning force after all losses
= factored bursting resistance of pretensioned anchorage zone provided by transverse reinforcement
= prestress force before initial losses
= effective pretension force after allowing for all losses
= effective pretension force after allowing for the initial losses
= load on one rear wheel of the H20 truck
[STD]
= total factored load
[LRFD]
= specified loads
[LRFD]
= generalized load
[LRFD]
= relative humidity
[STD]
= coefficient of resistance
= flexural resistance factor
= total transverse resistance of the railing or barrier
[LRFD]
= width of precast beam
[STD]
= average spacing between beams in feet
[STD]
= spacing of beams
[LRFD]
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PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

CHAPTER 9

NOTATION
DESIGN EXAMPLES
S
S
Sb
Sbc
SH
SR
St
Stc
Stg
s
s
s
T
t
t
tf
ts
ts
Vc
Vc
Vci
Vcw
Vd
Vi
VLL
VLL+I
VLL+I
VLT
Vmu
Vn
Vnh
Vp
Vp
Vs
Vs
Vu

= span length of deck slab

= effective span length of the deck slab; clear span plus distance from extreme flange tip
to face of web
= section modulus for the extreme bottom fiber of the non-composite precast beam
= composite section modulus for extreme bottom fiber of the precast beam (equivalent to
Sc in the Standard Specifications)
= loss of pretension due to concrete shrinkage
= fatigue stress range
= section modulus for the extreme top fiber of the non-composite precast beam
= composite section modulus for top fiber of the deck slab
= composite section modulus for top fiber of the precast beam
= longitudinal spacing of the web reinforcement
= length of a side element
= spacing of rows of ties
= collision force at deck slab level
= thickness of web
= thickness of an element of the beam
= thickness of flange
= cast-in-place deck thickness
= depth of concrete deck
= nominal shear strength provided by concrete
= nominal shear resistance provided by tensile stresses in the concrete
= nominal shear strength provided by concrete when diagonal cracking results from combined
shear and moment
= nominal shear strength provided by concrete when diagonal cracking results from excessive
principal tensile stress in web
= shear force at section due to unfactored dead load
= factored shear force at section due to externally applied loads occurring simultaneously
with Mmax
= unfactored shear force due to lane load per beam
= unfactored shear force due to live load plus impact
= unfactored shear force due design vehicular live load
= unfactored shear force due to truck load with dynamic allowance per beam
= ultimate shear force occurring simultaneously with Mu
= nominal shear resistance of the section considered
= nominal horizontal shear strength
= vertical component of effective pretension force at section
= component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective pretensioning force, positive
if resisting the applied shear
= nominal shear strength provided by web reinforcement
= shear resistance provided by shear reinforcement
= factored shear force at the section

[STD]
LRFD]
[STD]

[STD]

[STD]
[LRFD]
[LRFD]

[LRFD]
[STD]
[LRFD]
[STD]
[STD]
[STD]
[STD]

[LRFD]
[STD]
[STD]
[LRFD]
[STD]
[LRFD]
[STD]

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PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

CHAPTER 9

NOTATION
DESIGN EXAMPLES
Vu
= factored shear force at section
[LRFD]
Vuh
= factored horizontal shear force per unit length of the beam
[LRFD]
Vx
= shear force at a distance (x) from the support
v
= factored shear stress
[LRFD]
W
= overall width of bridge measured perpendicular to the longitudinal beams
[STD]
w
= a uniformly distributed load
[LRFD]
w
= width of clear roadway
[LRFD]
wb
= weight of barriers
wc
= unit weight of concrete
[STD]
wc
= unit weight of concrete
[LRFD]
wg
= beam self-weight
ws
= slab and haunch weights
wws
= weight of future wearing surface
X
= distance from load to point of support
[STD]
x
= the distance from the support to the section under question
yb
= distance from centroid to the extreme bottom fiber of the non-composite precast beam
ybc
= distance from the centroid of the composite section to extreme bottom fiber of the precast beam
ybs
= distance from the center of gravity of strands to the bottom fiber of the beam
yt
= distance from centroid to the extreme top fiber of the non-composite precast beam
ytc
= distance from the centroid of the composite section to extreme top fiber of the slab
ytg
= distance from the centroid of the composite section to extreme top fiber of the precast beam
Z (or z)= factor reflecting exposure conditions
[LRFD], [STD]

= angle of inclination of transverse reinforcement to longitudinal axis

= factor indicating ability of diagonally cracked concrete to transmit tension (a value indicating
concrete contribution)
[LRFD]
D
= load combination coefficient for dead loads
[STD]
L
= load combination coefficient for live loads
[STD]
1
= factor for concrete strength
[STD]
1
= ratio of the depth of the equivalent uniformly stressed compression zone assumed in the
strength limit state to the depth of the actual compression zone
[LRFD]
beam = deflection due to beam self-weight
b+ws = deflection due to barrier and wearing surface weights
fcdp = change in concrete stress at center of gravity of pretensioning steel due to dead loads except
the dead load acting at the time of the pretensioning force is applied
[LRFD]
fpCR = loss in pretensioning steel stress due to creep
[LRFD]
fpES = loss in pretensioning steel stress due to elastic shortening
[LRFD]
fpi
= total loss in pretensioning steel stress immediately after transfer
fpR = loss in pretensioning steel stress due to relaxation of steel
[LRFD]
fpR1 = loss in pretensioning steel stress due to relaxation of steel at transfer
[LRFD]
fpR2 = loss in pretensioning steel stress due to relaxation of steel after transfer
[LRFD]
fpSR = loss in pretensioning steel stress due to shrinkage
[LRFD]

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CHAPTER 9

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

NOTATION
DESIGN EXAMPLES
fpT
D
L
LL+I
LL
LT
max
p
SDL
slab
x

*
i

actual
b
*

= total loss in pretensioning steel stress

= deflection due to diaphragm weight
= deflection due to specified live load
= deflection due to live load and impact
= deflection due to lane load
= deflection due to design truck load and impact
= maximum allowable live load deflection
= camber due pretension force at transfer
= deflection due to barrier and wearing surface weights
= deflection due to the weights of slab and haunch
= longitudinal strain in the web reinforcement on the flexural tension side of the member
= load factor
= factor for type of pretensioning reinforcement, 0.28 for low relaxation strand
= load factor
= load modifier (a factor relating to ductility, redundancy, and operational importance)
= strength reduction factor for moment = 1.0
= strength reduction factor for shear = 0.90
= resistance factor
= parameter used to determine friction coefficient
= Poissons ratio for beams
= coefficient of friction
= angle of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses
= actual ratio of non-pretensioned reinforcement
= reinforcement ratio producing balanced strain condition
=

A *s

, ratio of pretensioning reinforcement

bd
= angle of harped pretensioned reinforcement

[LRFD]

[LRFD]
[STD]
[STD]
[LRFD]
[LRFD]
[STD]
[STD]
[LRFD]
[LRFD]
[STD]
[LRFD]
[LRFD]
[STD]
[STD]

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CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS
BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS
9.6.1

INTRODUCTION

9.6.2

MATERIALS

9.6.3

CROSS-SECTION PROPERTIES FOR A TYPICAL INTERIOR BEAM

9.6.3.1 Non-Composite Section
9.6.3.2 Composite Section
9.6.3.2.1 Effective Flange Width
9.6.3.2.2 Modular Ratio Between Slab and Beam Materials
9.6.3.2.3 Transformed Section Properties

9.6.4

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

9.6.4.1 Shear Forces and Bending Moments Due to Dead Loads
9.6.4.1.1 Dead Loads
9.6.4.1.2 Unfactored Shear Forces and Bending Moments
9.6.4.2 Shear Forces and Bending Moments Due to Live Loads
9.6.4.2.1 Live Loads
9.6.4.2.2 Distribution Factor for a Typical Interior Beam
9.6.4.2.2.1 Distribution Factor for Bending Moment
9.6.4.2.2.2 Distribution Factor for Shear Force
9.6.4.2.3 Dynamic Allowance
9.6.4.2.4 Unfactored Shear Forces and Bending Moments
9.6.4.3 Load Combinations

9.6.5

ESTIMATE REQUIRED PRESTRESS

9.6.5.1 Service Load Stresses at Midspan
9.6.5.2 Stress Limits for Concrete
9.6.5.3 Required Number of Strands
9.6.5.4 Strand Pattern

9.6.6

PRESTRESS LOSSES
9.6.6.1 Elastic Shortening
9.6.6.2 Shrinkage
9.6.6.3 Creep of Concrete
9.6.6.4 Relaxation of Prestressing Strand
9.6.6.4.1 Relaxation before Transfer
9.6.6.4.2 Relaxation after Transfer
9.6.6.5 Total Losses at Transfer
9.6.6.6 Total Losses at Service Loads

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CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS
BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS
9.6.7

STRESSES AT TRANSFER
9.6.7.1 Stress Limits for Concrete
9.6.7.2 Stresses at Transfer Length Section
9.6.7.3 Stresses at Harp Points
9.6.7.4 Stresses at Midspan
9.6.7.5 Hold-Down Forces
9.6.7.6 Summary of Stresses at Transfer

9.6.8

STRESSES AT SERVICE LOADS

9.6.8.1 Stress Limits for Concrete
9.6.8.2 Stresses at Midspan
9.6.8.3 Fatigue Stress Limit
9.6.8.3.1 Positive Moment Section
9.6.8.3.2 Negative Moment Section
9.6.8.4 Summary of Stresses at Service Loads

9.6.9

STRENGTH LIMIT STATE

9.6.9.1 Positive Moment Section
9.6.9.2 Negative Moment Section
9.6.9.2.1 Design of the Section
9.6.9.2.2 Fatigue Stress Limit and Crack Control

9.6.10 LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT

9.6.10.1 Positive Moment Section
9.6.10.1.1 Maximum Reinforcement
9.6.10.1.2 Minimum Reinforcement
9.6.10.2 Negative Moment Section
9.6.10.2.1 Maximum Reinforcement
9.6.10.2.2 Minimum Reinforcement
9.6.11 SHEAR DESIGN
9.6.11.1 Critical Section
9.6.11.1.1 Angle of Diagonal Compressive Stresses
9.6.11.1.2 Effective Shear Depth
9.6.11.1.3 Calculation of Critical Section
9.6.11.2 Contribution of Concrete to Nominal Shear Resistance
9.6.11.2.1 Strain in Flexural Tension Reinforcement
9.6.11.2.1.1 Shear Stress
9.6.11.2.2 Values of and
9.6.11.2.3 Concrete Contribution

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CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS
BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS
9.6.11.3 Contribution of Reinforcement to Nominal Shear Resistance
9.6.11.3.1 Requirement for Reinforcement
9.6.11.3.2 Required Area of Reinforcement
9.6.11.3.3 Spacing of Reinforcement
9.6.11.3.4 Minimum Reinforcement Requirement
9.6.11.4 Maximum Nominal Shear Resistance
9.6.12 INTERFACE SHEAR TRANSFER
9.6.12.1 Factored Horizontal Shear
9.6.12.2 Required Nominal Resistance
9.6.12.3 Required Interface Shear Reinforcement
9.6.12.3.1 Minimum Interface Shear Reinforcement
9.6.12.4 Maximum Nominal Shear Resistance
9.6.13 MINIMUM LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENT
9.6.14 PRETENSIONED ANCHORAGE ZONE
9.6.14.1 Anchorage Zone Reinforcement
9.6.14.2 Confinement Reinforcement
9.6.15 DEFLECTION AND CAMBER
9.6.15.1 Deflection Due to Prestressing Force at Transfer
9.6.15.2 Deflection Due to Beam Self-Weight
9.6.15.3 Deflection Due to Haunch and Deck
9.6.15.4 Deflection Due to Barrier and Future Wearing Surface
9.6.15.5 Deflection and Camber Summary
9.6.15.6 Deflection Due to Live Load and Impact

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CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

Bulb-Tee (BT-72),
Three Spans, Composite Deck,
LRFD Specifications
9.6.1
INTRODUCTION

This design example demonstrates the design of a three-span (110-120-110 ft)

AASHTO-PCI bulb-tee beam bridge with no skew, as shown in Figure 9.6.1-1. This
example illustrates in detail the design of a typical interior beam in the center span at
the critical sections in positive flexure, negative flexure, shear, and deflection due to
prestress, dead loads and live load. The superstructure consists of four beams spaced
at 12'-0" centers as shown in Figure 9.6.1-2. Beams are designed to act compositely
with the 8-in.-thick cast-in-place concrete deck slab to resist all superimposed dead
loads, live loads and impact. A 1/2 in. wearing surface is considered to be an integral
part of the 8-in. deck. Design live load is AASHTO LRFD HL-93. The design will
be carried out in accordance with the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications,
2nd Edition, 1998, and including through the 2003 Interim Revisions.

Figure 9.6.1-1
Longitudinal Section

C
L pier

C
L pier

110'-0"
6"

6"

6"

C
L bearing

CL bearing
1'-0"

Figure 9.6.1-2
Cross-Section

110'-0"

120'-0"
6"

6"

C
L bearing

6"

CL bearing

1'-0"

1'-0"

C
L bearing

6"

CL bearing

1'-0"

44'- 6"
42'- 0"

1' - 3"

6"

1' - 3"

2" future wearing surface

3'- 0"

4'- 3"

8"

3'- 0"

3 spaces @ 12'- 0" = 36'-0"

4'- 3"

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CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.2 Materials

9.6.2
MATERIALS

Cast-in-place slab: Actual thickness, ts = 8.0 in.

Structural thickness = 7.5 in.
Note that a 1/2 in. wearing surface is considered to be an integral
part of the 8-in. deck.
Concrete strength at 28 days, f c = 4.0 ksi
Concrete unit weight, wc = 0.150 kcf
Precast beams: AASHTO-PCI, BT-72 bulb-tee beam shown in Figure 9.6.2-1.
Concrete strength at transfer, f ci = 5.5 ksi
Concrete strength at 28 days, f c = 7.0 ksi
Concrete unit weight, wc = 0.150 kcf
Overall beam length (Figure 9.6.1-1) = 110.0 ft (end spans) and 119.0 ft (center
span)
Design spans (Figure 9.6.1-1):
For non-composite beam: 109.0 ft (end spans) and 118.0 ft (center span)
For composite beam: 110.0 ft (end spans) and 120.0 ft (center span)

Figure 9.6.2-1
AASHTO-PCI Bulb-Tee, BT-72

3'- 6"

3 1/2"
2"
2"
2"

4'- 6"

10"

6'- 0"

6"

4 1/2"
6"

2'- 2"

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PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.2 Materials/9.6.3.1 Non-Composite Section

Prestressing strands: 1/2 in. diameter, low-relaxation

Area of one strand = 0.153 in.2
Ultimate strength, fpu = 270.0 ksi
Yield strength, fpy = 0.9fpu = 243.0 ksi
[LRFD Table 5.4.4.1-1]
Stress limits for prestressing strands:
[LRFD Table 5.9.3-1]
before transfer, f pi 0.75fpu = 202.5 ksi
at service limit state (after all losses)
fpe 0.80fpy = 194.4 ksi
Modulus of elasticity, Ep = 28,500 ksi
[LRFD Art. 5.4.4.2]
Reinforcing bars:
Yield strength, fy = 60 ksi
Modulus of elasticity, Es = 29,000 ksi
[LRFD Art. 5.4.3.2]
Future wearing surface: additional 2 in. with unit weight equal to 0.150 kcf
New Jersey-type barrier: Unit weight = 0.300 kip/ft/side
9.6.3
CROSS-SECTION PROPERTIES FOR A TYPICAL
INTERIOR BEAM
9.6.3.1
Non-Composite Section

A = area of cross-section of beam = 767 in.2

h = overall depth of beam = 72 in.
I = moment of inertia about the centroid of the non-composite precast beam
= 545,894 in.4
yb = distance from centroid to extreme bottom fiber of the non-composite precast beam
= 36.60 in.
yt = distance from centroid to extreme top fiber of the non-composite precast beam
= 35.40 in.
Sb = section modulus for the extreme bottom fiber of the non-composite precast beam
= /yb = 14,915 in.3
St = section modulus for the extreme top fiber of the non-composite precast beam
= /yt = 15,421 in.3
Wt = 0.799 kip/ft
Ec = 33,000(Wc)1.5 f c
[LRFD Eq. 5.4.2.4-1]
where
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete, ksi
wc = unit weight of concrete = 0.150 kcf
The LRFD Specifications, commentary C5.4.2.4, indicates that the unit weight
of normal weight concrete is 0.145 kcf. However, precast concrete mixes typically have a relatively low water/cementitious materials ratio and high density. Therefore, a unit weight of 0.150 kcf is used in this example. For high
strength concrete, this value may need to be increased further based on test
results.

f c = specified strength of concrete, ksi

Therefore, the modulus of elasticity for the cast-in-place concrete deck is:
Ec = 33,000(0.150)1.5 4.0 = 3,834 ksi
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CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.3.1 Non-Composite Section/9.6.3.2.3 Transformed Section Properties

for the precast beam at transfer, Eci = 33,000(0.150)1.5 5.5 = 4,496 ksi
for the precast beam at service loads, Ec = 33,000(0.150)1.5 7.0 = 5,072 ksi
9.6.3.2
Composite Section
9.6.3.2.1
Effective Flange Width

9.6.3.2.2
Modular Ratio Between Slab
And Beam Materials
9.6.3.2.3
Transformed Section
Properties

[LRFD Art. 4.6.2.6.1]

The effective flange width is the lesser of:
(1/4) span length: (120 x 12/4) = 360 in.
12ts plus greater of web thickness or 1/2 beam top flange width
= (12 x 7.5 + 0.5 x 42) = 111 in.; or,
average spacing between beams = (12 x 12) = 144 in.
Therefore, the effective flange width is = 111 in.
Modular ratio between slab and beam concrete, n =

E c (slab) 3,834
=
= 0.7559
E c (beam) 5,072

Transformed flange width = n (effective flange width) = (0.7559)(111) = 83.91 in.

Transformed flange area = n (effective flange width)(ts) = (0.7559)(111)(7.5) = 629.29 in.2
Note that only the structural thickness of the deck, 7.5 in., is considered.
Due to camber of the precast, prestressed beam, a minimum haunch thickness of 1/2
in., at midspan, is considered in the structural properties of the composite section.
Also, the width of haunch must be transformed.
Transformed haunch width = (0.7559)(42) = 31.75 in.
Transformed area of haunch = (0.7559)(42)(0.5) = 15.87 in.2
Figure 9.6.3.2.3-1 shows the dimensions of the composite section.
111"

Figure 9.6.3.2.3-1
Composite Section

83.90"
31.75"
7.5"
0.5"
c.g. of composite
section
80"

72"
ybc

JUL 03

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.3.2.3 Transformed Section Properties/9.6.4.1.1 Dead Loads

Table 9.6.3.2.3-1
Properties of Composite Section

Beam
Haunch
Deck

Transformed

yb

Ayb

A(y bc - yb )2

I + A(ybc - yb )2

Area, in.2

in.

in.3

in.4

in.4

in.4

767.00

36.60

28,072.20

250,444.60

545,894.00

796,338

15.87

72.25

1,146.61

4,904.73

0.33

4,905

629.29

76.25

47,983.36

293,058.09

2,949.61

296,007

1,412.16

77,202.17

1,097,251

Note that the haunch should only be considered to contribute to section properties
if it is required to be provided in the completed structure. Some designers neglect its
contribution to the section properties.
Ac = total area of composite section = 1,412 in.2
hc = overall depth of the composite section = 80 in.
Ic = moment of inertia of the composite section = 1,097,252 in.4
ybc = distance from the centroid of the composite section to the extreme bottom fiber
77 , 202
of the precast beam =
= 54.67 in.
1, 412
ytg = distance from the centroid of the composite section to the extreme top fiber of
the precast beam = 72 54.67 = 17.33 in.
ytc = distance from the centroid of the composite section to the extreme top fiber of
the slab = 80 54.67 = 25.33 in.
Sbc = composite section modulus for the extreme bottom fiber of the precast beam
1,097, 252
3
= (Ic/ybc) =
= 20,070 in.
54.67
Stg = composite section modulus for the top fiber of the precast beam
1,097, 252
3
= (Ic/ytg) =
= 63,315 in.
17.33
Stc = composite section modulus for extreme top fiber of the deck slab
1
1 1,097, 252
3
= (Ic/ytc) =

= 57,307 in.
n
0.7559 25.33
9.6.4
SHEAR FORCES AND
BENDING MOMENTS

9.6.4.1
Shear Forces and
Bending Moments
Due to Dead Loads
9.6.4.1.1
Dead Loads

The self-weight of the beam and the weight of the slab and haunch act on the noncomposite, simple-span structure, while the weight of barriers, future wearing surface, and live loads with impact act on the composite, continuous structure. Refer to
Table 9.6.4-1 which follows for a summary of unfactored values, calculated below:

[LRFD Art. 3.3.2]

DC = Dead load of structural components and non-structural attachments
Dead loads acting on the simple-span structure, non-composite section:
Beam self-weight = 0.799 kip/ft
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PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.4.1.1 Dead Loads/9.6.4.1.2 Unfactored Shear Forces and Bending Moments

8-in. deck weight = (8/12 ft)(12 ft)(0.150 kcf ) = 1.200 kip/ft

1/2 in. haunch weight = (0.5)(42/144)(0.150) = 0.022 kip/ft
Notes:
1. Actual slab thickness (8 in.) is used for computing dead load.
2. A 1/2 in. minimum haunch thickness is assumed in the computations of dead
load. If a deeper haunch will be used because of final beam camber, the weight
of the actual haunch should be used.
3. The weight of cross-diaphragms is ignored since most agencies are moving
away from cast-in-place concrete diaphragms to lightweight steel diaphragms.
Dead loads placed on the continuous structure, composite section:
LRFD Article 4.6.2.2.1 states that permanent loads (curbs and future wearing
surface) may be distributed uniformly among all beams if the following conditions are met:
Width of the deck is constant O.K.
Number of beams, Nb, is not less than four (Nb = 4) O.K.
Roadway part of the overhang, de 3.0 ft
6
d e = 3.0 1.25 0.5 = 1.5 ft O.K.
12
Curvature in plan is less than 4 (curvature = 0.0) O.K.
Cross-section of the bridge is consistent with one of the cross-sections given in
LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.1-1 O.K.
Since these criteria are satisfied, the barrier and wearing surface loads are equally
distributed among the 4 beams.
Barrier weight = (2 barriers)(0.300 kip/ft)/(4 beams) = 0.150 kip/ft
DW = Dead load of future wearing surface = (2/12)(0.15) = 0.250 ksf = (0.025
ksf )(42.0 ft)/(4 beams) = 0.263 kip/ft
9.6.4.1.2
Unfactored Shear Forces and
Bending Moments

For a simply supported beam with a span (L) loaded with a uniformly distributed
load (w), the shear force (Vx) and bending moment (Mx) at any distance (x) from the
support are given by:
Vx = w(0.5L x)
(Eq. 9.6.4.1.2-1)
Mx = 0.5wx(L x)
(Eq. 9.6.4.1.2-2)
Using the above equations, values of shear forces and bending moments for a typical
interior beam, under self-weight of beam and weight of slab and haunch are computed and given in Table 9.6.4-1 that is found at the end of Section 9.6.4. The span
length for each span to be considered depends on the construction stage:
overall length immediately after prestress release
centerline-to-centerline distance between beam bearings at the time of deck
placement
centerline-to-centerline distance between supports after beams are made continuous

JUL 03

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.4.1.2 Unfactored Shear Forces and Bending Moments/9.6.4.2.2 Distribution Factor for a Typical Interior Beam

Shear forces and bending moments due to barrier weight and future wearing surface
are calculated based on the continuous span lengths, 110, 120 and 110 ft. The threespan structure was analyzed using a continuous beam program. The shear forces and
bending moments are given in Table 9.6.4-1.
9.6.4.2
Shear Forces and Bending
Moments Due to Live
Loads
9.6.4.2.1
Live Loads

Design live load is HL-93, which consists of a combination of: [LRFD Art. 3.6.1.2.1]
1. Design truck or design tandem with dynamic allowance. [LRFD Art. 3.6.1.2.1]
The design truck is the same as the HS20 design truck specified by the
Standard Specifications [STD Art. 3.6.1.2.2]. The design tandem consists of a
pair of 25.0-kip axles spaced 4.0 ft apart. [LRFD Art. 3.6.1.2.3]. Spans in the
range used in this example are much larger than those controlled by the tandem loading. For this reason, tandem loading effects are not included.
2. Design lane load of 0.64 kips/ft without dynamic allowance [LRFD Art. 3.6.1.2.4]
Art. 3.6.1.3.1 in the LRFD Specifications requires that for negative moment between
points of dead load contraflexure, and, for reactions at interior piers only, 90% of the
effect of two design trucks spaced at a minimum of 50.0 ft between the lead axle of
one truck and the rear axle of the other truck, combined with 90% of the effect of
the design lane load be considered. The distance between the 32 kip axles of each
truck should be taken as 14 ft.
This three-span structure was analyzed using a continuous beam program that has
the ability to generate live load shear force, and bending moment envelopes in accordance with the LRFD Specifications on a per-lane basis. The span lengths used are the
continuous span lengths, 110, 120 and 110 ft.

9.6.4.2.2
Distribution Factor for a
Typical Interior Beam

The live load bending moments and shear forces are determined by using the simplified
distribution factor formulas [LRFD Art. 4.6.2.2]. To use the simplified live load distribution factor formulas, the following conditions must be met. [LRFD Art. 4.6.2.2.1]
Width of deck is constant O.K.
Number of beams, Nb 4 (Nb = 4) O.K.
Beams are parallel and approximately of the same stiffness O.K.
6
Roadway part of overhang, de 3.0 ft d e = 3.0 1.25 0.5 = 1.50 ft
O.K.
12
Curvature is less than 4 [LRFD Table. 4.6.1.2.1-1] (Curvature = 0.0) O.K.
For precast concrete I- or bulb-tee beams with cast-in-place concrete deck slab, the
bridge type is (k)
[LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.1-1]
The number of design lanes:
Number of design lanes = The integer part of the ratio of (w/12), where (w) is the clear
roadway width, in ft, between the curbs.
[Art. 3.6.1.1.1]
From Figure 9.6.1-2, w = 42 ft
Number of design lanes = integer part of (42/12) = 3 lanes
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CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.4.2.2.1 Distribution Factor for Bending Moment

9.6.4.2.2.1
Distribution Factor for
Bending Moment

For all limit states except for fatigue limit state

For two or more lanes loaded:
S
DFM = 0.075 +
9.5

0.6

S

L

0.2

Kg

12.0Lt 3s

0.1

[LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.2b-1]

Provided that: 3.5 S 16

S = 12.0 ft O.K.
4.5 ts 12
ts = 7.5 in. O.K.
20 L 240
L = 120 ft O.K.
Nb 4
Nb = 4 O.K.
10,000 Kg 7,000,000 O.K. (see below)
where
DFM = distribution factor for moment for interior beam
S
= beams spacing, ft
L
= beam span, ft
ts
= depth of concrete slab, in.
Kg
= longitudinal stiffness parameter, in.4, = n(I + Aeg2) [LRFD Eq. 4.6.2.2.1-1]
where
n = modular ratio between beam and deck materials
E (beam) 5,072
= c
= 1.3229
=
E c (slab) 3,834
A = cross-section area of the beam (non-composite section), in.2
I = moment of inertia of the beam (non-composite section), in.4
eg = distance between the centers of gravity of the beam and deck, in.
= (7.5/2 + 0.5 + 35.4) = 39.65 in.
Therefore,
Kg = (1.3229)[545,894 + 767(39.65)2] = 2,317,339.75 in.4
At center span:
12
DFM = 0.075 +
9.5

0.6

12

120

0.2

2,317,339.75

(12.0)(120)(7.5) 3

0.1

= 0.075 + (1.150)(0.631)(1.143) = 0.905 lanes/beam

For one design lane loaded:
S
DFM = 0.06 +
14

0.4

12
= 0.06 +
14

0.4

S

L

0.3

12

120

Kg

12.0Lt 3s
0.3

0.1

2, 217,339.75

12.0(120)(7.5) 3

[LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.2b-1]

0.1

= 0.06 + (0.940)(0.501)(1.138) = 0.596 lanes/beam

Thus, the case of the two design lanes loaded controls, DFM = 0.905 lanes/beam.

JUL 03

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.4.2.2.1 Distribution Factor for Bending Moment/9.6.4.2.3 Dynamic Allowance

For Fatigue Limit State:

LRFD Article 3.4.1 states that for fatigue limit state, the single design truck should
be used. However, live load distribution factors given in LRFD Article 4.6.2.2 take
into consideration the multiple presence factor, m. LRFD Article 3.6.1.1.2 states
that the multiple presence factor, m, for one design lane loaded is 1.2. Therefore,
the distribution factor for one design lane loaded, with the multiple presence factor removed, should be used. The distribution factor for fatigue limit state is:
0.596/1.2 = 0.497 lanes/beam.
Fatigue limit state is not checked in this example. However, the live load moment
that is used to compute the fatigue stress range is a moment due to a truck load
with a constant spacing of 30 ft between the 32.0 kip axles.
9.6.4.2.2.2
Distribution Factor
for Shear Force

For two or more lanes loaded:

S S
DFV = 0.2 +
12 35
Provided that:

3.5
20
4.5
Nb

[LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.3a-1]

S 16
L 240
ts 12
4

S = 12.0 ft O.K.
L = 120 ft O.K.
ts = 7.5 in. O.K.
Nb = 4 O.K.

where
DFV = Distribution factor for shear for interior beam
S
= Beam spacing, ft
Therefore, the distribution factor for shear force for both end spans and center span
is:
2

12 12
DFV = 0.2 + = 1.082 lanes/beam
12 35
For one design lane loaded:
S
12
DFV = 0.36 +
= 0.36 +
= 0.840 lanes/beam
25.0
25.0
Thus, the case of two or more lanes loaded controls, DFV = 1.082 lanes/beam.
9.6.4.2.3
Dynamic Allowance

IM = 33%
[LRFD Table 3.6.2.1-1]
where IM = dynamic load allowance, applied only to truck load

JUL 03

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.4.2.4 Unfactored Shear Forces and Bending Moments/9.6.4.3 Load Combinations

9.6.4.2.4
Unfactored Shear Forces and
Bending Moments

For all limit states except for fatigue limit state:

Unfactored shear forces and bending moments due to HL-93, per beam, are:
VLT = (shear force per lane)(DFV)(1 + IM) = (shear force per lane)(1.082)(1 + 0.33)
= (shear force per lane)(1.439) kips
MLT = (bending moment per lane)(DFM)(1 + IM) = (bending moment per lane)
(0.905)(1+0.33) = (bending moment per lane)(1.204) ft-kips
Values of VLT and MLT at different points are given in Table 9.6.4-1.

9.6.4.3
Load Combinations

[LRFD Art. 3.4]

Total factored load shall be taken as:
[LRFD Eq. 3.4.1-1]
Q = iqi
where
= a factor relating to ductility, redundancy and operational [LRFD Art. 1.3.2]
importance. Here, is considered to be 1.0
i = load factors
qi = specified loads
[LRFD Table 3.4.1-1]
Investigating different limit states given in LRFD Article 3.4.1, the following limit
states are applicable:
Service I: check compressive stresses in prestressed concrete components:
Q = 1.00(DC + DW) + 1.00(LL + IM)
[LRFD Table 3.4.1-1]
This load combination is the general combination for service limit state stress checks
and applies to all conditions other than Service III.
Service III: Check tensile stresses in prestressed concrete components:
Q = 1.00(DC + DW) + 0.80(LL + IM)
[LRFD Table 3.4.1-1]
This load combination is a special combination for the service limit state stress check
that applies only to tension in prestressed concrete structures to control cracks.
Strength I: Check ultimate strength:
[LRFD Table 3.4.1-1 and 2]
Maximum Q = 1.25(DC) + 1.50(DW) + 1.75(LL + IM)
Minimum Q = 0.90(DC) + 0.65(DW) + 1.75(LL + IM)
This load combination is the general load combination for strength limit state design.
The minimum load factors for dead load (DC) and future wearing surface (DW) are
used when dead load and future wearing surface stresses are of an opposite sign to
that of the live load.
Fatigue: Check stress range in strands:
[LRFD Table 3.4.1-1]
Q = 0.75(LL + IM)
This is a special load combination to check the tensile stress range in the strands due
to live load and dynamic allowance.

JUL 03

Section
x/L

JUL 03

[1] Centerline of bearing

[2] Centerline of pier
[3] Critical section in shear
* Determined using linear interpolation
Note: Shear values shown are absolute values.

Barrier weight
[continuous span]
Shear
Moment
Mb
kips
ft-kips
6.0
0.0
5.0
62.0
3.0
106.0
2.0
132.0
0.0
139.0
2.0
128.0
3.0
100.0
5.0
53.0
7.0
-12.0
8.0
-95.0
9.8*
-187.7*
10.0
-197.0
9.0
-197.0
8.8*
-188.9*
7.8*
-139.6*
7.0
-100.0
5.0
-24.0
4.0
30.0
2.0
62.0
0.0
73.0

Future wearing surface

[continuous span]
Shear
Moment
Mws
kips
ft-kips
11.0
0.0
8.0
109.0
6.0
186.0
3.0
231.0
0.0
244.0
3.0
225.0
6.0
175.0
9.0
93.0
12.0
-21.0
15.0
-167.0
17.7*
-328.8*
18.0
-345.0
16.0
-345.0
15.8*
-336.6*
14.2
-244.4*
13.0
-175.0
10.0
-42.0
6.0
53.0
3.0
109.0
0.0
128.0

HL-93 live load envelope

[continuous span]
Shear
Moment
VLL+1
MLL+1
kips
ft-kips
128.4
0.0
111.6
1,026.3
91.9
1,749.4
72.0
2,186.5
57.1
2,382.9
68.9
2,348.5
85.2
2,108.7
101.4
1,654.3
114.7
1,021.7
120.3
-1,316.8
144.6*
-2,235.8*
147.0
-2,327.7
144.6
-2,327.7
143.6*
-2,276.9*
137.3*
-1,717.8*
132.3
-1,296.9
113.8
1,044.4
92.6
1,641.7
76.7
2,006.4
58.2
2,115.0

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
0.991
1.000
0.000
0.008
0.059
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500

Deck plus Haunch

weight [simple span]
Shear
Moment
Ms
kips
ft-kips
66.6
0.0
53.2
658.7
39.7
1,169.5
26.3
1,532.4
12.8
1,747.5
0.6
1,814.7
14.1
1,734.0
27.5
1,505.5
40.9
1,129.1
54.4
604.9
66.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
72.1
0.0
64.6
417.1
58.7
719.1
44.0
1,335.0
29.3
1,775.0
14.7
2,038.9
0.0
2,126.9

9.6.4.3 Load Combinations

Distance
x
ft
0.0[1]
11.0
22.0
33.0
44.0
55.0
66.0
77.0
88.0
99.0
109.0[1]
110.0
0.0[2]
1.0[1]
7.1[3]
12.0
24.0
36.0
48.0
60.0

Beam weight
[simple span]
Shear
Moment
Mg
kips
ft-kips
43.5
0.0
34.8
430.7
26.0
764.6
17.2
1,001.9
8.4
1,142.6
0.4
1,186.5
9.2
1,133.8
18.0
984.4
26.8
738.3
35.6
395.5
43.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
47.1
0.0
42.3
272.7
38.4
470.2
28.8
872.9
19.2
1,160.5
9.6
1,333.1
0.0
1,390.7

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

Location

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

Table 9.6.4-1
Unfactored Shear Forces and Bending Moments for a Typical Interior Beam

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.4.3 Load Combinations/9.6.5.3 Required Number of Strands

Note: The live load used in the above equation results only from a single design truck
with a 30-ft constant spacing between the 32.0 kip axles with the special dynamic
allowance, (IM) for fatigue.
9.6.5
ESTIMATE REQUIRED
PRESTRESS

9.6.5.1
Service Load Stresses
at Midspan

The required number of strands is usually governed by concrete tensile stresses at the
bottom fiber for the load combination at Service III at the section of maximum
moment or at the harp points. For estimating the number of strands, only the stresses at midspan are considered.
Bottom tensile stress due to applied dead and live loads using load combination
Service III, is:
fb =

Mg + Ms
Sb

M b + M ws + (0.8)(M LL+I )
S bc

where
fb
Mg
Ms
Mb
Mws

= bottom tensile stresses, ksi

= unfactored bending moment due to beam self-weight, ft-kips
= unfactored bending moment due to slab and haunch weights, ft-kips
= unfactored bending moment due to barrier weight, ft-kips
= unfactored bending moment due to weight of future wearing surface, ftkips
MLL+I = unfactored bending moment due to design vehicular live load including
impact, ft-kips
Using values of bending moments from Table 9.6.4-1, the bottom tensile stress at
midspan of the center span (point 0.5, centerspan), is:
fb =

(1,390.7 + 2,126.9)(12) (73 + 128 + 0.8 x 2,115)(12)

+
14,915
20,070

= 2.830 + 1.132 = 3.962 ksi

9.6.5.2
Stress Limits for Concrete

The tensile stress limit at service loads = 0.19 f c

[LRFD Art. 5.9.4.2.2b]
where f c = specified 28-day concrete strength, ksi
Therefore, the tensile stress limit in concrete = 0.19 7.0 = 0.503 ksi

9.6.5.3
Required Number
of Strands

The required precompressive stress at the bottom fiber of the beam is the difference
between bottom tensile stress due to the applied loads and the concrete tensile stress
limit:
fpb = (3.962 0.503) = 3.459 ksi.
The location of the strand center of gravity at midspan, ranges from 5 to 15% of the
beam depth, measured from the bottom of the beam. A value of 5% is appropriate
for newer efficient sections like the bulb-tee beams and 15% for less efficient AASHTO
standard shapes.

JUL 03

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.5.3 Required Number of Strands/9.6.5.4 Strand Pattern

Assume the distance from the center of gravity of strands to the bottom fiber of the
beam, ybs, is equal to 7% of the beam depth.
ybs = 0.07h = 0.07(72) = 5.04 in.
Then, the strand eccentricity at midspan, ec, is = (yb - ybs) = (36.60 5.04) = 31.56 in.
If Ppe is the total prestressing force, the stress at the bottom fiber due to prestress is:
fpb =

Ppe

Ppe e c

, or, setting the required precompression (3.459 ksi) equal to the

A
Sb
bottom fiber stress due to prestress, solve for the minimum required Ppe:
P
P (31.56)
3.459 = pe + pe
767
14,915
Solving for Ppe, the required Ppe = 1,011.5 kips
Final Prestress force per strand = (area of strand)(fpi)(1 losses, %)
where fpi = initial prestressing stress before transfer, ksi.
+

Assuming final loss of 25% of fpi, the prestress force per strand after all losses =
(0.153)(202.5)(1 0.25) = 23.2 kips
Number of strands required = (1,011.5/23.2) = 43.6 strands
Try (44) 1/2 in. diameter, 270 ksi, low-relaxation strands
9.6.5.4
Strand Pattern

The assumed strand pattern for the 44 strands at midspan is shown in Figure 9.6.5.4-1.
Each available position was filled beginning with the bottom row.

Figure 9.6.5.4-1
Assumed Strand Pattern
at Midspan

No.
Strands
2
2
2
2
4
8
12
12

2"

11 spaces @ 2"

Distance from
bottom (in.)
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2

2"

JUL 03

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.5.4 Strand Pattern/9.6.6.1 Elastic Shortening

The distance between the center of gravity of strands and the bottom concrete fiber
of the beam, ybs, is:
ybs = [(12(2) + 12(4) + 8(6) + 4(8) + 2(10) + 2(12) + 2(14) + 2(16)]/44 = 5.82 in.
Strand eccentricity at midspan, ec = yb ybs = 36.60 5.82 = 30.78 in.
9.6.6
PRESTRESS LOSSES

Total prestress losses:

fpT = fpES + fpSR + fpCR + fpR2
where
fpES = loss due to elastic shortening, ksi
fpSR = loss due to shrinkage, ksi
fpCR = loss due to creep, ksi
fpR2 = loss due to relaxation of steel after transfer, ksi

[LRFD Art. 5.9.5]

[LRFD Eq. 5.9.5.1-1]

[LRFD Art. 5.9.5.2.3a]

9.6.6.1
Elastic Shortening

fpES =

Ep
E ci

f cgp

[LRFD Eq. 5.9.5.2.3a-1]

where
Ep = modulus of elasticity of prestressing reinforcement = 28,500 ksi
Eci = modulus of elasticity of beam at release = 4,496 ksi
fcgp = sum of concrete stresses at the center of gravity of prestressing tendons due
to prestressing force at transfer and the self-weight of the member at sections of maximum moment
=

2
M ge c
Pi Pe
+ i c
A
I
I

The LRFD Specifications, Art. 5.9.5.2.3a, states that fcgp can be calculated on the
basis of a prestressing steel stress assumed to be 0.7fpu for low-relaxation strands.
However, common practice assumes the initial losses as a percentage of initial
prestressing stress before release, fpi. In both procedures, assumed initial losses
should be checked and if different from the assumed value, a second iteration
should be carried out. In this example, a 9% fpi initial loss is used.
Force per strand at transfer = (area of strand) (prestress stress at release)
= 0.153(202.5)(1 0.09) = 28.2 kips
Pi = total prestressing force at release = (44 strands)(28.2) = 1,240.8 kips
Mg should be calculated based on the overall beam length of 119 ft. However,
since the elastic shortening losses will be a part of the total losses, fcgp will be conservatively computed based on Mg using the design span length of 118 ft.
1, 240.8 (1, 240.8)(30.78) 2 (1,390.7)(12)(30.78)
+

767
545,894
545,894
= 1.618 + 2.153 0.941 = 2.830 ksi

fcgp =

JUL 03

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.6.1 Elastic Shortening/9.6.6.4.1 Relaxation before Transfer

Therefore, the loss due to elastic shortening is:

fpES =

28,500
(2.830) = 17.9 ksi
4, 496

The percent of actual losses due to elastic shortening = (17.9/202.5)100 = 8.8%. Since
calculated loss of 8.8% is approximately equal to the initial assumption of 9% a second
iteration is not necessary. Note that this loss is equivalent to a stress after initial losses of
0.68 fpu. This stress is lower than the estimate of 0.70 fpu, provided in Article 5.9.5.2.3a.
If the elastic shortening loss was calculated using a stress of 0.70 fpu, a second iteration would be required to arrive at a steel stress of 0.68 fpu.
9.6.6.2
Shrinkage

9.6.6.3
Creep of Concrete

[LRFD Art. 5.9.5.4.2]

[LRFDEq. 5.9.5.4.2-1]

fpSR = (17 0.15H)

where H = relative humidity (assume 70%)
Relative humidity varies significantly throughout the country. See LRFD Figure
5.4.2.3.3-1.
fpSR = 17 0.15(70) = 6.5 ksi
[LRFD Art. 5.9.5.4.3]
[LRFD Eq. 5.9.5.4.3-1]

fpCR = 12fcgp 7fcdp

where
fcdp = Change of stresses at center of gravity of prestressing due to permanent
loads except the loads acting at time of applying prestressing force, calculated at the same section as fcgp
=

M s e c (M ws + M b )(y bc y bs )
+
I
Ic

(2,126.9)(12)(30.78) (73 + 128)(12)(54.67 5.82)

+
545,894
1,097, 252

= 1.439 + 0.107 = 1.546 ksi

Therefore, the loss due to creep is:
fpCR = 12(2.830) 7(1.546) = 23.1 ksi
9.6.6.4
Relaxation of
Prestressing Strands

[LRFD Art. 5.9.5.4.4]

9.6.6.4.1
Relaxation before Transfer

[LRFD Art. 5.9.5.4.4b]

Initial loss due to relaxation of prestressing steel is accounted for in the beam fabrication process. Therefore, loss due to relaxation of the prestressing steel prior to transfer will not be computed, i.e. fpR1 = 0. Recognizing this for pretensioned members,
LRFD Article 5.9.5.1 excludes the portion of the relaxation loss that occurs prior to
transfer from the final loss.

JUL 03

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.6.4.2 Relaxation after Transfer/9.6.7.2 Stresses at Transfer Length Section

9.6.6.4.2
Relaxation after Transfer

[LRFD Art. 5.9.5.4.4c]

For low-relaxation strands, loss due to strand relaxation after transfer is:
fpR2 = 30%[20.0 0.4(fpES) 0.2(fpSR + fpCR)]
[LRFD Art. 5.9.5.4.4c]
= 0.30[20.0 0.4(17.9) 0.2(6.5 + 23.1)] = 2.1 ksi

9.6.6.5
Total Losses at Transfer

fpi = fpES = 17.9 ksi

Stress in tendons after transfer, fpt = fpi fpi = (202.5 17.9) = 184.6 ksi
Force per strand = (fpt)(strand area) = 184.6(0.153) = 28.2 kips
Therefore, the total prestressing force after transfer, Pi = 28.2 x 44 = 1,240.8 kips
Initial loss, % = (total losses at transfer)/(fpi) = 17.9/(202.5) = 8.9%
The first estimation of loss at transfer, 9%, is very close to the actual computed initial
loss of 8.9%. Thus, there is no need for a second iteration to refine the initial losses.

9.6.6.6
Total Losses at
Service Loads

Total loss of prestress at service loads is:

fpT = fpES + fpSR + fpCR + fpR2 = 17.9 + 6.5 + 23.1 + 2.1 = 49.6 ksi
Stress in tendon after all losses, fpe = fpi fpT = 202.5 49.6 = 152.9 ksi
Check prestressing stress limit at service limit state:
fpe 0.8fpy = 0.8(243) = 194.4 ksi > 152.9 ksi O.K.
Force per strand = (fpe)(strand area) = (152.8)(0.153) = 23.4 kips
Therefore, the total prestressing force after all losses, Ppe = 23.4(44) = 1,029.6 kips
Final losses, % = (fpT)/(fpi) =

9.6.7
STRESSES AT
TRANSFER
9.6.7.1
Stress Limits For Concrete

49.6
(100) = 24.5%
202.5

Force per strand after initial losses = 28.2 kips

Therefore, the total prestressing force after transfer is, Pi = 1,240.8 kips
[LRFD Art. 5.9.4]
Compression: 0.6f ci = 0.6(5.5) = +3.300 ksi
Tension:
without bonded auxiliary reinforcement:
'

0.0948 f ci 0.200 ksi; 0.0948 5.5 = 0.222 ksi < 0.200 ksi
Therefore, 0.200 ksi (Controls)
with bonded auxiliary reinforcement which is sufficient to resist 120% of the tension force in the cracked concrete:

0.22 f ci = 0.22 5.5 = 0.516 ksi

9.6.7.2
Stresses at Transfer
Length Section

Stresses at this location need only be checked at release since this stage almost always governs. Also, losses with time will reduce the concrete stresses making them less critical.
Transfer length = 60(strand diameter) = 60(0.5) = 30 in. = 2.5 ft

[LRFD Art. 5.8.2.3]

JUL 03

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.7.2 Stresses at Transfer Length Section

Due to the camber of the beam at release, the beam self-weight acts on the overall
beam length (119 ft). Therefore, values of bending moment given in Table 9.6.4-1
cannot be used since they are based on the span between centerlines of bearings (118
ft). Using Equation Eq. 9.6.4.1.2-2 given previously, the bending moment at a distance 2.5 ft from the end of the beam is calculated due to beam self-weight:
Mg = (0.5)(0.799)(2.5)(119 2.5) = 116.4 ft-kips
Compute top stress at the top fiber of the beam:
ft =

Pi Pi e Mg 1,240.8 (1,240.8)(30.78) (116.4)(12)

+
=

+
A Sb Sb
767
14,915
14,915

= 1.618 2.477 + 0.091 = 0.768 ksi

Tensile stress limit for concrete with bonded reinforcement: 0.516 ksi
Compute bottom stress at the bottom fiber of the beam:
P Pe M
1,240.8 (1,240.8)(30.78) (116.4)(12)
fb = i + i g =
+

A Sb Sb
767
14,915
14,915
= 1.618 + 2.561 0.094 = +4.085 ksi
Compressive stress limit for concrete: +3.300 ksi N.G.

N.G.

Since the top and bottom concrete stresses exceed the stress limits, harp strands to
make stresses fall within the specified limits. Harp 12 strands at the 0.3L points, as
shown in Figures 9.6.7.2-1 and 9.6.7.2-2. This harp location is more appropriate for
the end spans of multi-span continuous bridges because the maximum positive
moment is closer to the abutment than in the interior spans. For simple spans, it is
more common to use a harp point at least 0.4L from the ends.

Figure 9.6.7.2-1
Strand Pattern
Distance from
No.
Strands bottom (in.)
70
2
68
2
66
2
64
2
62
2
60
2

2"

Harped strand
group

No.
Strands
2
2
2
2
4
8
12
12

Distance from
bottom (in.)
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2

No.
Strands
2
6
12
12

2"
At midspan

Distance from
bottom (in.)
8
6
4
2

At ends

JUL 03

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.7.2 Stresses at Transfer Length Section

Figure 9.6.7.2-2
Longitudinal Strand Profile

12 strands

32 strands

7"

65"

3.9"
2'-6"

11"

35'-6"

24'-0"
0.5(119') = 59'-6"

Compute the center of gravity of the prestressing strands at the transfer length using
the harped pattern.
The distance between the center of gravity of the 12 harped strands at the end of the
beam and the top fiber of the precast beam is:
2(2) + 2(4) + 2(6) + 2(8) + 2(10) + 2(12) = 7.00 in.
12
The distance between the center of gravity of the 12 harped stands at the harp point
and the bottom fiber of the beam is:
2(6) + 2(8) + 2(10) + 2(12) + 2(14) + 2(16) = 11.0 in.
12
The distance between the center of gravity of the 12 harped strands and the top fiber
of the beam at the transfer length section is:
7 in. + (72 11 7) in. (2.5) ft = 10.80 in.
35.5 ft
The distance between the center of gravity of the 32 straight bottom strands and the
extreme bottom fiber of the beam is:
12(2) + 12(4) + 6(6) + 2(8) = 3.88 in.
32
Therefore, the distance between the center of gravity of the total number of the
strands and the bottom fiber of the precast beam at transfer length is:
12(72 10.80) + 32(3.88) = 19.51 in.
44
Eccentricity of the strand group at transfer length, e, is: 36.60 19.51 = 17.09 in.
The distance between the center of gravity of the total number of the strands and the
bottom fiber of the precast beam at the end of the beam is:
12(72 7) + 32(3.88) = 20.55 in.
44
and the eccentricity at the end of the beam, ee, is: 36.60 20.55 = 16.05 in.
Recompute top and bottom stresses at the transfer length section using the harped
pattern:

JUL 03

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.7.2 Stresses at Transfer Length Section/9.6.7.4 Stresses at Midspan

Concrete stress at top fiber of the beam:

ft = 1, 240.8 (1, 240.8)(17.09) + (116.4)(12) = 1.618 1.375 + 0.091 = +0.334 ksi
767
15, 421
15, 421
Compressive stress limit for concrete: +3.300 ksi
Concrete stress at bottom fiber of the beam,

O.K.

fb = 1, 240.8 + (1, 240.8)(17.09) (116.4)(12) = 1.618 + 1.422 0.094 = +2.946 ksi

767
14,915
14,915
Compressive stress limit for concrete: +3.300 ksi
9.6.7.3
Stresses at the Harp Points

O.K.

The strand eccentricity at the harp points is the same as at midspan, ec = 30.78 in.
The bending moment due to beam self-weight at a distance 35.5 ft (0.3L) from the
end of the beam is:
Mg = (0.5)(0.799)(35.5)(119 35.5) = 1,184.2 ft-kips
Concrete stress at top fiber of the beam,
1, 240.8 (1, 240.8)(30.78) (1,184.2)(12)
= 1.618 2.477 + 0.921 = +0.062 ksi

+
767
15, 421
15, 421
Compressive stress limit for concrete: +3.300 ksi O.K.
ft =

Concrete stress at bottom fiber of the beam:

fb = 1, 240.8 + (1, 240.8)(30.78) (1,184.2)(12) = 1.618 + 2.561 0.953 = +3.226 ksi
767
14,915
14,915
Compressive stress limit for concrete: +3.300 ksi O.K.
9.6.7.4
Stresses at Midspan

The bending moment due to beam self-weight at a distance 59.5 feet from the end
of the beam is:
Mg = (0.5)(0.799)(59.5)(119 59.5) = 1,414.3 ft-kips
Concrete stress at top fiber of the beam:
ft = 1, 240.8 (1, 240.8)(30.78) + (1, 414.3)(12) = 1.618 2.477 + 1.101 = +0.242 ksi
767
15, 421
15, 421
Compressive stress limit for concrete: +3.300 ksi
Concrete stress at bottom fiber of the beam,

O.K.

fb = 1, 240.8 + (1, 240.8)(30.78) (1, 414.3)(12) = 1.618 + 2.561 1.138

767
14,915
14,915
= +3.041 ksi
Compressive stress limit for concrete: +3.300 ksi

O.K.

JUL 03

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.7.5 Hold-Down Forces/9.6.8.1 Stress Limits For Concrete

9.6.7.5
Hold-Down Forces

Assume that the stress in the strand at the time of prestressing, before any losses, is:
0.80fpu = 0.80(270) = 216 ksi
Then, the prestress force per strand before any losses is: 0.153(216) = 33.0 kips
From Figure 9.6.7.2-2, harp angle,
72 7 11
= tan 1
= 7.2
35.5(12)
Therefore, hold-down force/strand = 1.05(force per strand)(sin )
= 1.05(33.0) sin 7.2 = 4.3 kips/strand
Note that the factor, 1.05, is applied to account for friction.
Total hold-down force = 12 strands(4.3) = 51.6 kips
The hold-down force and the harp angle should be checked against maximum limits
for local practices. Refer to Chapter 3, Fabrication and Construction, Section
3.3.2.2, and Chapter 8, Design Theory and Procedures, for additional details.

9.6.7.6
Summary Of
Stresses at Transfer

9.6.8
STRESSES AT
SERVICE LOADS
9.6.8.1
Stress Limits For Concrete

Top stresses
Bottom stresses
ft (ksi)
fb (ksi)
At transfer length section
+0.334
+2.946
At harp points
+0.062
+3.226
At midspan
+0.242
+3.041
Note that the bottom stresses at the harp points are more critical than the ones at
midspan.
The total prestressing force after all losses, Ppe = 1,029.6 kips

[LRFD Art. 5.9.4.2]

Compression:
Due to permanent loads, (i.e., beam self-weight, weight of slab and haunch, weight
of future wearing surface, and weight of barriers), for load combination Service I:
for the precast beam: 0.45f c = 0.45(7.0) = +3.150 ksi
for the deck: 0.45f c = 0.45(4.0) = +1.800 ksi
Due to permanent and transient loads (i.e., all dead loads and live loads), for load
combination Service I:
for precast beam: 0.60f c = 0.60(7.0) = +4.200 ksi
for deck: 0.60f c = 0.60(4.0) = +2.400 ksi
Tension:
For components with bonded prestressing tendons:
for load combination Service III: 0.19 f c
for precast beam: 0.19 7.0 = 0.503 ksi

JUL 03

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.8.2 Stresses at Midspan

9.6.8.2
Stresses at Midspan

Concrete stresses at the top fiber of the beam:

To check top compressive stress, two cases are checked:
1. Under permanent loads, Service I:
Using bending moment values given in Table 9.6.4-1, concrete stress at top fiber
of the beam is:
P
P e
(M g + M s ) (M ws + M b )
ftg = pe pe c +
+
A
St
St
S tg
=

1,029.6 (1,029.6)(30.78) (1,390.7 + 2,126.9)(12) (128 + 73)(12)

+
+
767
15, 421
15, 421
63,315

= 1.342 2.055 + 2.737 + 0.038 = +2.062 ksi

Compressive stress limit for concrete: +3.150 ksi O.K.
2. Under permanent and transient loads, Service I:
ftg = +2.062 +

(M LL+I )
(2,115)(12)
= +2.062 + 0.401 = +2.463 ksi
= + 2.062 +
S tg
63,315

Compressive stress limit for concrete: +4.200 ksi

O.K.

Concrete stress at the top fiber of the deck, Service I:

Note: Compression stress in the deck slab at service loads never controls the design
for typical applications. The calculations shown below are for illustration and may
not be necessary in most practical applications.
1. Under permanent loads:
ftc =

(M ws + M b ) (128 + 73)(12)
= +0.042 ksi
=
S tc
57,307

Compressive stress limit for concrete: +1.800 ksi

O.K.

2. Under permanent and transient loads:

ftc =

(M ws + M b + M LL+I ) (128 + 73 + 2,115)(12)

= +0.485 ksi
=
S tc
57,307

Compressive stress limit for concrete: +2.400 ksi

O.K.

Tension stress at the bottom fiber of the beam, Service III:

fb =
=

Ppe
A

Ppe e c
Sb

(Mg + M s )
Sb

(M ws + Mb )+ 0.8(MLL+I )
Sbc

1,029.6 (1,029.6)(30.78) (1,390.7 + 2,126.9)(12)

+

767
14,915
14,915

(128 + 73)(12) + (0.8)(2,115)(12)

20,070

= 1.342 + 2.125 2.830 1.132 = 0.495 ksi

Tensile stress limit for concrete: 0.503 ksi O.K.
JUL 03

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.8.3 Fatigue Stress Limit/9.6.9.1 Positive Moment Section

9.6.8.3
Fatigue Stress Limit
9.6.8.3.1
Positive Moment Section

Fatigue limit state is not checked in this example. For an example of this calculation,
refer to Examples 9.2 and 9.4, Sections 9.2.9.3 and 9.4.8.3 respectively.

9.6.8.3.2
Negative Moment Section

In order to perform the fatigue check, the reinforcement of the section should be
determined. Therefore, the fatigue check for the negative moment section is
addressed in Section 9.6.9.2.1.

9.6.8.4
Summary of Stresses at
Service Loads

Top of Deck (ksi)

Service I

At midspan

Top of Beam (ksi)

Service I

Bottom of
Beam (ksi)

Permanent
Loads

Total Loads

Permanent
Loads

Total Loads

Service III

+0.042

+0.485

+2.062

+2.463

-0.495

9.6.9
STRENGTH LIMIT STATE
9.6.9.1
Positive Moment Section

Total ultimate bending moment for Strength I is:

[LRFD Tables 3.4.1-1&2]
Mu = 1.25(DC) + 1.5(DW) + 1.75(LL + IM)
At midspan of center span, (center span point 0.5):
Mu = 1.25(1,390.7 + 2,126.9 + 73) + 1.5(128) + 1.75(2,115)
= 4,488.3 + 192.0 + 3,701.3 = 8,381.6 ft-kips
Average stress in prestressing steel when fpe 0.5 fpu:

c
fps = fpu 1 k
[LRFD Eq. 5.7.3.1.1-1]
dp

where
fps = average stress in prestressing steel

f py
k = 2 1.04
f pu

= 0.28 for low-relaxation strands

[LRFD Eq. 5.7.3.1.1-2]

[LRFD Table C5.7.3.1.1-1]

dp = distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the prestressing tendons = h ybs = 80.00 5.82 = 74.18 in.
c = distance between the neutral axis and the compressive face, in.
To compute c, assume rectangular section behavior, and check if the depth of
the neutral axis, c is equal to or less than ts:
[LRFD 5.7.3.2.2]
c=

A psf pu + A sf y A sf y
f pu
0.85f c1 b + kA ps
dp

[LRFD Eq. 5.7.3.1.1.-4]

JUN 04

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.9.1 Positive Moment Section/9.6.9.2.1 Design of the Section

where
Aps = area of prestressing steel = 44 x 0.153 = 6.732 in.2
fpu = specified tensile strength of prestressing steel = 270 ksi
As = area of mild steel tension reinforcement = 0.0 in.2
fy = yield strength of tension reinforcement = 60.0 ksi
As = area of compression reinforcement = 0.0 in.2
f y = yield strength of compression reinforcement = 60.0 ksi
f c = compressive strength of deck concrete = 4.0 ksi
1 = stress factor of compression block
[LRFD Art. 5.7.2.2]

= 0.85 for f c 4.0 ksi

= 0.85 0.05(f c 4.0) 0.65 for f c > 4.0 ksi
= 0.85
b = effective width of compression flange = 111 in.
c=

(6.732)(270) + 0.0 0.0

270
(0.85)(4.0)(0.85)(111) + 0.28(6.732)
74.18

= 5.55 in. < ts = 7.5 in.

O.K.

a = depth of the equivalent stress block = 1c

[LRFD Eq. 9.6.9.1-1]
= 0.85(5.55) = 4.72 in.
Therefore, the assumption of rectangular section behavior is valid and the average
stress in prestressing steel is:

5.55
fps = 270 1 0.28
= 264.3 ksi

74.18
Nominal flexural resistance:

[LRFD Art. 5.7.3.2.3]

a
Mn = Apsfps d p
[LRFD Eq. 5.7.3.2.2-1]

2
This equation is a simplified form of LRFD Equation 5.7.3.2.2-1 because no compression reinforcement or mild tension reinforcement is considered and the section
behaves as a rectangular section.

4.72
Mn = (6.732)(264.3) 74.18
/12 = 10,648.9 ft-kips

2
Factored flexural resistance:
Mr = Mn
[LRFD Eq. 5.7.3.2.1-1]
where = resistance factor
[LRFD Art. 5.5.4.2.1]
= 1.00, for flexure and tension of prestressed concrete
Mr = 10,648.9 ft-kips > Mu = 8,381.6 ft-kips
O.K.
9.6.9.2
Negative Moment Section
9.6.9.2.1
Design of the Section

Total ultimate bending moment for Strength I is:

Mu = 1.25(DC) + 1.5(DW) + 1.75(LL+IM)
[LRFD Tables 3.4.1-1&2]
At the pier section:
Mu = 1.25(197) + 1.5(345) + 1.75(2,327.7) = 4,837.2 ft-kips
JUN 04

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.9.2.1 Design of the Section

Notes:
1. At the negative moment section, the compression face is the bottom flange of the
beam and is 26 in. wide.
2. This section is a nonprestressed reinforced concrete section, thus = 0.9 for flexure.
Assume the deck reinforcement is at mid-height of the deck. The effective depth:
d = 72 + 0.5 + 0.5(7.5) = 76.25 in.
Ru =
m=
=

Mu
4,837.2 (12)
= 0.427 ksi
=
2
bd
(0.9)(26)(76.25) 2
fy
0.85f c

60
= 10.084
(0.85)(7.0)

1
2R u m
1
2(0.427)(10.084)
1 1
=
1 1
= 0.00739
m
f y 10.084
60

As = (bd) = (0.00739)(26)(76.25) = 14.65 in.2

This is the amount of mild steel reinforcement required in the slab to resist the negative
moment. Assume that the typical deck reinforcement consists of a bottom mat of #5 bars
@ 12 in. and a top mat of #4 @ 12 in. for a total As = 0.20 + 0.31 = 0.51 in.2/ft.
Since the LRFD Specifications do not provide guidance on the width over which this
reinforcement is to be distributed, it is assumed here to be the same as the effective
compression flange width which was determined earlier to be 111 in.
The typical reinforcement provided over this width is equal to (111 x 0.51/12) =
4.72 in.2. Therefore, the required additional reinforcement at the negative moment
section = 14.65 4.72 = 9.93 in.2.
Provide 18 #7 bars additional reinforcement at 4 in. spacing (2 #7 bars in each space
between #4 bars).
As = 18(0.60) = 10.80 in.2
Therefore, the total As provided = 10.80 + 4.72 = 15.52 in.2 > 14.65 in.2 O.K.
Compute the capacity of the section in flexure at the pier:
Compute the depth of the compression block:
a=

As fy
0.85

b f c

15.52(60)
= 6.02 in.
(0.85)(26)(7.0)

Note that this value is slightly larger than the flange thickness of 6.0 in. However, the
adjustment in the moment capacity, Mn, when using a more accurate non-rectangular section analysis, is extremely small.

6.02
a
Mn = A sf y d = 0.9(15.52)(60.0) 76.25
/12

2
2
= 5,115.1 ft-kips > 4,837.2 ft-kips O.K.
With time, creep of concrete members heavily pretensioned, may cause camber
growth. Because this bridge is designed to have rigid connections between beams at
the piers, camber growth is restrained. As a result, time-dependent positive moments
will develop. Therefore, it is recommended that a nominal amount of positive
moment continuity reinforcement be used over the piers to control potential cracking in this region. A common way to provide this reinforcement is to extend approxJUL 03

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.9.2.1 Design of the Section/9.6.10.1.2 Minimum Reinforcement

imately 25 percent of the strands from the bottom flange and bend them up into the
diaphragm. Another common detail is the addition of a quantity of mild steel reinforcement required to resist a moment equal to 1.2 Mcr. This reinforcement is also
extended from the ends of the beam and bent up into the diaphragm.
9.6.9.2.2
Fatigue Stress Limit
and Crack Control

The fatigue limit state and crack control for the negative moment zone over the piers
are important design criteria that must be checked. This zone is expected to be
cracked due to service loads and the steel stress range is expected to be significantly
high.
For moment calculations, the fatigue truck loading must be introduced to the threespan continuous structure. The resulting moments are then used to determine
whether or not the stress range in the longitudinal reinforcement steel is within the
acceptable limits.
In order to control flexural cracking, the tensile stress in the mild steel reinforcement
at service limit state, should not exceed the value given by LRFD Eq. 5.7.3.4.1.

9.6.10
LIMITS OF
REINFORCEMENT
9.6.10.1
Positive Moment Section
9.6.10.1.1
Maximum Reinforcement

This section is a prestressed section.

[LRFD Art. 5.7.3.3.1]
The maximum amount of prestressed and nonprestressed reinforcement should be
such that:
c
0.42
[LRFD Eq. 5.7.3.3.1-1]
de
where de =

A psf psd p + A sf y d s

[LRFD Eq. 5.7.3.3.1-2]

A psf ps + A sf y

Since As = 0, then de = dp = 74.18 in.

c
5.55
= 0.075 0.42
=
d e 74.18
9.6.10.1.2
Minimum Reinforcement

O.K.

[LRFD Art. 5.7.3.3.2]

At any section, the amount of prestressed and nonprestressed tensile reinforcement
should be adequate to developed a factored flexural resistance, Mr, equal to the lesser of:
1.2 times the cracking strength determined on the basis of elastic stress distribution
and the modulus of rupture, and,
1.33 times the factored moment required by the applicable strength load combination.
Check at midspan:
The LRFD Specifications do not give a procedure for computing the cracking
moment. Therefore, the following equation adapted from the Standard Specifications,
Art. 9.18.2.1 is used:
Mcr = (fr + fpb)Sbc Md/nc(Sbc/Sb 1)

JUL 03

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.10.1.2 Minimum Reinforcement/9.6.10.2.1 Maximum Reinforcement

where
fr
fpb

= modulus of rupture = 0.24 f c = 0.24 7.0 = 0.635 ksi[LRFD Art. 5.4.2.6]

= compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestress force only (after
allowance for all prestress losses) at extreme fiber of section where tensile
stress is caused by externally applied loads
=

Ppe
A

Ppee c
Sb

1,029.6 (1,029.6)(30.78)
= 1.342 + 2.125 = 3.467 ksi
+
767
14,915

Md/nc = moment due to non-composite dead loads, ft-kips

= Mg + Ms = 1,390.7 + 2,126.9 = 3,517.6 ft-kips
Sbc = composite section modulus for the extreme fiber of section where the
tensile stress is caused by externally applied loads = 20,070 in.4
Sb
= non-composite section modulus for the extreme fiber of section where
the tensile stress is caused by externally applied loads = 14,915 in.4
20,070
= (0.635 + 3.467)(20,070/12) (3,517.6)
1 = 5,644.8 ft-kips
14,915
1.2Mcr = 1.2(5,644.8) = 6,773.8 ft-kips

Mcr

At midspan, the factored moment required by the Strength I load combination is:
Mu = 8,381.6 ft-kips (as calculated in Section 9.6.9)
Therefore, 1.33Mu = 1.33 x 8,381.6 = 11,147.5 ft-kips
Since 1.2Mcr < 1.33Mu, 1.2Mcr

(Controls)

Mr = 10,648.9 ft-kips > 1.2Mcr O.K.

Note: Contrary to the Standard Specifications, the LRFD Specifications state that this
requirement be met at every section.
9.6.10.2
Negative Moment Section
9.6.10.2.1
Maximum Reinforcement

[LRFD Art. 5.7.3.3.1]

The maximum amount of prestressed and nonprestressed reinforcement shall be such
that:
c
0.42
de

[LRFD Eq. 5.7.3.3.1-1]

where
de =

A psf psd p + A sf y d s
A psf ps + A sf y

Since Aps = 0, then de = ds = 76.25 in.

1 = stress factor of compression block
= 0.85 for f c 4.0 ksi
= 0.85 0.05(f c 4.0) 0.65 for f c 4.0
= 0.85 0.05(7.0 4.0) = 0.70

[LRFD Eq. 5.7.3.3.1-2]

[LRFD Art. 5.7.2.2]

JUL 03

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.10.2.1 Maximum Reinforcement/9.6.11.1 Critical Section

a 6.02
= 8.60 in.
=
1 0.70

c
8.60
= 0.113 0.42
=
d s 76.25

O.K.

Note that the value of a used here is not exact because the geometry of the bottom
flange must be accommodated. But since a is slightly larger than 6 in., the uniform
width portion of the bottom flange, and since (c/ds) is much lower than the maximum limit, further refinement is not warranted.
9.6.10.2.2
Minimum Reinforcement

[LRFD Art. 5.7.3.3.2]

For nonprestressed sections, the minimum reinforcement provision may be considered satisfied if:
f
0.03 c
[LRFD Eq. 5.7.3.3.2-1]
fy
where = ratio of tension steel to gross area = As/(bd) =

(15.52)
= 0.008
(26)(76.25)

7.0
O.K.
= 0.0035
60
At the negative moment section, the bottom flange of the precast beam acts as the
compression block of the composite section. Therefore, the 28-day strength of the
beam concrete, 7.0 ksi, is used.
0.008 0.03

9.6.11
SHEAR DESIGN

The area and spacing of shear reinforcement must be determined at regular intervals
along the entire length of the beam. In this design example, transverse shear design
procedures are demonstrated below by determining these values at the critical section
near the supports.
Transverse shear reinforcement must be provided when:
Vu > 0.5(Vc + Vp)
[LRFD Eq. 5.8.2.4-1]
where
Vu = total factored shear force, kips
Vc = shear strength provided by concrete, kips
Vp = component of the effective prestressing force in the direction of the applied
shear, kips
= resistance factor
[LRFD Art. 5.5.4.2.1]

9.6.11.1
Critical Section

Critical section near the supports is the greater of:

[LRFD Art. 5.8.3.2]
0.5dvcot , or, dv
where
dv = effective shear depth
= distance between resultants of tensile and compressive forces, (de a/2) but not
less than 0.9de or 0.72h
[LRFD Art. 5.8.2.7]

JUL 03

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.11.1 Critical Section/9.6.11.1.3 Calculation of Critical Section

where
de = the corresponding effective depth from the extreme compression fiber to the
centroid of the tensile force in the tensile reinforcement = 76.25 in.
(Note: de is calculated considering the nonprestressed reinforcement in the
slab as the main reinforcement and neglecting the prestress reinforcement.
This is because this section lies in the negative moment zone.)
a = equivalent depth of the compression block = 6.02 in. (from negative moment
flexural design)
h = total height of the section = 80.0 in.
= angle of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses, assumed = 32 (slope of
compression field)
9.6.11.1.1
Angle of Diagonal
Compressive Stresses

The design for shear depends on the angle of diagonal compressive stresses at the section
under consideration. The shear design is an iterative process that begins with assuming a
value for . For this example, only the results of the final cycle of calculations are shown.

9.6.11.1.2
Effective Shear Depth

dv = 76.25 0.5(6.02) = 73.24 in.

0.9de = 0.9(76.25) = 68.63 in.
0.72h = 0.72(80.0) = 57.60 in.
Therefore, dv = 73.24 in.

9.6.11.1.3
Calculation of Critical Section

Figure 9.6.11-1
Critical Section in Shear
of the Center Span

The critical section near the support is the greater of:

dv = 73.24 in. (Controls)
0.5dvcot = 0.5(73.24)cot32 = 58.60 in.
Because the width of the bearing is not yet determined, the width of bearing was conservatively assumed to be equal to zero for the computation of the critical section of
shear, as shown in Figure 9.6.11-1. Therefore the critical section in shear is at a distance
of 0.5 + 0.5 + 73.19/12 = 7.10 ft from the centerline of the first interior support (pier).
x/L = 7.10/120 = 0.059L from the centerline of the first interior support (pier)

Center line of the pier

Center line of
bearings

6" 6"
Left end span, 110 ft

73.24"

Critical section
in shear

Center span, 120 ft

JUL 03

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.11.1.3 Calculation of Critical Section/9.6.11.2.1 Strain in Flexural Tension Reinforcement

Using values from Table 9.6.4-1, compute the factored shear force and bending
moment at the critical section for shear (center span point 0.059), according to
Strength I load combinations.
Vu = 1.25(42.3 + 64.6 + 7.8) + 1.50(14.2) + 1.75(137.3) = 405.0 kips
Mu = 1.25(272.7 + 417.1 139.6) + 1.50(244.4) + 1.75(1,717.8) = 2,685.0 ft-kips
or,
Vu = 0.9(42.3 + 64.6 + 7.8) + 1.50(14.2) + 1.75(137.3) = 364.8 kips
Mu = 0.9(272.7 + 417.1 139.6) + 1.50(244.4) + 1.75(1,717.8) = 2,877.6 ft-kips
When determining Mu at a particular section, it is conservative to take Mu as the
highest factored moment that will occur at that section, rather than the moment corresponding to maximum Vu, (LRFD Art. C5.8.3.4.2). Therefore,
Vu = 405.0 kips
Mu = 2,877.6 ft-kips
9.6.11.2
Contribution of Concrete to
Nominal Shear Resistance

9.6.11.2.1
Strain in Flexural Tension
Reinforcement

The contribution of the concrete to the nominal shear resistance is:

[LRFD Eq. 5.8.3.3-3]
Vc = 0.0316 f c bvdv
Several quantities must be determined before this expression can be evaluated.
Calculate strain in the reinforcement, x:
Mu
+ 0.5Nu + 0.5(Vu Vp )cot A ps f po
dv
x =
0.001
2(E s A s + E p A ps )

[LRFD Eq. 5.8.3.4.2-2]

where
Nu = applied factored normal force at the specified section = 0
Vp = component of the effective prestressing force in the direction of the applied
shear = (force per strand)(number of draped strands)(sin )
Force per strand = 23.4 kips
From Section 9.6.7.5, = 7.2
Vp = (23.4)(12)sin7.2 = 35.2 kips
fpo = a parameter taken as modulus of elasticity of prestressing tendons multiplied
by the locked-in difference in strain between the prestressing tendons and
the surrounding concrete (ksi). For pretensioned members, LRFD Article
C5.8.3.4.2 indicates that fpo can be taken as the stress in the strands when
the concrete is cast around them, which is the jacking stress, fpj, or 0.75fpu.
= 0.75(270.0) = 202.5 ksi
Aps = area of prestressing steel on the flexural tension side of the member.
The flexural tension side of the member should be taken as the half-depth
containing the flexural tension zone as illustrated in LRFD Figure
5.8.3.4.2-3.
Aps = 12(0.153) = 1.836 in.2
As = area of nonprestressing steel on the flexural tension side of the member
= 15.52 in.2

JUL 03

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.11.2.1 Strain in Flexural Tension Reinforcement/9.6.11.3.1 Requirement for Reinforcement

2,877.6 (12)
+ 0 + 0.5(405.0 35.2)(cot 32) 1.836(202.5)
73.24
x =
= +0.394 x 10-3
2[29,000(15.52) + 28,500(1.836)]

9.6.11.2.1.1
Shear Stress

vu =

Vu Vp
b v d v

[LRFD Eq. 5.8.3.4.2-1]

where
vu = shear stress in concrete
bv = effective web width of the beam = 6 in.
Vp = component of the effective prestressing force in the direction of the applied
shear (calculated in Sect. 9.6.11.2.1)
vu =

405.0 0.9(35.2)
= 0.944 ksi
(0.9)(6)(73.24)

(vu/f c) = (0.944/7.0) = 0.135

9.6.11.2.2
Values of and

9.6.11.2.3
Concrete Contribution

Having computed x and vu/f c, find a better estimate of from LRFD Table 5.8.3.4.2-1.
Since the computed value of vu/f c is likely to fall between two rows in the table, a linear interpolation may be performed. However, for hand calculations, interpolation is
not recommended (LRFD Art. C5.8.3.4.2). The values of in the lower row that
bounds the computed value may be used. Similarly, the values of in the first column to the right of the computed value may be used. For this example, the applicable row and column are the ones labeled 0.150 and 0.50, respectively. The
values of and contained in the cell of intersection of that row and column are:
= 32.1 which is close to assumed of 32.0.
Thus, no further iteration is needed. However, if the designer desires to go through
further iteration, it should be kept in mind that the position of the critical section of
shear and consequently the values of Vu and Mu will need to be based on the new
value of , 32.1.
= 2.36
where = a factor indicating the ability of diagonally cracked concrete to transmit
tension; a value indicating concrete contribution.
The nominal shear resisted by the concrete is:
Vc = 0.0316 f c b v d v

[LRFD Eq. 5.8.3.3-3]

= 0.0316(2.36) 7.0 (6)(73.24) = 86.7 kips

9.6.11.3
Contribution of
Reinforcement to Nominal
Shear Resistance
9.6.11.3.1
Requirement for
Reinforcement

[LRFD Eq. 5.8.2.4-1]

Check if Vu > 0.5(Vc + Vp)
Vu = 405.0 kips > 0.5(Vc + Vp) = 0.5(0.9)(86.7 + 35.2) = 54.9 kips
Therefore, transverse shear reinforcement should be provided.
JUL 03

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.11.3.2 Required Area of Reinforcement/9.6.11.3.4 Minimum Reinforcement Requirement

9.6.11.3.2
Required Area of
Reinforcement

Vu/ Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp
[LRFD Eq. 5.8.3.3-1]
where
Vs = shear force carried by transverse reinforcement
= (Vu/) Vc Vp = (405.0/0.9) 86.7 35.2 = 328.1 kips
Vs =

A v f y d v (cot + cot )sin

[LRFD Eq. 5.8.3.3-4]

where
Av = area of shear reinforcement within a distance s, in.2
s = spacing of stirrups, in.
fy = yield strength of shear reinforcement, ksi
= angle of inclination of transverse reinforcement to longitudinal axis = 90
Therefore, area of shear reinforcement (in.2) within a spacing, s, is:
reqd Av = (sVs)/(fydvcot )
= s(328.1)/(60)(73.24cot 32) = 0.047(s) in.2
if s = 12 in., the required Av = 0.56 in.2
Try #5 double legs @ 12 in. spacing.
12
Av provided = (2)(0.31) = 0.62 in.2/ft > Av required = 0.56 in.2/ft
12
Vs provided =

9.6.11.3.3
Spacing of Reinforcement

O.K.

(0.62)(60)(73.24)cot 32
= 363.2 kips
12

Check maximum spacing of transverse reinforcement:

Check if vu < 0.125f c
or if vu 0.125f c
0.125f c = (0.125)(7.0) = 0.875 ksi

[LRFD Art. 5.8.2.7]

[LRFD Eq. 5.8.2.7-1]
[LRFD Eq. 5.8.2.7-2]

vu = 0.944 ksi
Since vu > 0.125f c
Then s 12 in. 0.4dv = 0.4(73.24) = 29.3 in.
Therefore, s 12 in.
Actual spacing, s = 12 in. O.K.
9.6.11.3.4
Minimum Reinforcement
Requirement

The area of transverse reinforcement should not be less than:

b s
0.0316 f c v
[LRFD Eq. 5.8.2.5-1]
fy
6(12)
2
0.0316 7.0
= 0.100 in. < Av provided
60

O.K.

JUL 03

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.11.4 Maximum Nominal Shear Resistance/9.6.12.3 Required Interface Shear Reinforcement

9.6.11.4
Maximum Nominal
Shear Resistance

In order to ensure that the concrete in the web of the beam will not crush prior to
yielding of the transverse reinforcement, the LRFD Specifications give an upper limit
of Vn.
Vn = 0.25f cbvdv + Vp
[LRFD Eq. 5.8.3.3-2]
Comparing this equation with LRFD Eq. 5.8.3.3-2, it can be concluded that,
Vc + Vs 0.25f cbvdv
86.7 + 328.1 = 414.8 kips 0.25(7.0)(6)(73.24) = 769.0 kips O.K.
Using the foregoing procedures, the transverse reinforcement can be determined at
increments along the entire length of the beam.

9.6.12
INTERFACE SHEAR
TRANSFER

[LRFD Art. 5.8.4]

9.6.12.1
Factored Horizontal Shear

At the strength limit state, the horizontal shear at a section on a per unit basis can be
taken as:
V
Vh = u
(LRFD Eq. C5.8.4.1-1)
dv
where
Vh = horizontal factored shear force per unit length of the beam, kips/in.
Vu = factored shear force due to superimposed loads, kips
dv = distance between resultants of tensile and compressive forces, (de a/2)
The LRFD Specifications does not identify the location of the critical section. For
convenience, it will be assumed here to be the same location as the critical section for
vertical shear, at point 0.059 of the center span.
Using load combination Strength I:
Vu = 1.25(7.8) + 1.50(14.2) + 1.75(137.3) = 271.3 kips
dv = 73.24 in.
Required Vh =

9.6.12.2
Required Nominal
Resistance
9.6.12.3
Required Interface Shear
Reinforcement

271.3
= 3.70 kips/in.
73.24

Required Vn = Vh/0.9 = 3.70/0.9 = 4.11 kips/in.

The nominal shear resistance of the interface plane is:

Vn = c Acv + [Avf fy + Pc]
[LRFD Eq. 5.8.4.1-1]
where
c
= cohesion factor, ksi
[LRFD Art. 5.8.4.2]
= friction factor
[LRFD Art. 5.8.4.2]
2
Acv = area of concrete engaged in shear transfer, in.
Avf = area of shear reinforcement crossing the shear plane, in.2

JUL 03

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.12.3 Required Interface Shear Reinforcement/9.6.13 Minimum Longitudinal Reinforcement Requirement

Pc
fy

= permanent net compressive force normal to the shear plane, kips

= shear reinforcement yield strength, ksi

For concrete placed against clean, hardened concrete with the surface intentionally roughened:
[LRFD Art. 5.8.4.2]
c
= 0.1 ksi
= 1.0
where = 1.0 for normal weight concrete
The actual contact width, bv, between the deck and the beam is 42 in. Therefore,
Acv = (42 in.)(1 in.) = 42 in.2/in.
LRFD Eq. 5.8.4.1-1 can be solved for Avf as follows:
4.12 = 0.1(42) + 1.0[Avf (60) + 0]
Avf < 0
Since the resistance provided by cohesion is higher than the applied force, provide the minimum required interface reinforcement.
9.6.12.3.1
Minimum Interface Shear
Reinforcement

Minimum shear reinforcement, Avf (0.05bv)/fy

where bv = width of the interface

[LRFD Eq. 5.8.4.1-4]

From the design of vertical shear reinforcement, a #5 double-leg bar at 12-in. spacing
is provided from the beam extending into the deck. Therefore, Avf = 0.62 in.2/ft.
Avf = (0.62 in.2/ft) > (0.05bv)/fy = 0.05(42)/60 = 0.035 in.2/in. = 0.42 in.2/ft O.K.
Consider further that LRFD Article 5.8.4.1 states that the minimum reinforcement
requirement may be waived if Vn/A cv < 0.100 ksi.
4.11 kips/in./42.0 in. = 0.098 ksi < 0.100 ksi
Therefore, the minimum reinforcement requirement could be waived had it governed.
9.6.12.4
Maximum Nominal Shear
Resistance

9.6.13
MINIMUM
LONGITUDINAL
REINFORCEMENT
REQUIREMENT

0.62

Provided Vn = (0.1)(42) + 1.0

(60) + 0 = 7.3 kips/in.
12

0.2f c A cv = 0.2(4.0)(42) = 33.6 kips/in.

0.8Acv = 0.8(42) = 33.6 kips/in.
Vn provided 0.2f c Acv
O.K.
0.8Acv O.K.

[LRFD Eq. 5.8.4.1-2]

[LRFD Eq. 5.8.4.1-3]

[LRFD Art. 5.8.3.5]

The LRFD Specifications state that if the reaction force or the load at the maximum
moment location introduces direct compression into the flexural compression face of
the member, the area of longitudinal reinforcement on the flexural tension side of the
member need not exceed the area required to resist the maximum moment acting
alone.

JUL 03

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.13 Minimum Longitudinal Reinforcement Requirement/9.6.14.1 Anchorage Zone Reinforcement

This reason that the longitudinal reinforcement requirement is relaxed for this condition, is based on the following explanation. At maximum moment locations, the
shear force changes sign and, hence, the inclination of the diagonal compressive
stresses also changes. At direct supports and point loads, this change of inclination is
associated with a fan-shaped pattern of compressive stresses radiating from the point
load or the direct support. This fanning of the diagonal stresses reduces the tension
in the longitudinal reinforcement caused by the shear, i.e., angle becomes steeper.
The conditions mentioned above exist at the interior supports. Directly over the support, the angle becomes 90 and the contribution of shear to the longitudinal reinforcement requirement is zero. Therefore, at this location, the longitudinal reinforcement is sized only for the moment applied to the section and there is no need to
check the minimum longitudinal reinforcement requirement.
However, for sections within a distance of (dvcot)/2 from the interior supports, the
shear will again affect the required longitudinal reinforcement and the requirement
must be checked. It should be noted that at locations near the interior supports of
continuous members, the minimum longitudinal reinforcement requirement is used
to check the quantity of reinforcement in the deck. The longitudinal reinforcement
requirement must also be checked for the prestressing strands at the simply-supported ends of continuous span units. Refer to Design Example 9.4, Section 9.4.13.
9.6.14
PRETENSIONED
ANCHORAGE ZONE

[LRFD Art. 5.10.10]

9.6.14.1
Anchorage Zone
Reinforcement

[LRFD Art. 5.10.10.1]

Design of the anchorage zone reinforcement is computed using the force in the
strands just before transfer.
Force in the strands before transfer = Fpi = 44(0.153)(202.5) = 1,363.2 kips
The bursting resistance, Pr , should not be less than 4.0% of Fpi.
[LRFD Arts. 5.10.10.1 and C3.4.3]
Pr = fsAs 0.04fpi = 0.04(1,363.2) = 54.5 kips
where
As = total area of transverse reinforcement located within the distance h/4 from
the end of the beam, in.2
fs = stress in steel, but not taken greater than 20 ksi
Solving for the required area of steel, As = 54.5/(20) = 2.73 in.2
At least 2.73 in.2 of vertical transverse reinforcement should be provided at the end of the
beam for a distance equal to one-fourth of the depth of the beam, h/4 = 72/4 = 18.0 in.
The shear reinforcement was determined in Section 9.6.11 to be #5 (double legs)@
10 in. However, the minimum vertical reinforcement criteria controls. Therefore, for
a distance of 18.0 in. from the end of the member, use 5 #5 @ 4 in. The reinforcement provided is 5(2)(0.31) = 3.10 in.2 > 2.73 in.2 O.K.

JUL 03

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.14.2 Confinement Reinforcement/9.6.15.2 Deflection Due to Beam Self-Weight

9.6.14.2
Confinement
Reinforcement

[LRFD Art. 5.10.10.2]

For a distance of 1.5d = 1.5(72) = 108 in., from the end of the beam, reinforcement
is placed to confine the prestressing steel in the bottom flange. The reinforcement
should not be less than #3 deformed bars, with spacing not exceeding 6.0 in., and
shaped to enclose the strands.

9.6.15
DEFLECTION
AND CAMBER

[LRFD Art. 5.7.3.6.2]

Deflections are calculated using the modulus of elasticity of concrete calculated in
Section 9.6.2 and the moment of inertia of the non-composite precast beam.

9.6.15.1
Deflection Due
to Prestressing Force
at Transfer

Force per strand at transfer = 28.2 kips

p =

Pi e cL2 e a 2

E ciI 8
6

where
Pi = total prestressing force at transfer = 44(28.2) = 1,240.8 kips
ec = eccentricity of prestressing force at midspan = 30.78 in.
e = difference between eccentricity of prestressing force at midspan and end, as
shown in Figure 9.6.15.1-1
= ec ee = 30.78 19.42 = 11.36 in.
a = distance from end of beam to harp point = 35.5 ft
L = beam length = 119.0 ft
Figure 9.6.15.1-1
Strand Eccentricity
Psi

Psi

e'

a = 35.5'

48'

a = 35.5'

119'

9.6.15.2
Deflection Due
to Beam Self-Weight

p =

30.78(119x12) 2 11.36 (35.5x12) 2

1, 240.8

= 3.79 in.
4, 496(545,894)
8
6

g =

5wL4
384E ciI

where w = beam self-weight, kip/ft

Deflection due to beam self-weight at transfer:
L = overall beam length = 119 ft

JUL 03

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.15.2 Deflection Due to Beam Self-Weight/9.6.15.6 Deflection Due to Live Load and Impact

0.799
4
5
(119x12)
12
g =
= 1.47 in.
(384)(4, 496)(545,894)
Deflection due to beam self-weight at erection:
L = span length between centerlines of bearings = 118 ft

9.6.15.3
Deflection Due to
Haunch and Deck

0.799
4
5
(118 x 12)
12
g =
= 1.42 in.
(384)(4, 496)(545,894)

s =

5wL4
384E cI

where
w = deck slab plus haunch weights, kip/ft
L = span length between centerlines of bearings, ft
Ec = modulus of elasticity of precast beam at 28 days
9.6.15.4
Deflection Due to Barrier
and Future Wearing Surface
9.6.15.5
Deflection and
Camber Summary

1.222
4
5
(118 x 12)
12
s =
= 1.93 in.
(384)(5,072)(545,894)
b+ws = 0.048 in.
(This value was calculated using a continuous beam program.)
For midspan:
At transfer, (p + g) = 3.79 1.47 = 2.32 in.
Total deflection at erection, using PCI multipliers (see the PCI Design Handbook)
= 1.8(3.79) 1.85(1.42) = 4.20 in.
Long-Term Deflection
LRFD Article 5.7.3.6.2 states that the long-term deflection may be taken as the
instantaneous deflection multiplied by a factor of 4.0, if the instantaneous deflection
is based on the gross moment of inertia. However, a factor of 4.0 is not appropriate
for this type of precast construction. Therefore, it is recommended that the designer
follow the guidelines of the owner agency for whom the bridge is being designed, or
undertake a more rigorous time-dependent analysis.

9.6.15.6
Deflection Due to Live
Load and Impact

Live load deflection is not a required check, according to the provisions of the LRFD
Specifications. Further, live load deflections are usually not a problem for prestressed
concrete I- and bulb-tee shapes especially when they are constructed to act as a continuous structure under superimposed loads. If the designer chooses to check deflection, the following recommendations are from the LRFD Specifications.
Live load deflection limit: Span/800 = (120)(12)/800 = 1.80 in. [LRFD Art. 2.5.2.6.2]

JUL 03

CHAPTER 9, SECTION 9.6

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

BULB-TEE (BT-72), THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK, LRFD SPECIFICATIONS

9.6.15.6 Deflection Due to Live Load and Impact

If the owner invokes the optional live load deflection criteria specified in LRFD
Article 2.5.2.6.2, the deflection is the greater of:
[LRFD Art. 3.6.1.3.2]
that resulting from the design truck alone, or,
that resulting from 25% of the design truck taken together with the design lane
load
The LRFD Specifications state that all beams may be assumed to be deflecting equally under the applied live load and impact.
[LRFD Art. 2.5.2.6.2]
Therefore, the distribution factor for deflection is calculated as follows:
(number of lanes/number of beams) = 3/4 = 0.75
[LRFD Art. C2.5.2.6.2]
However, it is more conservative to use the distribution factor for moment.
The live load deflection may be conservatively estimated using the following formula:
D=

5L2
M s 0.1(M a + M b )
48EI c

(Eq. 9.6.15.6-1)

where
= the maximum positive moment
Ms
Ma and Mb = the corresponding negative moments at the ends of the span being
considered.
The live load combination specified in LRFD Article 3.6.1.3.2 calls for the greater of
design truck alone or 0.25 design truck plus lane load.
In this example, a conservative approximation may be made by using the positive
moment for Service III load combination, 0.8 truck plus lane load, and by ignoring
the effect of Ma and Mb.
L =

5(120 x 12) 2
0.8 x 2,115.0 x 12 = 0.79 in. < 1.80 in.
48(5,072)(1,097, 252)

O.K.

JUL 03