PGR01:

Urban and Environmental Planning

Dr. Elisabete A. Silva
Lecture 2 Planning history in the UK

PGR01: Lecture 2
Elisabete A. Silva

2015/2016

London 1658
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London 1673
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London 1745
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London 1804
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London 1830
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From the XVII to the XIX century London expanded very fast.

Land consumption and density

What are the implications for those living in London?

What are the main problems and challenges?
?
How could we account for the different needs?

What could they start to do to make London manageable???

PGR01: Lecture 2
Elisabete A. Silva
2015/2016

Lecture 1 - The Planning Systems: history and cultural context to 1947.

Planning as a task of government has its origins in the public health and housing arena

Planning as a capacity, tool, and philosophy of managing the land

has centuries, the ability of planning is something that can be
understood to evolve with mankind itself, from its most primordial
moments.

Planning
Pl
i iin th
the UK b
began as a di
directt action
ti ffrom governments
t tto solve
l multiple
lti l
problems in the UK society.

PGR01: Lecture 2
Elisabete A. Silva

2015/2016

Th 19th Century
The
C t
as th
the major
j milestone
il t
off a G
Governmentt led
l d planning
l
i approach
h

Increase in population;
Growth of towns;
Heavy industrialization;
Migration from rural areas to cities;

Simultaneously:
Growth of medical knowledge (i.e. washing hands)
& technology (i.e. stethoscope, microscope);
Awareness of overcrowding, slums;
Fear of social unrest;
philosophical
p
movements
National and international p
in favour of social well being.

In 1750 only 15% of the population lived in towns, by 1860 nearly 80% lived in the urban areas.
Long hours of labour for small wages;
Life spans were short, in the manufacturing business - 35 to 45 years of age;
Focus of cholera 2nd Cholera outbreak of 1832 killed 7000 people
(two/three more outbreaks would kill thousands);
Tuberculosis was the most deadliest (60% of survival);
Infant mortality (25% would die);
Starvation and malnutrition (i.e. Irelands);
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Th symptoms
The
t
off cholera:
h l
- Internal disturbances, nausea and dizziness, violent vomiting and diarrhoea;
- Extreme muscular cramps followed, with an insatiable desire for water;
- Dehydration;
y
y look: p
puckered blue lips
p in a cadaverous face.
- Physically

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By 1800 London had become the

largest single city in the world,
b tb
but
by mid-century
id
t
it had
h dd
doubled
bl d again
i
to reach 2,362,000 souls.

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Legislation
g
regarding
g
g Public Health
issues finally came from many
governments after the revolutions of
1848
1848.
Public Health Act, 1875

Also as a result of the

awareness that social
unrest would bring economic
crisis.

The 19th century

Th
t
public
bli h
health
lth llegislation
i l ti was di
directed
t d att th
the creation
ti off
adequate sanitary conditions.
The emphasis was put in the built environment and the medical improvements.
The Doctor (the "Public Health Officer) and the Civil Engineer worked together to
improve the deplorable sanitary conditions of major cities.
y required
q
extensive financing
g and took yyears to complete.
p
They

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Measures:
Increase the powers of local authorities to make and enforce building bylaws:
street widths, height and structure and layout of building;
Stronger linkages between civil engineering, health and architecture (i.e. light
and air circulation);
By 1884 the Cholera organism was identified in water via the microscope and
could now be contained by public health officials;
The Factory Act of 1833 proclaimed that children could not work until the age of
9, and that the children who were working
between the ages of 9 to13, could not put in more then a 48-hour week.
s was
as the
e first
s o
of se
several
e a cchild
d labour
abou laws
a s to
o go o
on the
e boo
books
s in England.
ga d
This

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The Georgian Architecture and the the Terrace House (1730-1800)

(1730 1800)

Grosvenor Square

The circus-Bath

Suburbanization and the Semi-Detached House and Detached/Free standing

g

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The first Planning Act

Act, 1909
Introduces the term Town
Town Planning
Planning

The objective of the bill is to provide a domestic

condition for the people in which their physical
health, their morals, their character and their
whole social condition can be improved by what
we hope to secure in this bill.
The bill aims in broad outline at, and hopes to
secure the home healthy
secure,
healthy, the house beautiful
beautiful, the
town pleasant, the city dignified and the suburb
salubrious.
Preparation of schemes by local authorities for controlling the development of
new housing areas (raised the standard of new development).
Local authorities had to request authorization from Local Government Board
Schemes were zoning plans (i.e. land was zoned for industrial, residential).
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1st World War gap

g p
Interwar legislation

Expansion of urbanization & transportation

Housing and Town Planning Act - First revision of town planning legislation:
- preparation of schemes become obligatory on all borough and urban
,
inhabitants or more;;
districts of 20,000
- first approaches to supplying houses to the working class.
Tudor Walters Committee, 1918 (density and design)
Town and Country Planning Act of 1932.
planning
gp
powers to almost all types
yp of land ((built up
p & undeveloped).
p )
- extends p
Restriction of Ribbon Development Act, 1932.
- designed to control urban sprawl along roads.

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Major Criticism:
Planning schemes took too long to develop and be approved;
Little enforcement was used once approved;
Sometimes development would happen a priori to the plan;
Plans tended to promote more development than necessary.
In 1937, zoning for housing would accommodate 291 million people;
Depressed areas keep growing.

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London's population, 1931

Greater London: 8,110
8 110 358 people
Inner London: 4,397,003 people
London's economy and jobs
By 1938 London had 36,911 factories employing
743,173 people.
Industrial sectors: engineering (230,000 jobs),
clothing and shoes (180
(180,000
000 jobs),
jobs) food and drink
(90,000 jobs), furniture (70,000 jobs) and printing and
paper (67,000 jobs).
Light industry continued to move west: Hoover, EMI
and Coty all built smart new factories along the
western arterial roads.
On the east side of London the American car
manufacturer Ford opened a mammoth factory at
Dagenham in 1931. This factory was designed to
make cars for the British market and for export,
th
through
h London,
L d
to
t European
E
and
d world
ld markets.
k t

1932 Daily Express building, Fleet Street

1933 Senate House, Bloomsbury

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The 2nd World War

The entire industrial goal changed;
There was a great demand for labour;
Massive bombardment of cities;
Woman workforce play and important role.

These developments pre and post 2nd World War detailed during this lecture
set the stage for the second revolution in Planning Policy.

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Socio-economic context decades of 1920s and 1930s.

Massive crisis due to:
World recession;
War time;
Unemployment.
But at the same time:

Depressed regions;
Sever poverty;
Urban dereliction.

- New active industrial areas;

- Speculative house building industry;
- 1923 Housing Act promoting mortgages
through tax relieve;
- 2.7 million dwellings between 1930-1940;
- 1/3 of all dwelling being build since 1918.

Second World War

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1947 Town and Country Planning Act.

Act
- 1st comprehensive planning legislation;
- Imposing a compulsory planning duty to all local authorities;
- By 1951 all areas had to have development plans indicating:
main
i lland
d uses, ttransportt routes,
t
etc.
t
- Town maps stated clearly;
designated
designated comprehensive development areas (CDAs)
(CDAs)
- These were plans with a 25 year range.

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Impacts - I:
- Comprehensive and compulsory planning in the from of area based plans;
- Local reorganization of responsibilities;
- Increasing roll of public landownership and taxation of policies;
(1942 Uthwatt Report of the Expert Committee on Compensation and
Betterment)
- Compulsory purchase of land --- due to war or degradation
Global fund of compensation administered by the Central Land Board
(i e compensations,
(i.e.
compensations grants for planning permission);
- Land was supposed to be transacted at existent value;
- Regional policy induced industrial relocation through grants;
- Protection of rural areas and natural parks was promoted
(Nature Conservancy Council established in 1949).

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Impacts II
Th garden
The
d city
it model
d l iis ttransformed
f
d iinto
t a new ttown concept.
t
The 1966 Reith Report
p from the New Towns Committee and the New Towns Act.

32 new towns
- A Master Plan designed to be implemented in barren land;
- Public sector compulsory purchase of land;
- Limitation to the involvement of private sector.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbWqbg6If8o&feature=relmfu
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R db
Radburn

Letchworth

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Lecture 2 - The Planning

g Systems:
y
from 1950s and 1960s.

1947 Town and Planning Act

Post II WW Planning (50s & 60s)

Need to understand
planning system from:
- socio-economic
socio economic context.
context

Planning policies
and impacts on land.
- status of planning profession
and planning theory.

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Socio economic context decades of 1950s and 1960s

Socio-economic
Post world war euphoria:
p
New political changes (Labour government);
High hopes on technological progress;
Keynesian
K
i d
demand
d managementt principles;
i i l
Mix economy consensus through 50s and 60s
((rotation of Labour-conservative g
governments).
)
High
Hi h iindustrial
d t i l growth;
th
Increasing national exportation;
Increase concentration of capital;
p ;
End of Taylorism in production.

Increase in p
population
p
numbers;
Increase in employment;
Increase in immigration;
Increase in living standards;
Increase mobility of population.

More pressure for development,

increasing
g need for simple
p and easy
yp
processes of p
planning.
g
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Impacts for Planning - I

Multiplication of planning policy initiatives:
New
Ne to
towns;
ns
Regional policy;
Countryside
y
protection;
p
;
Pollutions control;
A- at first
Urban poverty;
30 new towns were developed between 1947
1947-1950.
1950
Housing;
Ho sing
Development corporations directed the planning
Transport.
and building of new settlements (master plan).

B after 1950
Emphasis was placed on expansion of existent towns
(1952 Town Development Act).
C 1957
95 new set of new towns to be developed.
p
Today : http://www.englishpartnerships.co.uk/newtowns.htm
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First generation:
Basildon, Bracknell, Crawley, Harlow,
Hatfield Hemel Hempstead
Hatfield,
Hempstead, Stevenage
Stevenage,
Welwyn Garden City, Corby, Cwmbran,
Newton Aycliffe, Peterlee
Second generation:
Redditch, Runcorn, Skelmersdale,
Washington
Third generation:
Milton Keynes, Northampton, Peterborough,
Telford, Warrington

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Impacts for Planning - III

1968 Town and Country Plan

Puts in place structure and detailed plans

plans.
Structure plans Written statement and a key diagram.
- Supported by an explanatory memorandum and a statement of public participation
and other consultations;
- Subject to continuous review;
- Includes other socio economic elements (not only physical plan).
Locall Plans
L
Pl
Written
W itt statement,
t t
t maps and
d other
th relevant
l
t descriptive
d
i ti materials.
t i l
Three types of Local Plans:
1. District Plans; 2. Subject or Topic Plans; 3. Action Area Plans
More involvement of public in plan making
(1969 Skeffington Committee on public participation, doc. People and Planning).
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Impacts for Planning - IV

Multiplication of planning policy initiatives:
New towns;
Regional policy;
Countryside protection;
Pollutions control;
Urban poverty;
Housing;
- Ministry of Housing and Local Government
Transport.

Promotes Green Belt widespread in 1962;

- Creation of country parks for leisure use of countryside
(Countryside acts of 1967 and 1968) designated and
maintained by local authorities;
- Both
B th the
th C
Councilil A
Actt and
dT
Town and
dC
Country
t A
Actt off 1968
promoted maintenance of footpaths.
- 1952 smog claimed 4000 lives
lives.
- Appointment of the Beaver Committee
(estimated economic cost on 350 million per annum).

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Impacts for Planning - V

Multiplication of planning policy initiatives:
New
Ne to
towns;
ns
Regional policy;
Countryside
y
protection;
p
;
Pollutions control;
Urban poverty;
Housing;
Ho sing
Transport.
- 1952 smog claimed 4000 lives
lives.
- Appointment of the Beaver Committee
(estimated economic cost on 350 million per annum).
1956 and 1968 Clean Air Acts
1951 and 1961 River Acts
1960 Noise Abatement Act
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Lecture 2 - The Planning

g Systems:
y
from 1970s

1947 Town and Planning Act.

Need to understand
planning system from:

Post II WW Planning (50s & 60s).

- Socio-economic
Socio economic context.
context

The 1970s collapse.

Planning policies
and impacts on land
- Status of planning profession
and planning theory.

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Broadwater Farm, Haringey

A late 1960s high density social housing run into an extreme condition during the 70s.

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Socio economic context decades of 1970s

Socio-economic
The crash of Euphoria
Euphoria and the crisis of the 70s:
70 s:
UK & European Economic Union, 1973;
1973-74 oils prices and interest rates growth;
Increasing awareness of negative impacts of economic growth
(Rachel Carson 1962 silent spring);
Massive unemployment and population movements;

London
L d llostt 0
0.5
5 million
illi off iinhabitants.
h bit t

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Lecture 2 - The Planning

g Systems:
y
from 1980s

1947 Town and Planning Act.

Need to understand
planning system from:

Post II WW Planning (50s & 60s).

- Socio-economic
Socio economic context.
context

The 1970s collapse.

The 1980s & the M. Thatcher years.

Planning policies
and impacts on land
- Status of planning profession
and planning theory.

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P i ti ti and
Privatisation
d Deregulation
D
l ti

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Socio-economic context decades of 1980s

The deepening of the crisis and the measures to control it:
- Worst unemployment and industrial disinvestment since the interwar period;
- Social tension and inner city riots (1980-81);
- The introduction of new technologies and the implications for the workforce;
- Changes in capital with the industrial restructuring;
- New patterns of production;
- New industrial locations;
- New housing needs and locations;
- Tight monetarist budget introduced by the conservative party during the 80s.

Election of Mrs. Margaret Thatcher in 1979, reconfirmation in 1983 and 1987.

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2015/2016

Impacts for Planning - I

High impacts for planning resulting from Mrs M. Thatcher governance.
Several institutions were terminated (some of them were declining for a time,
others were terminated by different policy orientations):
g
Economic Planning
g Councils;;
Regional
Office Development Permits;
Industrial Development Certificates;
abolished.
Metropolitan Counties were abolished
Regional Planning was replaced by the application of inner city policy
in depressed areas and a
a-spatial
spatial policies (i
(i.e.
e special employment schemes).
schemes)
Land use planning is restructured to a more market oriented approach.
Planning
g should be viewed as a more p
positive force ((less control).
)
- 1986 While paper Building Business not barriers;
- DoE circular 14/85 presumption of planning permission being granted;
- Several
S
l procedural
d l changes
h
(i
(i.e. h
housing
i studies
t di iinclude
l d planners
l
and
dh
house b
builders);
ild )
- Not only the process, but the time to perform planning activities was also considered;
- Structure plans became shorter and more focus.
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Impacts for Planning - II

High impacts for planning resulting from Mrs M. Thatcher governance.
Urban Policy has a focus on market-led approaches
Shift away from public sector provision:
- sale of council houses to occupiers;
- local authority homebuilding fell from 130000 in 1975 to 6000 in 1991
1991.
Public spending on council housing fell 80% (79-89)
Privatization of public estate
Emphasis on partnerships public-private (1985 White paper on Housing Improvements)
The entrepreneurial
entrepreneurial planning
Urban regeneration was characterized by a shift from public sector to private sector
development supported by subsidy and land transfer
development,
transfer.
The current council tax
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Impacts
p
for Planning
g - III
High impacts for planning resulting from M. Thatcher governance

Environmental Policy and Rural Policy were kept aside from major reforms

The UK rural p
policy
y tradition and the EC Env. Directives
are some of the main reasons for this continuity

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Lecture 2 - The Planning Systems: from 1970s

1947 Town and Planning Act

Need to understand
planning system from:

Post II WW Planning (50s & 60s)

- Socio-economic
Socio economic context

The 1970s collapse

The 1980s & the M. Thatcher years
The 1990s
Up to 2010

Planning policies
and impacts on land
- Status of planning profession
and planning theory

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Environmentally
Aware
But
No
Global consensus...

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The
Comeback to the

City
y Centre
and the sprawl
concerns

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Adapting to Climate Change

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZTeVpui1y1c

Global turmoil of the economic crisis

(the financial crisis is an urban crisis)
http://www guardian co uk/commentisfree/video/2012/may/28/david harvey financial crisis urban crisis video
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/video/2012/may/28/david-harvey-financial-crisis-urban-crisis-video

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Socio-economic context decades of 1990s and 21stt Century

The Labour Party in power Mr.
Mr Tony Blair (1997
(1997-2008),
2008)
and the Mr. Gordon Brown years (2008-2010).

The Coalition Government of Mr. Cameron and Mr. Clegg

gg (present
(p
day).
y)

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The Plan-Led system and the last years of the Labour Gov:
The plan-led
Th
l l d system.
t
The planning system in England and Wales follows a plan-led system. This
involves preparing plans that set out what can be built and where. The planled system was updated by an Act of Parliament (the Planning and
Compulsory Purchase Act) in December 2004.
Under the new law there are now two main levels of plan:
Regional Spatial Strategies - Each Regional Planning Body (such as the
north-east
north
east of England) is preparing a Regional Spatial Strategy.
Strategy This sets out
things such as how many homes are needed to meet the future needs of
people in the region, or whether the region needs a new major shopping
centre or an airport. (revoked 6 July 2010).
Local Development Frameworks - Each local planning authority is
preparing
p
p
g a Local Development
p
Framework. This is a folder of documents
that sets out how your local area may change over the next few years.
There may also be other types of plan, such as how to deal with waste.
These are usually prepared by County Councils.
These different types of plan are usually available in local libraries.
http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/england/genpub/en/1108751860481.html
http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2008/pdf/ukpga 20080029 en.pdf
http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2008/pdf/ukpga_20080029_en.pdf
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The New Planning System

NEW Planning Act, Changes to the Institutional Structure,
g to the spatial
p
scales, changes
g to the key
y drivers for p
planning.
g
Changes

The five key measures in the Localism Act, 2011:

Community rights;
g
p
planning;
g;
Neighbourhood
Housing;
General power of compete.

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THE LOCALISM ACT

Presented to Parliament on 13 December 2010 approved November 2011

- Will devolve greater powers to councils and neighbourhoods and give local
communities more control over housing and planning decisions.
Key areas:
Giving councils a general power of competence;
Allowing councils to choose to return to the committee system of governance and
allowing for referendums for elected mayors in certain authorities;
Giving residents the power to instigate local referendums on any local issue and the
power to veto excessive council tax increases;
Allowing councils more discretion over business rate relief;
Providing new powers to help save local facilities and services threatened with closure,
and
d giving
i i voluntary
l t
and
d community
it groups th
the right
i ht tto challenge
h ll
llocall authorities
th iti over
their services.
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THE LOCALISM ACT

The housing provisions will:
q
to have a Home Improvement
p
Pack;;
Abolish the requirement
Reform the Housing Revenue Account system ;
Provide for a new form of flexible tenure for social housing tenants;
Allow local authorities to discharge their duties to homeless people by using private
rented accommodation;
Give local authorities the power to limit who can apply for social housing within their
areas;
Abolish the Tenant Services Authority and provides for a transfer of functions to the
Homes and Communities Agency;
Amend the way in which a social tenant can make a complaint about their landlord;
Improve
p
the ability
y of social tenants to move to different areas.

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THE LOCALISM ACT, 2011

The planning and regeneration provisions will:
g
Spatial
p
Strategies;
g ;
Abolish Regional
Abolish the Infrastructure Planning Commission and return to a position where the
Secretary of State takes the final decision on major infrastructure proposals of national
importance;
Amend the Community Infrastructure Levy, which allows councils to charge developers
t pay for
to
f infrastructure.
i f t t
S
Some
off the
th revenue will
ill b
be available
il bl ffor th
the llocall community;
it
Provide for neighbourhood plans, which would be approved if they received 50% of the
votes cast in a referendum;
Provide for neighbourhood development orders to allow communities to approve
development without requiring normal planning consent;
Give new housing and regeneration powers to the Greater London Authority, while
abolishing
g the London Development
p
Agency.
g
y

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N i
National
l Pl
Planning
i P
Policy
li F
Framework
k (NPPF)

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Achieving Sustainable Development

International and national bodies have set out broad principles of sustainable
development. Resolution 42/187 of the United Nations General Assembly
defined sustainable development as meeting the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
The UK Sustainable Development Strategy Securing the Future set out five
guiding principles of sustainable development: living within the planets
environmental limits; ensuring a strong, healthy and just society; achieving a
sustainable
t i bl economy; promoting
ti good
d governance; and
d using
i sound
d science
i
responsibly.

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Three dimensions to sustainable development: economic, social and

environmental. These give rise to the need for the planning
system
t
to
t perform
f
a number
b off roles:
l
An economic role contributing to building a strong, responsive and
competitive economy, by ensuring that sufficient land of the right type is
available in the right places and at the right time to support growth and
y g and coordinating
g development
p
innovation;; and byy identifying
requirements, including the provision of infrastructure;
A social role supporting strong
strong, vibrant and healthy communities
communities, by
providing the supply of housing required to meet the needs of present and
future generations; and by creating a high quality built environment, with
accessible local services that reflect the communitys needs and support its
health, social and cultural well-being; and
An environmental role contributing to protecting and enhancing our
natural, built and historic environment; and, as part of this, helping to
p
biodiversity,
y use natural resources p
prudently,
y minimise waste and
improve
pollution, and mitigate and adapt to climate change including moving to
a low carbon economy.
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The presumption
Th
ti
in favour of sustainable
development

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2015/2016

Plan Making (evidence based):

1 Local Plans define strategic priorities

priorities:
The homes and jjobs needed in the area;;
The provision of retail, leisure and other commercial development;
The provision of infrastructure for transport, telecommunications, waste
management,
g
, water supply,
pp y, wastewater,, flood risk and coastal change
g
management, and the provision of minerals and energy (including heat);
The
Th provision
i i off health,
h lth security,
it community
it and
d cultural
lt l iinfrastructure
f t t
and
d
other local facilities; and
Climate change mitigation and adaptation, conservation and enhancement
of the natural and historic environment, including landscape.

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60

Plan Making (evidence based):

2 Neighbourhood plans
Neighbourhood planning gives communities direct power to develop
a shared vision for their neighbourhood and deliver the sustainable
development they need. Parishes and neighbourhood forums can use
neighbourhood planning to:
Set planning policies through neighbourhood plans to determine decisions
on planning applications; and
Grant planning permission through Neighbourhood Development Orders
and Community Right to Build Orders for specific development which complies
with the order.

PGR01: Lecture 2
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61

2015/2016

XIX & beginning of XXI century

Post 2nd WW

The 70s

Today

Social & Economic Context____________________________________________

Planning Policy______________________________________________________
Pl
Planning
i Th
Theory______________________________________________________

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Need to understand
planning system from:
- Socio-economic context.
Planning policies
and impacts on land
- Status of planning profession
and planning theor
theory.
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63

2015/2016

19th and
Early 20th
centuries

Interwar
period and
2nd WW

Postwar
consensus

Crisis

Thatcherism

The third
way

Economic and
social change

Industrializ.,
Urbanization,
War

Recession &
restructuring,
War and
reconstruction

Post war boom,

Mixed economy,
Consensus
politics

Turning point in
economic growth,
Urban-rural shift,
Inner city decline

Recession (and
recovery), New
techn., Collapse of
mix-economy
consensus

Globalization
of:
-Politics,
-Economics,
Env. change
-Env.

Salient
Political
Issues

Public health,
Social unrest

Regional
unemployment,
Suburban
growth

Increasing living
standards,
Rapid
development

Racism and urban

disorder,
Excess of economic
growth

Unemployment,
Track record of
public sector

European
integration,
Global env.
Crisis, Rural
Crisis

Key planning
activities

Housing,
Public,
sanitation

Regional
Planning

New Towns,
Redevelopment

Inner city policy,

Rehabilitation and
conservation
conservation,
Pollution control

Urban regeneration,
Countryside policy,
flagship projects

Modernization,
Social inclusion,
Sustainable
development,

Planning
Profession

Architects,
Engineers

Growth of
separate
identity

Corporate
planners

Crisis of competence

Retrenchment,
Privatization

Reassessment

Theoretical
Framework

Environmt.
determinism

Emergent
planning theory

Procedural
planning theory

Critiques: Organization
theory (1), welfare
econom., radical political
economy, urban
politics/sociology

Political ideologies:
New Right (1)
New Left (2)
Reprise:
Env. Economics(3)

Colaborative
planning (1)
Reprise:Radic
al politic.
Ecology, env.
justice

Normative
Conceptualizat
ion of
Planning

Urban design

Public sector
direction of land
use

Generic decision
making

1. Policy
implementation,
2. Resolving market
failure and crisis
3. Community
empowerment

(Rydin, p. 10)

PGR01: Lecture 2
Elisabete A. Silva
2015/2016

Economic Devel.,
Community
Empowerment,

Place making,
Community
Empowerment

64

References :
Allmendinger, Phil (2009) Planning Theory. Palgrave
Chapter 8 and Chapter 9
Haughton, G. and Allmendinger, P. (2013) Spatial Planning and the New Localism,
Routledge
Rydin, Y. (2013) the Future of Planing. Policy Press: University of Bristol.
Please download Planning Act 2011, NPPF 2012 from:
DCLG - http://www.communities.gov.uk/
The Planning
g Portal http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/
p
p
gp
g

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