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Static and Dynamic Balancing of Rigid Rotor by FEM

This document discusses different types of unbalance that can occur in rigid rotors and how they are balanced. It defines static unbalance as an eccentric mass that can be corrected with a single weight, and couple unbalance as two equal masses 180 degrees out of phase requiring two weights. Dynamic unbalance is a combination requiring measurements and corrections in two planes. The goal of balancing is to minimize vibrations and increase machine life by addressing unbalances through measurement and adding compensating masses.

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Tibebu Meride
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274 views

Static and Dynamic Balancing of Rigid Rotor by FEM

This document discusses different types of unbalance that can occur in rigid rotors and how they are balanced. It defines static unbalance as an eccentric mass that can be corrected with a single weight, and couple unbalance as two equal masses 180 degrees out of phase requiring two weights. Dynamic unbalance is a combination requiring measurements and corrections in two planes. The goal of balancing is to minimize vibrations and increase machine life by addressing unbalances through measurement and adding compensating masses.

Uploaded by

Tibebu Meride
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Static and Dynamic Balancing of Rigid Rotor by FEM

Introduction
Unbalance is the most common source of vibration in machines with rotating parts. It is a
very important factor to be considered in modern machine design, especially where high
speed and reliability are significant considerations. Balancing of rotors prevents
excessive loading of bearings and avoids fatigue failure, thus increasing the useful life of
machinery. This application note will demonstrate how simple and straight-for- ward it is
to balance rigid rotors.
Basic Theory and Definitions
Unbalance in a rotor is the result of an uneven distribution of mass, which causes the
rotor to vibrate. The vibration is produced by the interaction of an unbalanced mass
component with the radial acceleration due to rotation, which together generate a
centrifugal force. Since the mass component rotates, the force also rotates and tries to
move the rotor along the line of action of the force. The vibration will be transmitted to
the rotor's bearings, and any point on the bearing will experience this force once per
revolution. Balancing is the process of attempting to improve the mass distribution of a
rotor, so that it rotates in its bearings without uncompensated centrifugal forces. This
usually done by adding compensating masses to the rotor at prescribed locations. It can
also be done by removing fixed quantities of material, for example by drilling.
Filed balancing is the process of balancing a rotor in its own bearings and supporting
structure, rather than in balancing machine.
Static unbalance is defined as the eccentricity of the center of gravity of a rotor, by
caused by appoint mass of at a Certain radius from the center of rotation (see fig.1). an
equal mass, placed at an angle of 1800 to the unbalanced mass and at the same radius, is
required to restore the center of gravity to the center of rotation. Static balancing
involves resolving primary forces into one plane and adding a correction mass in that
plane only. Many rotating parts which have most of their mass concentrated in or very

near one plane, such as fly wheels, grindstones, car wheels, etc., can be treated as static
balancing problems. If a rotor has a diameter of more than 7 to 10 times its width, it is
usually treated as a single- plane rotor.

static unbalance

Fig.

Centrifugal force
F =m r 2 [N]
unbance
U

=m r

[g mm]

1.

Static

unbalance

specific unbalance

r
e =m
M

[g mm/kg]=[m]

Couple (Moment) Unbalance may be found in a rotor whose diameter is less than 7 to 10
times its width. In the case of a cylinder, shown in Fig. 2, it is possible to have two equal
masses placed symmetrically about the Centre of gravity, but positioned at 180 from
each other. The rotor is in static balance, i.e. there is no eccentricity of the center of
gravity, but when the rotor turns, the two masses cause a shift in the inertia axis, so that it
is no longer aligned with the rotation axis, leading to strong vibrations in the bearings.
The unbalance can only be corrected by taking vibration measurements with the rotor
turning and adding correction masses in two planes. The difference between static
balance and couple balance is illustrated in Fig. 3. It can be seen that when the rotor is
stationary, the end masses balance each other. However, when it rotates, a strong
unbalance is experienced.

couple unbalance

|F 1|

<F1+1800=<F2

|F 2|

Fig. 2. Couple unbalance


Dynamic Unbalance, illustrated in Fig. 4, is a combination of static and couple unbalance
and is the most common type of unbalance found in rotors.
To correct dynamic unbalance, it is necessary to make vibration measurements while the
machine is running and to add balancing masses in two planes. Rotors are classified as
being either rigid or flexible. This Application Note is concerned with rigid rotors only. A
rigid rotor is one whose service speed is less than 50% of its first critical speed. Above
this speed, the rotor is said to be flexible. A rigid rotor can be balanced by making
corrections
in any two arbitrarily selected planes. I he balancing procedure tor flexible rotors is more
complicated, because of the elastic deflections of the rotor.

Fig. 3. Static balance, couple unbalance

Fig. 4. Dynamic unbalance


The aim of rotor balancing is to achieve satisfactory running when installed in the
assembly, translated in an acceptable magnitude of vibrations caused by the unbalance
remaining in the rotor. Most rotors are balanced after manufacturing because of limited
access after assembling. The standards classify the rotors according to their balancing
requirements and establish the methods of assessment of residual unbalance.
The basic assumptions in this rigid rotor model are listed as follows.
A1.

The rotor is a rigid shaft with a circular cross section and the imbalance is a

concentrated mass on the shaft.


A2. The bearings are isotropic and modeled as a set of linear springs and dampers. The
bearings are located at each end of the shaft. The mass center of the rotor is located at the
midpoint between the two bearings. This simplifies the
Literature
The physical conditions that can result in unbalance include:
Variation of material density due to voids (binding force), porosity, or finish.
Tolerances in fabrication, casting, machining. Or assembly.

Unsymmetrical parts such as motor winding or built-up rotor.


Shifting of parts due to shaft distortion, shrink fit, aerodynamic forces, or thermal effects.
Types of unbalance
As stated in theory of balancing (1973), ISO Recommendation No,1925 lists four
primary types of unbalance conditions: static, couple, quasi-static and dynamic. An
unbalance or balance weight is expressed in terms of amass multiplied by the radius.
Static unbalance
The word static refers to something that is stationary. Large static unbalance can be
detected with a gravity type balancing method where a rotor is placed on knife-edges.
For this test, the rotor is not spinning, but will tend to roll so that the heavy spot is
download. Static unbalance may occur in thin, disc-shaped parts such impellers, fly
wheels, and fans. Figure 3 shows how the principal axis of inertia of differs from the axis
of rotation, but is still parallel. Thus a pure static unbalance can be corrected with a
single balance weight. An eccentric rotor can be also thought of as creating astatic
unbalance condition. addition, if a rotor contained two or more equal unbalances that
could be combined into an equivalent unbalance at the center of- gravity(CG), this too
would be considered static unbalance since the condition could be corrected with a single
weight.

Figure3:example of static unbalance

Couple unbalance
A couple unbalance occurs when two equal unbalances are 180o out of phase and on
opposite ends of a rotor. Figure 4 shows that for this condition, the principal axis of
inertia will inertia will intersect the rotational axis at the rotor CG. If placed on knifeedges, a rotor with pure coupling unbalance will not roll to a heavy spot since no static
unbalance is present. Therefore, a dynamic method of balancing must be used while the
rotor is spinning. The moment forces will produce vibration with different phase angles
at each bearing thus giving in an indication of couple unbalance.

Figure 4: example of couple unbalance


Note that his type of unbalance is not correctable with just a single weight. To create a
counter acting couple, at least two weights in two separate planes are required. Again, the
equivalent balance weights and proper couple dont have to match the exact locations of
the unbalance and could be produced by many combinations of mass, radius, and axial
position along the shaft.
Quasi-static unbalance
There are cases where a single weight or combination of weights many appear to create a
static unbalance; however, the principal axis of inertia intersects the rotational axis of the
rotor at appoint that does not coincide with the CG. Quasi-static unbalance can occur due
to the axial location of the unbalance mass(es)on the rotor.

Figure 5: quasi- static unbalance


For example, an unbalanced coupling that is overhung from the drive-end bearing can be
considered a quasi- static unbalance condition (figure 5). Combinations of static
unbalance and couple unbalance where the angular positions of the weights coincide can
also create quasi-static unbalance in rotor, which is really a subset of dynamic balance.
Dynamic unbalance
The unbalance types reviewed so far have been simplified examples. In general,
unbalance of a rotor may be located at numerous locations. Dynamic unbalance occurs
frequently in machinery such as multi-staged compressors or steam turbines and must be
corrected using at least two balance planes. Figure6 shows that for dynamic unbalance,
the principal axis of inertia is not coincident with the rotational axis.

Figure 6: dynamic unbalance

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