Mis Project
Mis Project
Definition-:
The Management Information System (MIS) is a concept of the last decade or
two. It has been understood and described in a number ways. It is also known as
the Information System, the Information and Decision System, the Computerbased information System.
The MIS has more than one definition, some of which are give below.
1. The MIS is defined as a system which provides information support for decision
Making in the organization.
2. The MIS is defined as an integrated system of man and machine for providing
the information to support the operations, the management and the decision
making function in the organization.
3.The MIS is defined as a system based on the database of the organization
evolved for the purpose of providing information to the people in the organization.
4. The MIS is defined as a Computer, based Information System.
Management information system can thus be analyzed as-:
Management
Management covers the planning, control, and administration of the operations of a
concern. The top management handles planning; the middle management
concentrates on controlling; and the lower management is concerned with actual
administration.
Information
Information, in MIS, means the processed data that helps the management in
planning, controlling and operations. Data means all the facts arising out of the
operations of the concern. Data is processed i.e. recorded, summarized, compared
and finally presented to the management in the form of MIS report.
System
Data is processed into information with the help of a system. A system is made up
of inputs, processing, output and feedback or control.
Thus MIS means a system for processing data in order to give proper information
to the management for performing its functions
Objectives of MIS
Goals of an MIS are to implement the organizational structure and dynamics of the
enterprise for the purpose of managing the organization in a better way and
capturing the potential of the information system for competitive advantage
Following are the basic objectives of an MIS:
1.Capturing Data: capturing contextual data, or operational information that will
contribute in decision making from various internal and external sources of
organization.
2. Processing Data: the captured data is processed into information needed for
planning, organizing, coordinating, directing and controlling functionalities at
strategic, tactical and operational level. Processing data means:
o making calculations with the data
o sorting data
o classifying data and
o summarizing data
3. Information Storage: information or processed data need to be stored for future
use.
4. Information Retrieval: the system should be able to retrieve this information
from the storage as and when required by various users
Characteristics of MIS:
Following are the characteristics of an MIS:
1. It should be based on a long-term planning.
2 .It should provide a holistic view of the dynamics and structure of the
organization.
3. It should work as a complete and comprehensive system covering all
interconnecting sub-systems within the organization.
4. It should be planned in a top-down way, as the decision makers or the
management should actively take part and provide clear direction at the
development stage of the MIS.
5. It should be based on need of strategic, operational and tactical information of
managers of an organization.
6 .It should also take care of exceptional situations by reporting such situations.
7. It should be able to make forecasts and estimates, and generate advanced
information, thus providing a competitive advantage. Decision makers can take
actions on the basis of such predictions.
8. It should create linkage between all sub-systems within the organization, so that
the decision makers can take the right decision based on integrated view.
9. It should allow easy flow of information through various sub-systems, thus
avoiding redundancy and duplicity of data. It should simplify the operations with
as much practicability as possible.
10.Although the MIS is an integrated, complete system, it should be made in such
a flexible way that it could be easily split into smaller sub-systems as and when
required.
11. A central database is the backbone of a well-built MIS.
Function of MIS
Capturing Data: capturing contextual data, or operational information that will
contribute in decision making from various internal and external sources of
organization
Application of MIS
1 Personnel management
2. Production management
3. Financial management
4. Material management
5. Marketing management
1. Personal Management.
It has a primary function of providing suitable manpower in number and
certain ability, skill and knowledge, as the business organizations demands
from
time
to
time.
Its goal is to control personnel cost through continuous increase in
manpower productivity by resorting the following techniques:
HRD
through
training
and
Motivation
through
leadership
- Structuring the organization
upgrading
and
job
the
skills.
enrichment.
3.FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Its function has a primary objective of meeting the financial needs of the
business, from time to time, by the way of providing working capital and
long-term capital to run the business with the goal of containing the cost of
the capital at minimum.
Declaration of audit financial results, submit all reports and returns to the
Government and Tax authorities.
4.Marketing Management
It deals with satisfying the consumer. The scope of function starts from
identifying the need of customer, evolving product concept, designing the
product, positioning the product in market and selling in the appropriate price.
ActivitiesMarket research
Consumer survey
Advertising
Sales promotion campaign
Stocking of products
5.Materials Management
To provide material for production, maintenance and services at economical
prices, in an appropriate quantity and quality with easy stock outs and with no
extra cost of carrying the inventory.
The scope of materials management function is procurement, stocking
control of inventory.
Predictability
Reliability
Consistency
Information
Information, in MIS, means the processed data that helps the management in
planning, controlling and operations. Data means all the facts arising out of the
operations of the concern. Data is processed i.e. recorded, summarized,
compared and finally presented to the management in the form of MIS report.
System
Data is processed into information with the help of a system. A system is made
up of inputs, processing, output and feedback or control.
Thus MIS means a system for processing data in order to give proper
information to the management for performing its functions
Typical information that a decision support application might gather and present
would be:
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ESS mainly deals with data related to key departments like billing,
accounting, scheduling, staffing etc. In addition to providing quick access to
the data, ESS also acts as an analysis tool and provides good understanding
of the various possible outcomes depending upon the changes in input data.
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ESS thus saves valuable time of the executives in digging the huge pile of
information to identify the critical data and helps them spend more time on
brainstorming and decision making by providing only the required data.
ESS can be used to view and analyze both the present data and predicted
future data.
ESS can be customized to suite the user requirements and its functioning is
solely dependent on the skills of the developer.
2.
3.
4.
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Concept of Information
Definition-:
Information is stimuli that have meaning in some context for its receiver. When
information is entered into and stored in a computer, it is generally referred to
as data After processing (such as formatting and printing), output data can again
be perceived as information.
Types of Information
Strategic Information-:
Strategic information is required by the manager at the strategic levels of
management for the formulation of organizational strategies. This relates to
long term planning policies of the organization as a whole.
Tactical Information-:
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Concept of System
Definition-:
A system is a collection of elements or components that are organized
for a common purpose.
A computer system consists of hardware components that have been carefully
chosen so that they work well together and software components or programs
that run in the computer.
Kind of Systems
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Most of the physical systems are user-machine (or human machines) systems It is
difficult to think of a system composed only of people who do not utilize
equipment of some kind to achieve their goals. In user-machine systems, both, i.e.
human as well as machine perform some activities in the accomplishment of a goal
(e.g. decision-making). The machine elements (may be computer hardware and
software) are relatively closed and deterministic, whereas the human elements of
the system are open and probabilistic.
Stages in SDLC
Different Stages in SDLC
1. Planning and Requirement Analysis: Requirement analysis is the most
important and fundamental stage in SDLC. It is performed by the senior members
of the team with inputs from the customer, the sales department, market surveys
and domain experts in the industry. This information is then used to plan the basic
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The product may first be released in a limited segment and tested in the real
business environment (UAT- User acceptance testing).
Then based on the feedback, the product may be released as it is or with suggested
enhancements in the targeting market segment. After the product is released in the
market, its maintenance is done for the existing customer base.
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1. Waterfall Model-:
Waterfall approach was first SDLC Model to be used widely in Software
Engineering to ensure success of the project. In "The Waterfall" approach,
the whole process of software development is divided into separate phases.
In Waterfall model, typically, the outcome of one phase acts as the input for
the next phase sequentially.
Following is a diagrammatic representation of different phases of waterfall
model
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4. Integration and Testing: All the units developed in the implementation phase
are integrated into a system after testing of each unit. Post integration the entire
system is tested for any faults and failures.
5. Deployment of system: Once the functional and non functional testing is done,
the product is deployed in the customer environment or released into the market.
6. Maintenance: There are some issues which come up in the client environment.
To fix those issues patches are released. Also to enhance the product some better
versions are released. Maintenance is done to deliver these changes in the customer
environment.
2. Iterative Model-:
Iterative process starts with a simple implementation of a subset of the
software requirements and iteratively enhances the evolving versions until the
full system is implemented. At each iteration, design modifications are made
and new functional capabilities are added. The basic idea behind this method
is to develop a system through repeated cycles (iterative) and in smaller
portions at a time (incremental).
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3. Spiral Model-:
Spiral model is a combination of iterative development process model and
sequential linear development model i.e. waterfall model with very high
emphasis on risk analysis. It allows for incremental releases of the product,
or incremental refinement through each iteration around the spiral.
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This phase starts with gathering the business requirements in the baseline spiral. In
the subsequent spirals as the product matures, identification of system
requirements, subsystem requirements and unit requirements are all done in this
phase.
This also includes understanding the system requirements by continuous
communication between the customer and the system analyst. At the end of the
spiral the product is deployed in the identified market.
2. Design
Design phase starts with the conceptual design in the baseline spiral and involves
architectural design, logical design of modules, physical product design and final
design in the subsequent spirals.
3. Construct or Build
Construct phase refers to production of the actual software product at every spiral.
In the baseline spiral when the product is just thought of and the design is being
developed a POC (Proof of Concept) is developed in this phase to get customer
feedback.
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Spiral Model is very widely used in the software industry as it is in synch with the
natural development process of any product i.e. learning with maturity and also
involves minimum risk for the customer as well as the development firms.
Following are the typical uses of Spiral model:
1. When costs there is a budget constraint and risk evaluation is important
2. For medium to high-risk projects.
3. Long-term project commitment because of potential changes to economic
priorities as the requirements change with time.
4. Customer is not sure of their requirements which is usually the case.
5. Requirements are complex and need evaluation to get clarity.
6 New product line which should be released in phases to get enough customer
feedback.
7. Significant changes are expected in the product during the development cycle.
5. V-Model
V-Model is an extension of the waterfall model and is based on association of a
testing phase for each corresponding development stage. This means that for
every single phase in the development cycle there is a directly associated testing
phase. This is a highly disciplined model and next phase starts only after
completion of the previous phase.
V-Model Application
V- Model application is almost same as waterfall model, as both the models are of
sequential type. Requirements have to be very clear before the project starts,
because it is usually expensive to go back and make changes. This model is used in
the medical development field, as it is strictly disciplined domain.
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Company Profile
Croma Tata Enterprises
Croma has been launched by Infiniti Retail Limited, a 100% subsidiary of Tata
Sons. It efficiently and successfully runs Croma's retail operations in India.
It efficiently and successfully runs Croma's retail operations in India.
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We offer our customers over 6000 products across eight categories in a world-class
ambience and our offerings are growing every day. These categories include
Phones, Camera, Computers, Entertainment, Home Appliance, Kitchen Appliance,
Gaming and Accessories. Great products from some of the best brands ensure you
an exciting shopping experience.
Our own label by the name of Croma Life Accessories is well recognized for
offering innovative and unique products that are hard to find. A diverse range of
merchandise in various categories like kitchen appliances, storage devices, MP4
players, air conditioners & lot more ensures you only the best. From the wide
range of Croma branded products, you are bound to find something great that will
match up to your budget as well as personal requirements.
At Croma, our endeavor has always been fulfilling every electronic requirement by
helping customers choose the best product, as per their needs. Croma's efficient,
well-trained and knowledgeable store advisors are completely equipped to offer
sound and personalized advice for helping a customer receive the best value for
money. Making shopping experience delightful post purchase is the foundation for
investing in a robust customer service support at Croma. Any individual can get in
touch with us through our 24 hours call centre support at 1800-258-3636.
Our Authorized Croma Care Centre provides after sales support for all Croma
branded products.
Ecommerce is our latest venture to achieve yet another important goal, which is to
bring customer the best shopping experience on the go & reach every door step in
the nation. With www.cromaretail.com you can now explore, browse and purchase
from the finest and the most varied range of electronic products in the comfort of
your home. Well structured product information, great deals and swift home
delivery service are our priority for customer's satisfying shopping experience.
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Crom is an Indian retail chain for consumer electronics and durables. It is the
nation's first large format specialist retail chain for consumer electronics and
durables with successful expansion into Croma Zip stores, Croma Kiosks and latest
online vertical, www.cromaretail.com.Tata Group company Infiniti Retail runs
Crom stores in India. Infiniti Retail Ltd is a 100% subsidiary of TATA
Sons. Presently, there are a total of 101 Crom stores in 25 cities in India. Crom
claims to offer 6000 products across 8 categories.
TATA Croma is the nation's first large format specialist retail chain for consumer
electronics and durables with successful expansion into Croma Zip stores, Croma
Kiosks and latest online vertical, www.cromaretail.com.Croma has been launched
by Infiniti Retail Limited, a 100% subsidiary of Tata Sons. It efficiently and
successfully runs Croma's retail operations in India. In addition, one of the
worldss leading retailers. We offer our customers over 6000 products across eight
categories in a world-class ambiance and our offerings are growing every day.
These categories include Phone, Cameras, Computer Entertainment, Home
Appliance, Kitchen Appliance, Gaming and Accessories. Great products from
some of the best brands ensure you an exciting shopping experience.
Concept of Sales
Definition
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Sales Management
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Controlling: The sales manager has to check regularly, that the sales activities
are moving in the right direction or not.
He guides, leads, and motivates the subordinates, so as to achieve the goals
planned for the business. He has to take steps to ensure that the activities of the
people conform to the plans and objectives of the organization. The controlling
system should be such that one can study the past, note the pitfalls and take
corrective measures, so that similar problems may not occur in the future. The
controller has to ensure that the set targets, budgets and schedules are attained or
followed in letter and spirit. There must be procedures to bring to light the failure
to attain a target. The control-system has to (i) prepare sales and market forecasts;
(ii) determine the level of sales-budget; (iii) determine the sales-quotas for each
salesman; (iv) determine, review and select distribution-channels; (v) organize an
efficient sales force; (vi) establish a system of sales-reporting; (vii) establish a
system of statistical sales-credit; (viii) establish stock control system(s); (ix)
review of performance of the sales force; and (x) establish periodical testing
programmers. In a big organization, each salesman is assigned a territory (not so
big that it cannot be adequately covered). Each salesman has a target, set for
specific period. From the weekly and monthly sales-reports, the control system is
established, that will prepare records whether a particular salesman is working
efficiently or not.
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Process of Selling
3. The sales team continuously look out the changes taking place in the external
environment regarding competitors, customers, government policy and other
regulatory agencies, advances in technology, and industry trends. This provides the
sales personnel a vital information regarding trends in product sales, product
development, and budgets.
4. The economic slowdown is receding and budgets of companies are increasingly
receptive to alternative direct marketing tools to sell their products.
5. Telemarketing (TM), that is marketing products and services on the telephone, a
direct marketing tool, which has touched a high in the last three years.
6. Apart from professional TM service outfits, many companies, including MNCs,
have set up their in-house TM cells.
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Approaches of Sales
Direct sales approach may be:1) Selling to offices- (for examples, Office Automation Products)
2) Selling to Industries- (business to business B2B)
3) Door-to-door sell
In-Direct sales approach
1) Company to retailer to customer
2) Company to wholesaler and then to retailer to customer
3) Company to wholesaler to distributor and then to retailer to customer
Process of SMBO
The operationalization of SMBO is a process, comprising of the following steps:
(i) Setting goals jointly with the salesman: In this process the goals for sales-man
and sales managers are settled simultaneously in the organization so that they can
built a close coordination between them and lastly they achieve the main objective
of the organization.
(ii) Planning strategy to reach the objectives: There has to be participative style
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exercise would be the development of a strategy that directs the salesman to his
objectives, following a plan, in the correct sequence, with the correct timing, and
must be efficient, in the use of resources of time and money.
Importance of SMBO
The importance of SMBO for a business firm is as follows:
(a) Directing the salesman towards the broader sales and
Marketing objectives of the Company;
(b) Providing a better approach, from the view-point of the
Salesman; and
(c) Motivating the salesman.
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Line & Staff Sales Organization the line and staff sales department is
found in large and medium sized firms employing substantial numbers of sales
personnel, and selling diversified product line over wide geographical areas. This
kind of organization provides the top sales executive with a group of specialists n
experts in dealer and distributor relations, sales analysis, sales personnel, sales
promotion, sales planning, sales training, warehousing etc. This staff helps to
conserve the top sales executives time and frees them from excessively detailed
work. They make it possible for their chiefs to concentrate their efforts where they
have the most skill. Staff sales executives do not have authority to issue orders or
directives.
Committee Sales organization The Committee is never the sole basis for
organizing a sales department. It is a method or organizing the executive group for
planning and policy formulation while leaving actual operations, including
implementation of plans and policies to individual executives. Thus many firms
have a sales training committee (comprised of the general sales manager, his or her
assistants, the sales training manager and perhaps representative divisional Or
regional sales managers) that meets periodically to draft training plans and
formulate sales training policies.
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Knowledge of product features is insufficient for sales success. Since people buy
products for the benefits they offer, successful sales people relate product features
to customer benefits; product features are the means by which benefits are derived.
The way to do this is look at products from the customers point of view.
2. Knowledge of Competitors Products and their benefits
i) It allows a salesperson to offset the strength of competitors products which may
be mentioned having many different kinds of skill or ability; easily able to change
to change from one kind of activity to another.
ii) Industrial Selling Sales Engineers may work with buying organization in order
to solve a technical problem. This may result in, order specification being drawn
up in which sales engineers may have an influence. It is to the benefit of sales
engineers that specification reflects the strengths and capabilities of their products
rather than competitors. Thus knowledge of competitive strengths and weaknesses
will be an advantage in this situation.
Competitive Information can be sourced from
a) Sales catalogues and price lists.
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power-Machiavelli)
If a buyer has access to a sellers cost structure then he is in a powerful position to
negotiate a cheaper price or avoid paying too high a price. If a seller knows how
much a buyer is willing to pay, then his power position is improved.
c) Need Recognition and Satisfaction
- The greater the salesperson understands of the needs of the buyer and the more
capable he is in satisfying those needs, the stronger will be his bargaining position.
- In some industrial marketing situation suppliers work with buying organization to
solve technical problems. In this way this sellers (suppliers) increases their
negotiation position.
- The buyer, who believes that his needs can only be satisfied by one company, will
be weak in his negotiating stance.
d) The Pressures on the Parties
- Where a technical problem is of great importance to the buying organization, and
its sole difficult, any supplier who can solve it will gain immense bargaining
power.
- One the other hand, if there are pressures on the salesperson because of lower
sales returns, then the buyer will be able to extract extremely favorable terms
during negotiations in return for purchasing from him.
- The implications of these determinants of the balance of power are that before
negotiations (and indeed, during them) a sales person will benefit assessing the
relative strength of his power base. This implies that he needs information
- If the seller knows the number of companies who are competing for order, the
criteria used by the buying organization when deciding between them, the degree
of pressure on key members of decision making unit and formula they might use
for assessing price acceptability, an accurate assessment of the power balance
should be possible.
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Screenshots of Database
Transaction of Raw Data
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