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OSK2014 08 Input Output

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OSK2014 08 Input Output

osk

Uploaded by

Arfy Arriefya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Input Output (IO)

Organisasi Sistem Komputer


Priyanto
E-mail : [email protected]
Program Studi Pendidikan Teknik Elektronika
Jurusan Pendidikan Teknik Elektronika
FT UNY 2014

IO controller

IO devices
Storage

Device mana yang paling lambat?


2

I/O devices serve two main purposes


To communicate with outside world
To store data

I/O controller acts as an interface between the systems


bus and I/O device
Relieves the processor of low-level details
Takes care of electrical interface

I/O controllers have three types of registers


Data
Command
Status

Basic I/O hardware


ports, buses, devices and controllers

I/O Software
Interrupt Handlers, Device Driver, DeviceIndependent Software, User-Space I/O Software

Important concepts
Three ways to perform I/O operations
Polling, interrupt and DMAs

Copyright : Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher

Storage devices (disk, tapes)


Transmission devices (network card, modem)
Human interface devices (screen, keyboard,
mouse)
Specialized device (joystick)
Barcode reader

Copyright : Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher

I/O units typically consist of


A mechanical component: the device itself
An electronic component: the device controller or
adapter.

Interface between controller and device is a very low


level interface.
Example:
Disk controller converts the serial bit stream, coming
off the drive into a block of bytes, and performs error
correction.

Copyright : Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher

Copyright : Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher

Device-specific code to control an IO device, is usually written


by device's manufacturer
disk driver has to know about sectors, tracks, heads, etc).

A device driver is usually part of the OS kernel


Compiled with the OS
Dynamically loaded into the OS during execution

Each device driver handles


one device type (e.g., mouse)
one class of closely related devices (e.g., SCSI disk driver to handle
multiple disks of different sizes and different speeds.).

Categories:
Block devices
Character devices
Copyright : Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher

Copyright : Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher

10

Cadangan

Cadangan

5120
5119
Input Output
4096
4095

Memory

Cadangan

5120
5119
4096
4095

Memory
Input Output
0

Memory Mapped

1023

IO Mapped (Isolated IO)


11

Data
Address
Write
Read

Main
Memory

Memiliki 2
instruksi
sekaligus untuk
Memori dan IO

CPU

Write
Read

IO Port 1

IO Port 2

IO Device 1

IO Port 3

IO Device 2

12

Data
Address
M Write

IO Write
IO Read

M Read

Main
Memory

Memiliki 4
instruksi
untuk memori
dan IO

CPU

M Write
M Read
IO Write
IO Read

IO Port 1

IO Port 2

IO Device 1

IO Port 3

IO Device 2

13

Programmed IO
Interrupt Driven
Direct Memory Access
(DMA)

14

Mulai
Baca Status
Lakukan tugas
lain
Tidak

Periksa Status

Divais
Siap?
Ya

Layani Divais
15

Connections between devices and interrupt controller actually


use interrupt lines on the bus rather than dedicated wires
Copyright : Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher

16

Menangguhkan eksekusi program yang sedang


berlangsung
Menyimpan statusnya
Melompat ke interrup service routine (ISR)
Kembali untuk melanjutkan eksekusi program
yang diinterupsi

17

18

Permasalahan programmed I/O


Waktu CPU terbuang untuk polling, contoh:
Menunggu keyboard ditekan
Menunggu keyboard dilepas

Tidak memenuhi untuk batasan waktu yang berkaitan


dengan beberapa divais:
Membaca dan menulis ke disk

DMA Membebaskan prosesor dari tanggung jawab


transfer data

DMA is implemented using a DMA controller


DMA controller
Acts as slave to processor
Receives instructions from processor
Example: Reading from an I/O device
Processor gives details to the DMA controller

I/O device number


Main memory buffer address
Number of bytes to transfer
Direction of transfer (memory I/O device, or vice
versa)

Contoh DMA untuk Disk


CPU memprogram DMAC: men-set register untuk
menentukan alamat sumber/tujuan, jumlah byte,
dan informasi kontrol (read atau write)
DMAC melanjutkan untuk mengoperasikan bus
memori secara langsung tanpa bantuan CPU utama
Disk controller mentransfer data ke memori utama

Disk controller acks transfer to DMA controller


Copyright : Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher

22

Copyright : Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher

23

A d d r e s s /d a ta
bus
a n d r e a d /w r ite
c o n tr o l s ig n a l

D a ta

M e m o ry

C o n tr o l
S ta tu s
P ro g ra m m e d
I/O in te r fa c e

CPU

I/O d e v ic e

(a )

A d d r e s s /d a ta
bus
a n d r e a d /w r ite
c o n tr o l s ig n a l

D a ta
C o n tr o l
S ta tu s

M e m o ry

24

P ro g ra m m e d
I/O in te r fa c e

CPU

I/O d e v ic e

(a )

A d d r e s s /d a ta
bus
a n d r e a d /w r ite
c o n tr o l s ig n a l

D a ta
C o n tr o l

M e m o ry

S ta tu s
In te r r u p t s ig n a l

CPU

P ro g ra m m e d
I/O in te r fa c e

I/O d e v ic e

(b )
A d d r e s s /d a ta
bus
a n d r e a d /w r ite

D a ta

25

CPU

I/O in te r fa c e

I/O d e v ic e

(b )
A d d r e s s /d a ta
bus
a n d r e a d /w r ite
c o n tr o l s ig n a l

D a ta

M e m o ry

C o n tr o l
S ta tu s
In te r r u p t s ig n a l

CPU

P ro g ra m m e d
I/O in te r fa c e

D M A s ig n a l
I/O d e v ic e

(c )

26

27

There are many standards for I/O buses and


interfaces
Standards allow open architectures
Many vendors can provide peripheral (I/O) devices
for many different systems

Most systems support several I/O buses and


I/O interfaces

Expansion buses or slots


Disk interfaces
External buses
Communications interfaces

These are slots on the motherboard


Examples

ISA Industry Standard Architecture


PCI Personal Component Interconnect
EISA Extended ISA
SIMM Single Inline Memory Module
DIMM Dual Inline Memory Module
MCA Micro-Channel Architecture
AGP Accelerated Graphics Port
VESA Video Electronics Standards Association
PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International
Association (not just memory!)

3 ISA
slots

5 PCI slots

Pentium CPU

6 SIMM
slots

2 DIMM
slots

Expansion buses or slots


Disk interfaces
External buses
Communications buses

ATA AT Attachment (named after IBM PC-AT)


IDE Integrated Drive Electronics (same as ATA)
Enhanced IDE
Encompasses several older standards (ST-506/ST-412, IDE, ESDI,
ATA-2, ATA-3, ATA-4)

Floppy disk
SCSI Small Computer Systems Interface
ESDI Enhanced Small Device Interface (mid-80s, obsolete)
PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International
Association)
SATA Serial AT Attachment

High-speed serial connection between motherboard


and drive
Serial cables can be longer than parallel ones
Cables are easier to work with
Speeds of 150MB/sec and higher possible

Expansion buses or slots


Disk interfaces
External buses
Communications buses

Parallel sometimes called LPT (line printer)


Serial typically RS232C (sometimes RS422)
PS/2 for keyboards and mice
USB Universal Serial Bus
IrDA Infrared Device Attachment
FireWire new, very high speed, developed by
IEEE
FireWire kalah dengan USB di pasaran.

Expansion buses or slots


Disk interfaces
External buses
Communications buses

For connecting systems to systems


Parallel/LPT
special purpose, e.g., using special software
(Laplink) to transfer data between systems

Serial/RS232C
To connect a system to a voice-grade modem

Ethernet
To connect a system to a high-speed network

39

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