5).

GOVERNORSA governor is required on a diesel engine to controlthe idling and maximum speeds of the engine,
withsome governors being designed to control the speedwithin the overall operating range of the engine. It ispossible for the
operator to control the engine speedbetween idle and maximum through the operation of thethrottle. Idle and maximum speeds
must be controlledto prevent the engine from stalling during low-speedidle and to keep the speed from exceeding the
maximumdesired limits desired by the manufacturer. The mainreason that a diesel requires a governor is that a dieselengine
operates with excess air under all loads andspeeds.Even though it is not part of the fuel system, agovernor is directly related to
this system since itfunctions to regulate speed by the control of fuel or ofthe air-fuel mixture, depending on the type of engine.
Indiesel engines governors are connected in the linkagebetween the throttle and the fuel injectors. Thegovernor acts
through the fuel injection equipment toregulate the amount of fuel delivered to the cylinders.As a result the governor holds
engine speed reasonablyconstant during fluctuations in load.Before discussing governor types and operations,governor terms
should be addressed and understoodsince they are commonly used when discussing enginespeed regulation.TermsTo
understand why different types of governors areneeded for different kinds of job, you will need to knowthe meaning
of several terms that are used in describingthe characteristics of action of the governor.Maximum no-load speed or high idle
is used todescribe the highest engine rpm obtainable whenthe throttle linkage is moved to its maximumposition with no load
applied to the engine.Maximum full-load speed or rated speed isused to indicate the engine rpm at which aparticular engine
will produce its maximumdesigned horsepower setting as stated by themanufacturer.Idle or low-idle speed is used to
indicate thenormal speed at which the engine will rotate withthe throttle linkage in the released or closedposition,Work
capacity is used to describe the amount ofavailable work energy that can be produced tothe output shaft of the
governor.Stability refers to the ability of the governor tomaintain speed with either constant or varyingloads without
hunting.Speed droop is used to express the difference inthe change in the governor rotating speed whichcauses the output
shaft of the governor to movefrom its full-open throttle position to its full-closed position or vice versa.Hunting is a
repeated and sometimes rhythmicvariation of speed due to overcontrol by thegovernor. Also called speed drift.Sensitivity is an
expression of how quickly thegovernor responds to a speed change.Response time is normally the time taken inseconds for
the fuel linkage to be moved from ano-load to a full-load position.Isochronous is used to indicate zero-droopcapability. In
others words, the full-load and no-load speeds are the same.Overrun is used to express the action of thegovernor when
the engine exceeds its maximumgoverned speed.

Underrun is a simple term to describe the abilityof the governor to prevent engine speed fromdropping below a set idle, particularly when thethr
maximum full-load position.Deadband is the change in speed requiredbefore the governor will make a correctivemovement of the throttle.St
centrifugal force of the rotatingflyweights of the governor matches and balancesthe spring force of the governor.Types of GovernorsThe type of g

required. The six basictypes of governors are as follows:1.2.3.4.5.6.Mechanical centrifugal flyweight style thatrelies on a set of rotating flyweights and ac
control its speed.Power-assisted servomechanical style thatoperates similar to the mechanical centrifugalflyweight but uses engine oil under pressure
the movementof a pilot valve plunger to control pressurized oilflow to a power piston, which, in turn, moves thefuel control mechanism.Pneumatic gove
manifold of anengine. A diaphragm within the governorhousing is connected to the fuel control linkagethat changes its setting with increases ordec
magneticspeed pickup sensor on an engine-drivencomponent to monitor the rpm of the engine.The sensor sends a voltage signal to anelectronic c
connected to thefuel linkage.Electronic governor uses magnetic speed sensorto monitor the rpm of the engine. The sensorcontinuously feeds informatio
computes all the information sent from allother engine sensors, such as the throttleposition sensor, turbocharger-boost sensor,engine oil pressure and
tolimit engine speed.The governors, used on heavy-duty truckapplications and construction equipment, fall into oneof two basic categories:1. Limit
minimum/maximum models since they areintended to control the idle and maximum speedsettings of the engine. Normally there is nogovernor control
throttlelinkage.2. Variable-speed or all range governors that aredesigned to control the speed of the engineregardless of the throttle setting.Other types of g
speed, intended to maintain the engineat a single speed from no load to full load.Load limiting, to limit the load applied to theengine at any given
maybe running.Load-control, used for adjusting to the amountof load applied at the engine to suit the speed atwhich it is set to run.Pressure regulating, us
outletpressure on the pump.At this time on heavy-duty truck and constructionequipment applications, straight mechanically designedunits dominate th
systems.Mechanical GovernorsIn most governors installed on diesel engines usedby the Navy, the centrifugal force of rotating weights(flyballs) and
governor operation. On this basis,most of the governors used on diesel engines aregenerally called mechanical centrifugal flyweightgovernors.

Electronic Governors5-12The recent introduction of electronically controlleddiesel fuel injection system on several
heavy-duty high-speed truck engines has allowed the speed of the dieselengine to be controlled electronically, rather
thanmechanically. The same type of balance condition in amechanical governor occurs in an electronic governor.The major
difference is that in the electronic governor,electric currents (amperes) and voltages (pressure) areused together instead of
mechanical weight and springforces. This is possible through the use of magneticpickup sensor (MPS), which is, in effect, a
permanent-magnet single-pole device. This magnetic pickupconcept is being used on all existing electronic
systemsand its operation can be considered common to all ofthem. MPSs are a vital communications link betweenthe
engine crankshaft speed and the onboard computer(ECM). The MPS is installed next to a drive shaft gearmade of a material
that reacts to a magnetic field. Aseach gear tooth passes the MPS, the gear interrupts theMPSs magnetic field. This, in turn,
produces an accurrent signal, which corresponds to the rpm of theengine. This signal is sent to the ECM to establish
theamount of fuel that should be injected into thecombustion chambers of the engine. Electronic speedgoverning systems
are set up to provide six basicgoverning modes:1. Idle speed control2. Maximum speed control3. Power takeoff speed
control4. Vehicle speed cruise control5. Engine speed cruise control6. Road speed limitingEach of the control modes above is
described inmore detail below.1. The idle speed control provides fixed speedcontrol over the entire torque capability of
theengine.Also, the idle speed set point iscalculated as a function of the enginetemperature to provide an
optional cold idlespeed, which is usually several hundred rpmhigher than normal operating temperature.2. The engine
maximum rpm setting can beprogrammed for different settings. This canimprove fuel economy by eliminating
engineoverspeed in all gear ranges.3. The power takeoff speed control setting canoperate at any speed between idle
andmaximum. The operator uses rotary control or atoggle switch in the cab to vary electronicallythe engine power to the
PTO from idle to thepreset rpm.4. Vehicle and engine cruise control includes set,resume, and coast features similar to that of
apassenger car, as well as an accelerate (ACCEL)mode to provide a fixed speed increase eachtime the control switch is
activated.5. The road speed limiting function allows theorganization assigned to determine whatmaximum vehicle road
speed they desireindependent of the maximum governed speedsetting of the engine.Road speed governingprovides the
best method for ensuring ideal fueleconomy.The major advantage of the electronic governorover the mechanical governor
lies in its ability tomodify speed reference easily by various means tocontrol such things as acceleration and deceleration, as
well as load